Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Physik
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We discuss the realization of a magnonic version of the STImulated-Raman-Adiabatic-Passage (m-STIRAP) mechanism using micromagnetic simulations. We consider the propagation of magnons in curved magnonic directional couplers. Our results demonstrate that quantum-classical analogy phenomena are accessible in magnonics. Specifically, the inherent advantages of the STIRAP mechanism, associated with dark states, can now be utilized in magnonics. Applications of this effect for future magnonic device functionalities and designs are discussed.
Semiconductor multilayer and device fabrication is a complex task in electronics and opto-electronics. Layer dry etching is one of the process steps to achieve a specific lateral device design. In situ and real-time monitoring of etch depth will be necessary if high precision in etch depth is required. Nondestructive optical techniques are the methods of choice. Reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy equipment has been used to monitor the accurate etch depth during reactive ion etching of III/V semiconductor samples in situ and real time. For this purpose, temporal Fabry–Perot oscillations due to the etch-related shrinking thickness of the uppermost layer have been exploited. Earlier, we have already reported an etch-depth resolution of ±16.0 nm. By the use of a quadruple-Vernier-scale measurement and an evaluation protocol, now we even improve the in situ real-time etch-depth resolution by a factor of 20, i.e., nominally down to ±0.8 nm.
Magnonics attracts increasing attention in the view of low-energy computation technologies based on spin waves. Recently, spin-wave propagation in longitudinally magnetized nano-scaled spin-wave conduits was demonstrated, proving the fundamental feasibility of magnonics at the sub-100 nm scale. Transversely magnetized nano-conduits, which are of great interest in this regard as they offer a large group velocity and a potentially chirality-based protected transport of energy, have not yet been investigated due to their complex internal magnetic field distribution. Here, we present a study of propagating spin waves in a transversely magnetized nanoscopic yttrium iron garnet conduit of 50 nm width. Space and time-resolved microfocused Brillouin-light-scattering spectroscopy is employed to measure the spin-wave group velocity and decay length. A long-range spin-wave propagation is observed with a decay length of up to (8.0 ± 1.5) μm and a large spin-wave lifetime of up to (44.7 ± 9.1) ns. The results are supported with micromagnetic simulations, revealing a broad single-mode frequency range and the absence of a mode localized to the edges. Furthermore, a frequency nonreciprocity for counter-propagating spin waves is observed in the simulations and the experiment, caused by the trapezoidal cross section of the structure. The revealed long-distance spin-wave propagation on the nano-scale is particularly interesting for an application in spin-wave devices, allowing for long-distance transport of information in magnonic circuits and low-energy device architectures.
Magnetic heterostructures consisting of single-crystal yttrium iron garnet (YIG) films coated with platinum are widely used in spin-wave experiments related to spintronic phenomena such as the spin-transfer-torque, spin-Hall, and spin-Seebeck effects. However, spin waves in YIG/Pt bilayers experience much stronger attenuation than in bare YIG films. For micrometer-thick YIG films, this effect is caused by microwave eddy currents in the Pt layer. This paper reports that by employing an excitation configuration in which the YIG film faces the metal plate of the microstrip antenna structure, the eddy currents in Pt are shunted and the transmission of the Damon–Eschbach surface spin wave is greatly improved. The reduction in spin-wave attenuation persists even when the Pt coating is separated from the ground plate by a thin dielectric layer. This makes the proposed excitation configuration suitable for injection of an electric current into the Pt layer and thus for application in spintronics devices. The theoretical analysis carried out within the framework of the electrodynamic approach reveals how the platinum nanolayer and the nearby highly conductive metal plate affect the group velocity and the lifetime of the Damon–Eshbach surface wave and how these two wavelength-dependent quantities determine the transmission characteristics of the spin-wave device.
The great flexibility of direct laser writing (DLW) arises from the possibility to fabricate precise three-dimensional structures on very small scales as well as the broad range of applicable materials. However, there is still a vast number of promising materials, which are currently inaccessible requiring the continuous development of novel photoresists. Herein, a new bio-sourced resist is reported that uses the monomeric unit of chitin, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, paving the way from existing hydrogel resists based on animal carbohydrates to a new class of non-hydrogel ones. In addition, it is shown that the combined use of two photoinitiators is advantageous over the use of a single one. In this approach, the first photoinitiator is a good two-photon absorber at the applied wavelength, while the second photoinitiator exhibits poor two-photon absorbtion abilities, but is better suited for cross-linking of the monomer. The first photoinitiator absorbs the light acting as a sensitizer and transfers the energy to the second initiator, which subsequently forms a radical and initializes the polymerization. This sensitization effect enables a new route to utilize reactive photointiators with a small two-photon absorption cross section for DLW without changing their chemical structure.
Disorder and photonics have long been seen as natural adversaries and designers of optical systems have often driven systems to perfection by minimizing deviations from the ideal design. Especially in the field of photonic crystals and metamaterials but also for optical circuits, disorder has been avoided as a nuisance for many years. However, starting from the very robust structural colors found in nature, scientists learn to analyze and tailor disorder to achieve functionalities beyond what is possible with perfectly ordered or ideal systems alone. This review article covers theoretical and materials aspects of tailored disorder as well as experimental results. Furthermore selected examples are highlighted in greater detail, for which the intentional use of disorder adds additional functionality or provides novel functionality impossible without disorder.
In nanobiotechnology, viral nanoparticles have come into focus as interesting nano building blocks. In this context, the formation of 2D and 3D structures is of particular interest. Herein, the creation of defined 2D patterns of an icosahedral plant virus, the tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), by means of different techniques is reported on: the top-down lithography ebeam and focused ion beam (FIB) as well as the bottom-up fluidic force microscope (FluidFM) approach. The obtained layer structures are imaged by scanning force and scanning electron microscopy. The data show that a defined 2D structure can successfully be created either top down by FIB or bottom up by FluidFM. Electron beam lithography is not able to remove viruses from the substrate under the chosen conditions. FIB has an advantage if larger areas covered with viruses combined with smaller areas without being desired. FluidFM is advantageous if only small areas with viruses are required. A further benefit is that the uncovered areas are not affected. The pattern formation in FluidFM is influenced not only by the spotting parameters, but in particular by the drying process. Deegan and Marangoni effects are shown to play a role if the spotted droplets are not very small.
Weyl points are point degeneracies that occur in momentum space of 3D periodic materials and are associated with a quantized topological charge. Here, the splitting of a quadratic (charge-2) Weyl point into two linear (charge-1) Weyl points in a 3D micro-printed photonic crystal is observed experimentally via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Using a theoretical analysis rooted in symmetry arguments, it is shown that this splitting occurs along high-symmetry directions in the Brillouin zone. This micro-scale observation and control of Weyl points is important for realizing robust topological devices in the near-infrared.
Herein, experimental demonstration of the parallel parametric generation of spin waves in a microscaled yttrium iron garnet waveguide with nanoscale thickness is presented. Using Brillouin light scattering microscopy, the parametric excitation of the first and second waveguide modes by a stripline microwave pumping source is observed. Micromagnetic simulations reveal the wave vector of the parametrically generated spin waves. Based on analytical calculations, which are in excellent agreement with experiments and simulations, it is proved that the spin-wave radiation losses are the determinative term of the parametric instability threshold in this miniaturized system. The used method enables the direct excitation and amplification of nanometer spin waves dominated by exchange interactions. The presented results pave the way for integrated magnonics based on insulating nanomagnets.
Synchrotron-based nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) using the Mössbauer isotope 161Dy has been employed for the first time to study the vibrational properties of a single-molecule magnet (SMM) incorporating DyIII, namely [Dy(Cy3PO)2(H2O)5]Br3⋅2 (Cy3PO)⋅2 H2O ⋅2 EtOH. The experimental partial phonon density of states (pDOS), which includes all vibrational modes involving a displacement of the DyIII ion, was reproduced by means of simulations using density functional theory (DFT), enabling the assignment of all intramolecular vibrational modes. This study proves that 161Dy NRVS is a powerful experimental tool with significant potential to help to clarify the role of phonons in SMMs.