30.00.00 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
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This thesis reports about the investigation of di- and trinuclear coinage metal (Cu, Ag, Au) phosphine complexes with different anion adducts. Several mass spectrometric methods were utilized to investigate the complexes in gas phase without disturbing influences e.g. by the solvent. Electrospray Ionization (ESI) enabled the transfer of ions into the gas phase. In order to determine the fragmentation pathways and relative gas phase stabilities of these ions, Collision Induced Dissociation (CID) was used. The binding motifs and structures of the complexes were assigned by the help of Infrared (Multiple) Photon Dissociation (IR-(M)PD) at cryo (40 K, N2-tagged) and room temperature (300 K). Electron Transfer Dissociation/Reduction (ETD/R) was used to reduce the dicationic complexes to monocationic complexes. A tunable OPO/OPA laser system and the FELIX free-electron laser were used as IR laser sources. All experimental findings were supported by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation. In the first part of this thesis, the binding motifs and fragmentation behavior of the dinuclear coinage metal phosphine complexes with formate adduct were determined. Two different binding motifs were found and a stronger Cu-formate binding than in the case of Ag-formate. The dynamic bonding of hydrogen oxalate to phosphine ligand stabilized complexes were investigated in the second part. Several different binding motifs were determined. IR induced isomeric interconversions were found for the Ag complex whereas in case of the Cu complex a stiff hydrogen oxalate coordination seems to suppress such conversions. In the last part of this thesis, the ETD/R method was utilized to unravel the influence of oxidation states on the hydride and deuteride vibration modes of the trinuclear coinage metal complexes as well as the O2 adduct complexes and fragments with less complexity via IR-MPD and the FELIX free-electron laser. Unfortunately, an unambiguous assignment for the hydride and deuteride vibration modes is only possible for the fragments with less complexity.
The present thesis investigates the interaction of size selected transition metal cluster cations with \(N_2\) adsorbate molecules under cryogenic conditions. A tandem cryo ion trap mass spectrometer facilitates the recording of the adsorption kinetics of gases onto size selected transition metals clusters under isothermal cryo conditions. The combination with a tunable OPO/OPA laser system allows for the recording of Infrared-(Multiple) Photodissociation (IR-(M)PD) spectra of the resulting cluster adsorbate complexes. The comparison of the experimental results with DFT modelling allows for structural assignments and the evaluation of the clusters’ electronic properties. We apply the combination of these methods on rhodium, rhodium-iron alloy and tantalum clusters and present the results in seven research studies. The IR-(M)PD spectra of rhodium cluster adsorbate complexes indicate co-existing isomers and a spin quench with increasing number of adsorbed \(N_2\). Adsorption kinetics allowed to assign clusters with rough and smooth surfaces and to find features of adsorption reluctance. Calculated spin valley curves reveal a spin quench upon \(N_2\) adsorption onto the \(Rh_5^+\) cluster. Band shifts in the IR-(M)PD spectra of sequential \(N_2\) adsorption onto the \(Rh_6^+\) cluster are interpreted in terms of adsorbate induced charge dilution, which is supported by DFT calculations. Our combined approach reveals alloy like mixed rhodium iron clusters with adsorption site dependent \(N_2\) stretching vibrations, where \(N_2\) preferentially adsorbs onto rhodium sites. The \(Ta_4^+\) cluster facilitates the cleavage of the initial two \(N_2\) adsorbate molecules. By help of IR-(M)PD spectroscopy and DFT modelling we are able to assign a novel AEAS (across edge-above surface) mechanism and to assign an activated side-on intermediate of the third adsorbate molecule. The investigation sequential \(N_2\) adsorption onto the \(Ta_5^+\) cluster does not reveal any evidence for \(N_2\) activation. DFT modelling reveals low spin states.
Subject of this thesis is the investigation of photo-induced ultrafast elementary processes within the electronic excited-state manifold in mass-selected multinuclear coinage metal complexes (CMCs) in the gas phase. The chief objective is to ascertain how the intramolecular deactivation dynamics and gas phase reactivity are influenced by so-called metallophilic interactions between multiple d^10/d^8 metal centers, which in turn give rise to metal-delocalized electronic transitions. To this end, suitable molecular precursor ions were transferred into the gas phase by electrospray ionization (ESI) and subsequently isolated, activated, and finally analyzed in a Paul-type quadrupole ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometer. The QIT is modified to accept UV/Vis/NIR irradiation from a femtosecond laser setup. By combining several ion trap-based ion activation techniques and electronic photodissociation (PD) spectroscopy, the fragmentation pathways, as well as intrinsic optical properties (electronic PD spectra) of ionic CMCs are explored. In addition, the unconventional time-resolved transient photodissociation (t-PD) method, based on a femtosecond pump-probe excitation scheme, was employed for the first time on CMC ions in isolation, in order to elucidate their intrinsic photodynamics. This thesis mainly comprises five publications, covering the mass spectrometric and laser spectroscopic characterization of multinuclear Ag(I), Au(I), and Pt(II) based ionic complexes.
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Untersuchung von Absorptionseigenschaften und elektronischer Kurzzeit-Dynamik von organischen Farbstoffmolekülen und supramolekularen Photokatalysatoren in der Gasphase. Dabei wurde erstmals sehr intensiv ein eine relativ unbekannte experimentelle Methode eingesetzt, nämlich die zeitaufgelöste, pump-probe (Anregung-Abfrage) Photofragmentations-Spektroskopie. Die Kombination eines kommerziellen Quadrupol Ionenfallen Massenspektrometers mit einem Femtosekunden Lasersystem erlaubt es die intrinsischen, elektronischen Eigenschaften molekularer, ionischer Systeme abzubilden. Neben Populationsdynamik angeregter Zustände wurden erstmals Schwingungs- und Rotationswellenpaket-Dynamik mit dieser Methode beobachtet und dokumentiert.
Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen an einigen ausgewählten Fluoresecein-Derivaten und eines Carbocyanin-Farbstoffes präsentiert. Obwohl diese Modellsysteme zunächst nur dem Zweck dienen sollten die Möglichkeiten des experimentellen Aufbaus zu evaluieren, ergaben die Untersuchungen weiterhin tiefgreifende Einblicke in die elektronische Struktur isolierter organischer Farbstoffe, die bis heute in Literatur nicht dokumentiert worden sind.
Der zweite Teil befasst sich mit der Untersuchung an drei supramolekularen, ionischen Systemen zur photokatalytischen Wasserstofferzeugung. Dabei dienten wieder zwei der Systeme dem Zweck den experimentellen Aufbau zu evaluieren. Neben der elektronischen Populationsdynamik wurde mittels polarisationsabhängiger Messungen weitere Einblicke in den Elektronentransferprozess erhalten – ein Kernpunkt in der Wirkweise supramolekularer Katalysatoren. Die neugewonnen Erkenntnisse wurden schließlich verwendet um einen neuartigen Katalysator zu untersuchen. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass die Labilität der Ligandensphäre am katalytischen Metallzentrum Untersuchungen am intakten System in Lösung stark beeinträchtigt und somit nur aussagekräftige Ergebnisse mittels einer Gasphasen Methode, einer wie der hier verwendeten, erhalten werden können.
Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden unterstützt durch quantenchemische Berechnungen von energetischen Minimum-Strukturen, den Strukturen von Übergangszuständen, sowie der Berechnung von Schwingungs- und UV/Vis-Absorptionsspektren mittels (zeitabhängiger) Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT & TD-DFT).