31B05 Harmonic, subharmonic, superharmonic functions
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The following three papers present recent developments in nonlinear Galerkin schemes for solving the spherical Navier-Stokes equation, in wavelet theory based on the 3-dimensional ball, and in multiscale solutions of the Poisson equation inside the ball, that have been presented at the 76th GAMM Annual Meeting in Luxemburg. Part A: A Nonlinear Galerkin Scheme Involving Vectorial and Tensorial Spherical Wavelets for Solving the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equation on the Sphere The spherical Navier-Stokes equation plays a fundamental role in meteorology by modelling meso-scale (stratified) atmospherical flows. This article introduces a wavelet based nonlinear Galerkin method applied to the Navier-Stokes equation on the rotating sphere. In detail, this scheme is implemented by using divergence free vectorial spherical wavelets, and its convergence is proven. To improve numerical efficiency an extension of the spherical panel clustering algorithm to vectorial and tensorial kernels is constructed. This method enables the rapid computation of the wavelet coefficients of the nonlinear advection term. Thereby, we also indicate error estimates. Finally, extensive numerical simulations for the nonlinear interaction of three vortices are presented. Part B: Methods of Resolution for the Poisson Equation on the 3D Ball Within the article at hand, we investigate the Poisson equation solved by an integral operator, originating from an ansatz by Greens functions. This connection between mass distributions and the gravitational force is essential to investigate, especially inside the Earth, where structures and phenomena are not sufficiently known and plumbable. Since the operator stated above does not solve the equation for all square-integrable functions, the solution space will be decomposed by a multiscale analysis in terms of scaling functions. Classical Euclidean wavelet theory appears not to be the appropriate choice. Ansatz functions are chosen to be reflecting the rotational invariance of the ball. In these terms, the operator itself is finally decomposed and replaced by versions more manageable, revealing structural information about itself. Part C: Wavelets on the 3–dimensional Ball In this article wavelets on a ball in R^3 are introduced. Corresponding properties like an approximate identity and decomposition/reconstruction (scale step property) are proved. The advantage of this approach compared to a classical Fourier analysis in orthogonal polynomials is a better localization of the used ansatz functions.
The following two papers present recent developments in multiscale ocean circulation modeling and multiscale gravitational field modeling that have been presented at the 2nd International GOCE User Workshop 2004 in Frascati. Part A - Multiscale Modeling of Ocean Circulation In this paper the applicability of multiscale methods to oceanography is demonstrated. More precisely, we use convolutions with certain locally supported kernels to approximate the dynamic topography and the geostrophic flow. As data sets the French CLS01 data are used for the mean sea surface topography and are compared to the EGM96 geoid. Since those two data sets have very different levels of spatial resolutions the necessity of an interpolating or approximating tool is evident. Compared to the standard spherical harmonics approach, the strongly space localizing kernels improve the possibilities of local data analysis here. Part B - Multiscale Modeling from EIGEN-1S, EIGEN-2, EIGEN-GRACE01S, GGM01, UCPH2002_0.5, EGM96 Spherical wavelets have been developed by the Geomathematics Group Kaiserslautern for several years and have been successfully applied to georelevant problems. Wavelets can be considered as consecutive band-pass filters and allow local approximations. The wavelet transform can also be applied to spherical harmonic models of the Earth's gravitational field like the most up-to-date EIGEN-1S, EIGEN-2, EIGEN-GRACE01S, GGM01, UCPH2002_0.5, and the well-known EGM96. Thereby, wavelet coefficients arise. In this paper it is the aim of the Geomathematics Group to make these data available to other interested groups. These wavelet coefficients allow not only the reconstruction of the wavelet approximations of the gravitational potential but also of the geoid, of the gravity anomalies and other important functionals of the gravitational field. Different types of wavelets are considered: bandlimited wavelets (here: Shannon and Cubic Polynomial (CuP)) as well as non-bandlimited ones (in our case: Abel-Poisson). For these types wavelet coefficients are computed and wavelet variances are given. The data format of the wavelet coefficients is also included.
Die Grundgleichungen der Physikalischen Geodäsie (in der klassischen Formulierung) werden einer Multiskalenformulierung mittels (sphärisch harmonischer) Wavelets unterzogen. Die Energieverteilung des Störpotentials wird in Auflösung nach Skala und Ort durch Verwendung von Waveletvarianzen beschrieben. Schließlich werden zur Modellierung der zeitlichen Variationen des Schwerefeldes zeit- und ortsgebundene Energiespektren zur Detektion lokaler sowie periodischer/saisonaler Strukturen eingeführt.
The following three papers present recent developments in multiscale gravitational field modeling by the use of CHAMP or CHAMP-related data. Part A - The Model SWITCH-03: Observed orbit perturbations of the near-Earth orbiting satellite CHAMP are analyzed to recover the long-wavelength features of the Earth's gravitational potential. More precisely, by tracking the low-flying satellite CHAMP by the high-flying satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS) a kinematic orbit of CHAMP is obtainable from GPS tracking observations, i.e. the ephemeris in cartesian coordinates in an Earth-fixed coordinate frame (WGS84) becomes available. In this study we are concerned with two tasks: First we present new methods for preprocessing, modelling and analyzing the emerging tracking data. Then, in a first step we demonstrate the strength of our approach by applying it to simulated CHAMP orbit data. In a second step we present results obtained by operating on a data set derived from real CHAMP data. The modelling is mainly based on a connection between non-bandlimited spherical splines and least square adjustment techniques to take into account the non-sphericity of the trajectory. Furthermore, harmonic regularization wavelets for solving the underlying Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking (SST) problem are used within the framework of multiscale recovery of the Earth's gravitational potential leading to SWITCH-03 (Spline and Wavelet Inverse Tikhonov regularized CHamp data). Further it is shown how regularization parameters can be adapted adequately to a specific region improving a globally resolved model. Finally we give a comparison of the developed model to the EGM96 model, the model UCPH2002_02_0.5 from the University of Copenhagen and the GFZ models EIGEN-1s and EIGEN-2. Part B - Multiscale Solutions from CHAMP: CHAMP orbits and accelerometer data are used to recover the long- to medium- wavelength features of the Earth's gravitational potential. In this study we are concerned with analyzing preprocessed data in a framework of multiscale recovery of the Earth's gravitational potential, allowing both global and regional solutions. The energy conservation approach has been used to convert orbits and accelerometer data into in-situ potential. Our modelling is spacewise, based on (1) non-bandlimited least square adjustment splines to take into account the true (non-spherical) shape of the trajectory (2) harmonic regularization wavelets for solving the underlying inverse problem of downward continuation. Furthermore we can show that by adapting regularization parameters to specific regions local solutions can improve considerably on global ones. We apply this concept to kinematic CHAMP orbits, and, for test purposes, to dynamic orbits. Finally we compare our recovered model to the EGM96 model, and the GFZ models EIGEN-2 and EIGEN-GRACE01s. Part C - Multiscale Modeling from EIGEN-1S, EIGEN-2, EIGEN-GRACE01S, UCPH2002_0.5, EGM96: Spherical wavelets have been developed by the Geomathematics Group Kaiserslautern for several years and have been successfully applied to georelevant problems. Wavelets can be considered as consecutive band-pass filters and allow local approximations. The wavelet transform can also be applied to spherical harmonic models of the Earth's gravitational field like the most up-to-date EIGEN-1S, EIGEN-2, EIGEN-GRACE01S, UCPH2002_0.5, and the well-known EGM96. Thereby, wavelet coefficients arise and these shall be made available to other interested groups. These wavelet coefficients allow the reconstruction of the wavelet approximations. Different types of wavelets are considered: bandlimited wavelets (here: Shannon and Cubic Polynomial (CP)) as well as non-bandlimited ones (in our case: Abel-Poisson). For these types wavelet coefficients are computed and wavelet variances are given. The data format of the wavelet coefficients is also included.
Satellite-to-satellite tracking (SST) and satellite gravity gradiometry (SGG), respectively, are two measurement principles in modern satellite geodesy which yield knowledge of the first and second order radial derivative of the earth's gravitational potential at satellite altitude, respectively. A numerical method to compute the gravitational potential on the earth's surface from those observations should be capable of processing huge amounts of observational data. Moreover, it should yield a reconstruction of the gravitational potential at different levels of detail, and it should be possible to reconstruct the gravitational potential from only locally given data. SST and SGG are modeled as ill-posed linear pseudodifferential operator equations with an injective but non-surjective compact operator, which operates between Sobolev spaces of harmonic functions and such ones consisting of their first and second order radial derivatives, respectively. An immediate discretization of the operator equation is obtained by replacing the signal on its right-hand-side either by an interpolating or a smoothing spline which approximates the observational data. Here the noise level and the spatial distribution of the data determine whether spline-interpolation or spline-smoothing is appropriate. The large full linear equation system with positive definite matrix which occurs in the spline-interplation and spline-smoothing problem, respectively, is efficiently solved with the help of the Schwarz alternating algorithm, a domain decomposition method which allows it to split the large linear equation system into several smaller ones which are then solved alernatingly in an iterative procedure. Strongly space-localizing regularization scaling functions and wavelets are used to obtain a multiscale reconstruction of the gravitational potential on the earth's surface. In a numerical experiment the advocated method is successfully applied to reconstruct the earth's gravitational potential from simulated 'exact' and 'error-affected' SGG data on a spherical orbit, using Tikhonov regularization. The applicability of the numerical method is, however, not restricted to data given on a closed orbit but it can also cope with realistic satellite data.
The purpose of satellite-to-satellite tracking (SST) and/or satellite gravity gradiometry (SGG) is to determine the gravitational field on and outside the Earth's surface from given gradients of the gravitational potential and/or the gravitational field at satellite altitude. In this paper both satellite techniques are analysed and characterized from mathematical point of view. Uniqueness results are formulated. The justification is given for approximating the external gravitational field by finite linear combination of certain gradient fields (for example, gradient fields of single-poles or multi-poles) consistent to a given set of SGG and/or SST data. A strategy of modelling the gravitational field from satellite data within a multiscale concept is described; illustrations based on the EGM96 model are given.
The satellite-to-satellite tracking (SST) problems are characterized from mathematical point of view. Uniqueness results are formulated. Moreover, the basic relations are developed between (scalar) approximation of the earth's gravitational potential by "scalar basis systems" and (vectorial) approximation of the gravitational eld by "vectorial basis systems". Finally, the mathematical justication is given for approximating the external geopotential field by finite linear combinations of certain gradient fields (for example, gradient fields of multi-poles) consistent to a given set of SST data.