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- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Mathematik (27)
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In der Arbeit sollen ausgewählte technische Indikatoren und deren Handelsstrategien hinsichtlich ihres Verhaltens bzw. ihrer Profitabilität in verschiedenen Marktphasen untersucht werden. Um das Argument, dass die Indikatoren selbst erfüllend sind, zu entkräften, werden Finanzzeitreihen simuliert und die Indikatoren auf diese angewendet und ausgewertet. Zu diesem Zweck wird zu gegebenen echten Kursdaten ein finanzzeitreihenanalytisches Modell angepasst. Dieses wird zur Simulation von Finanzzeitreihen und damit zur Auswertung der Indikatoren verwendet werden. Durch geeignete Auswahlverfahren sollen verschiedene Handelsstrategien zu Strategien kombiniert werden, um ein besseres Ertrag/Risikoverhältnis zu erreichen als dies bei einzelnen Strategien der Fall wäre.
These lecture notes give a completely self-contained introduction to the control theory of linear time-invariant systems. No prior knowledge is requried apart from linear algebra and some basic familiarity with ordinary differential equations. Thus, the course is suited for students of mathematics in their second or third year, and for theoretically inclined engineering students. Because of its appealing simplicity and elegance, the behavioral approch has been adopted to a large extend. A short list of recommended text books on the subject has been added, as a suggestion for further reading.
It is difficult for robots to handle a vibrating deformable object. Even for human beings it is a high-risk operation to, for example, insert a vibrating linear object into a small hole. However, fast manipulation using a robot arm is not just a dream; it may be achieved if some important features of the vibration are detected online. In this paper, we present an approach for fast manipulation using a force/torque sensor mounted on the robot's wrist. Template matching method is employed to recognize the vibrational phase of the deformable objects. Therefore, a fast manipulation can be performed with a high success rate, even if there is acute vibration. Experiments inserting a deformable object into a hole are conducted to test the presented method. Results demonstrate that the presented sensor-based online fast manipulation is feasible.
A Topology Primer
(2002)
Zur nähtechnischen Konfektion von textilen Verstärkungsstrukturen für Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunde
(2002)
The further exploitation of Liquid-Composite-Moulding Technologies (LCM) for the
manufacture of Fiber-Reinforced-Plastics (FRP) relies on an eligible preforming
process. Preforming of fibrous reinforcements aspires the manufacture of dry
skeletons of the fiber assembly with the desired fiber orientation based on a predefined
fiber type. The LCM processing must be maintained by the preforming
technique. However, FRP part properties - given from fiber orientations - should not be
affected.
Sewing technologies, in all their varieties, can be applied as very flexible preforming
methods. Analogies between making-up dry reinforcement structures and the classical
field of sewing, e.g. garment manufacture, led to a substantial progress in technologies
available for preforimg as well as to increased economical benefits through the
application of sew-preforming.
A comprehensive understanding of the application of sewing technologies for FRP –
from the treatment of a semi-finished product to the infusion of a stitched preform – is
the basis for the design of an all new process chain.
The present work classifies this new preforming method within the existing
technologies. Furthermore, critical sewing machine elements are evaluated regarding
FRP compatibility. Stitching parameters and their impact on the reinforcement quality
as well as the FRP processing (LCM) are discussed.
Focusing on the economic efficiency of the sewing preforming technology, the critical
number of parts for selecting the right preform technology is discussed. The new
process chain enables the selection of the critical vertical range of preform
manufacture.
The large variety of preform design parameters, e. g. stitch density, needle thread
tension, seam type, sub-preform-structures etc., requires a “Preform-Engineering”,
covering an interface between preform manufacturing and FRP-part design. This
parallel engineering of part-, preform- and process-design leads to a global reflection
of the LCM technology. Thus, FRP part quality can be raised.
Utilization of Correlation Matrices in Adaptive Array Processors for Time-Slotted CDMA Uplinks
(2002)
It is well known that the performance of mobile radio systems can be significantly enhanced by the application of adaptive antennas which consist of multi-element antenna arrays plus signal processing circuitry. In the thesis the utilization of such antennas as receive antennas in the uplink of mobile radio air interfaces of the type TD-CDMA is studied. Especially, the incorporation of covariance matrices of the received interference signals into the signal processing algorithms is investigated with a view to improve the system performance as compared to state of the art adaptive antenna technology. These covariance matrices implicitly contain information on the directions of incidence of the interference signals, and this information may be exploited to reduce the effective interference power when processing the signals received by the array elements. As a basis for the investigations, first directional models of the mobile radio channels and of the interference impinging at the receiver are developed, which can be implemented on the computer at low cost. These channel models cover both outdoor and indoor environments. They are partly based on measured channel impulse responses and, therefore, allow a description of the mobile radio channels which comes sufficiently close to reality. Concerning the interference models, two cases are considered. In the one case, the interference signals arriving from different directions are correlated, and in the other case these signals are uncorrelated. After a visualization of the potential of adaptive receive antennas, data detection and channel estimation schemes for the TD-CDMA uplink are presented, which rely on such antennas under the consideration of interference covariance matrices. Of special interest is the detection scheme MSJD (Multi Step Joint Detection), which is a novel iterative approach to multi-user detection. Concerning channel estimation, the incorporation of the knowledge of the interference covariance matrix and of the correlation matrix of the channel impulse responses is enabled by an MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error) based channel estimator. The presented signal processing concepts using covariance matrices for channel estimation and data detection are merged in order to form entire receiver structures. Important tasks to be fulfilled in such receivers are the estimation of the interference covariance matrices and the reconstruction of the received desired signals. These reconstructions are required when applying MSJD in data detection. The considered receiver structures are implemented on the computer in order to enable system simulations. The obtained simulation results show that the developed schemes are very promising in cases, where the impinging interference is highly directional, whereas in cases with the interference directions being more homogeneously distributed over the azimuth the consideration of the interference covariance matrices is of only limited benefit. The thesis can serve as a basis for practical system implementations.
Interactive graphics has been limited to simple direct illumination that commonly results in an artificial appearance. A more realistic appearance by simulating global illumination effects has been too costly to compute at interactive rates. In this paper we describe a new Monte Carlo-based global illumination algorithm. It achieves performance of up to 10 frames per second while arbitrary changes to the scene may be applied interactively. The performance is obtained through the effective use of a fast, distributed ray-tracing engine as well as a new interleaved sampling technique for parallel Monte Carlo simulation. A new filtering step in combination with correlated sampling avoids the disturbing noise artifacts common to Monte Carlo methods.
Die Geschichte zeigt, dass der städtische öffentliche Raum schon immer ein Ort gewesen ist, der von vielseitigen Interaktionen lebt und von ihnen geformt wird. Besonders die Bildung von Öffentlichkeit und Urbanität entsteht durch ein Zusammenkommen von verschiedensten Austauchprozessen. Seit Aufkommen der digitalen Medien ist jedoch die Art der menschlichen Interaktion deutlich erweitert und komplexer geworden, sodass sie Befürchtungen auslösten, der reale öffentliche Raum verliere als Interaktionsort an Bedeutung. Unabhängigkeit von Ort und Zeit, entlokalisierte und individualisierte Zeitstrukturen zerfasern den Rhythmus der Stadt. Jene droht ungemütlicher und gefährlicher zu werden. Das Netz wurde zum neuen ‚öffentlicheren’ Raum im Sinne einer aktiven kritischen bürgerlichen Öffentlichkeit erhoben.
Mit der Mobilisierung der digitalen Technologien wird es jedoch möglich, zurück in den öffentlichen Raum zu gehen und sich die neuen Medien als kommunikationsfördernd, identitäts- und gemeinschaftsproduzierend zu Hilfe zu nehmen, um ein neues integrierendes und identitätsstiftendes Interaktionsfeld für eine demokratische Gesellschaft zu kreieren - im besonderen als Gegenentwicklung zur weiteren Kommerzialisierung und Reizüberfrachtung des öffentlichen Raums. Die interaktive Kunst mit ihrer Lebensnähe, den kommunikativen Ansätzen und dem reflektierenden Umgang mit den modernen Machttechnologien ist dementsprechend besonders prädestiniert, mit dem städtischen öffentlichen Raum verknüpft zu werden.
Ziel der Arbeit ist es nun, aus dem Feld der Interaktiven Kunst neue Ansätze für eine Wiederbelebung der Öffentlichkeitsfunktion des Stadtraumes aufzuzeigen, so zum Beispiel Katalysatoren für eine direkte Mensch-Mensch-Interaktion oder eine neue Art von Involvie- rung in die Gestaltung des öffentlichen Raumes. In seiner neuen Interaktivität kann der Raum selbst zu einer Art Austauschmedium werden.
Aus den theoretischen Überlegungen, den Fragebögen und der Analyse gesammelter interaktiver Projekte, die bewusst in den öffentlichen Raum gehen, haben sich schließlich folgende fünf Kategorien herauskristallisiert. Sie bilden Ansatzpunkte für einen Schritt in Richtung Realisierung eines zeitgemäßen Interaktionsfeldes.
• Interaktionsförderung zur angstfreien Konfrontation und zum Kontakt mit Fremden
• Förderung der Öffentlichkeitsbildung durch Kritik, Diskussion und Reflektion der Gesellschaft
• Förderung der sozialen Interaktion und Verortung in der lokalen Nachbarschaft
• Wahrnehmung der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung durch Technologie reflektierende, sinnliche Systemerfahrung
• Aktivierung zur bewussten Teilnahme an der Gestaltung des öffentlichen Raums
Die Homepage, die sich aus der CD-Rom zur Diplomarbeit entwickelt hat, stellt diese interaktiven Medienprojekte vor. Sie verdeutlicht anhand der Analyse und Kategorisierung der Projekte, wie nun die Neuen Medien alternativ genutzt werden können, um zur Reaktivierung und positiven Veränderung des Stadtraumes beizutragen.
In einer offenen Liste können weitere Projekte eintragen werden. Mit der Zeit kann sich so ein umfangreiches Archiv entwickeln, mit Beispielen, die zu neuen Ansätzen im Umgang der Stadtplanung mit dem öffentlichen Raum anregen.
www.interactionfield.de
Sowohl 4 alpha- als auch 4 beta-Cyclobamipin imitieren die Konformationsisomere des unverstrebten Bamipins, die durch Umklappen des Sechsrings und durch N-Inversion möglich sind. Bamipin ist ein H1-Antihistaminikum, das im Handel als Lactat oder Hydrochlorid unter dem Namen Soventol® Anwendung findet. Protonierung von 4 alpha- und 4 beta-Cyclobamipin führt zu den entsprechenden Salzen. Die Konformation der Salze wird NMR-spektroskopisch bestimmt. H1-antihistaminische Wirksamkeitstests ergeben eine 14 mal höhere Wirksamkeit für das 4 alpha-Isomere im Vergleich zu Bamipin. 4 beta-Cyclobamipin besitzt dagegen nur 40% Wirkpotential.
Microsystem technology has been a fast evolving field over the last few years. Its ability to handle volumes in the sub-microliter range makes it very interesting for potential application in fields such as biology, medicine and pharmaceutical research. However, the use of micro-fabricated devices for the analysis of liquid biological samples still has to prove its applicability for many particular demands of basic research. This is particularly true for samples consisting of complex protein mixtures. The presented study therefore aimed at evaluating if a commonly used glass-coating technique from the field of micro-fluidic technology can be used to fabricate an analysis system for molecular biology. It was ultimately motivated by the demand to develop a technique that allows the analysis of biological samples at the single-cell level. Gene expression at the transcription level is initiated and regulated by DNA-binding proteins. To fully understand these regulatory processes, it is necessary to monitor the interaction of specific transcription factors with other elements - proteins as well as DNA sites - in living cells. One well-established method to perform such analysis is the Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (CHIP) assay. To map protein-DNA interactions, living cells are treated with formaldehyde in vivo to cross-link DNA-binding proteins to their resident sites. The chromatin is then broken into small fragments, and specific antibodies against the protein of interest are used to immunopurify the chromatin fragments to which those factors are bound. After purification, the associated DNA can be detected and analyzed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Current CHIP technology is limited as it needs a relatively large number of cells while there is increasing interest in monitoring DNA-protein interactions in very few, if not single cells. Most notably this is the case in research on early organism development (embryogenesis). To investigate if microsystem technology can be used to analyze DNA-protein complexes from samples containing chromatin from only few cells, a new setup for fluid transport in glass capillaries of 75 µm inner diameter has been developed, forming an array of micro-columns for parallel affinity chromatography. The inner capillary walls were antibody-coated using a silane-based protocol. The remaining surface was made chemically inert by saturating free binding sites with suitable biomolecules. Variations of this protocol have been tested. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the PCR method to detect immunoprecipitated protein-DNA complexes was improved, resulting in the reliable detection of about 100 DNA fragments from chromatin. The aim of the study was to successively decrease the amount of analyzed chromatin in order to investigate the lower limits of this technology in regard to sensitivity and specificity of detection. The Drosophila GAGA transcription factor was used as an established model system. The protein has already been analyzed in several large-scale CHIP experiments and antibodies of excellent specificity are available. The results of the study revealed that this approach is not easily applicable to "real-world" biological samples in regard to volume reduction and specificity. Particularly, material that non-specifically adsorbed to capillary surfaces outweighed the specific antibody-antigen interaction, the system was designed for. It became clear that complex biological structures, such as chromatin-protein compositions, are not as easily accessible by techniques based on chemically modified glass surfaces as pre-purified samples. In the case of the investigated system, it became evident that there is a need for more research that goes beyond the scope of this work. It is necessary to develop novel coatings and materials to prevent non-specific adsorption. In addition to improving existing techniques, fundamentally new concepts, such as microstructures in biocompatible polymers or liquid transport on hydrophobic stripes on planar substrates to minimize surface contact, may also help to advance the miniaturization of biological experiments.
In this paper we consider the location of stops along the edges of an already existing public transportation network. This can be the introduction of bus stops along some given bus routes, or of railway stations along the tracks in a railway network. The positive effect of new stops is given by the better access of the potential customers to their closest station, while the increasement of travel time caused by the additional stopping activities of the trains leads to a negative effect. The goal is to cover all given demand points with a minimal amount of additional traveling time, where covering may be defined with respect to an arbitrary norm (or even a gauge). Unfortunately, this problem is NP-hard, even if only the Euclidean distance is used. In this paper, we give a reduction to a finite candidate set leading to a discrete set covering problem. Moreover, we identify network structures in which the coefficient matrix of the resulting set covering problem is totally unimodular, and use this result to derive efficient solution approaches. Various extensions of the problem are also discussed.
This thesis builds a bridge between singularity theory and computer algebra. To an isolated hypersurface singularity one can associate a regular meromorphic connection, the Gauß-Manin connection, containing a lattice, the Brieskorn lattice. The leading terms of the Brieskorn lattice with respect to the weight and V-filtration of the Gauß-Manin connection define the spectral pairs. They correspond to the Hodge numbers of the mixed Hodge structure on the cohomology of the Milnor fibre and belong to the finest known invariants of isolated hypersurface singularities. The differential structure of the Brieskorn lattice can be described by two complex endomorphisms A0 and A1 containing even more information than the spectral pairs. In this thesis, an algorithmic approach to the Brieskorn lattice in the Gauß-Manin connection is presented. It leads to algorithms to compute the complex monodromy, the spectral pairs, and the differential structure of the Brieskorn lattice. These algorithms are implemented in the computer algebra system Singular.
Matrix Compression Methods for the Numerical Solution of Radiative Transfer in Scattering Media
(2002)
Radiative transfer in scattering media is usually described by the radiative transfer equation, an integro-differential equation which describes the propagation of the radiative intensity along a ray. The high dimensionality of the equation leads to a very large number of unknowns when discretizing the equation. This is the major difficulty in its numerical solution. In case of isotropic scattering and diffuse boundaries, the radiative transfer equation can be reformulated into a system of integral equations of the second kind, where the position is the only independent variable. By employing the so-called momentum equation, we derive an integral equation, which is also valid in case of linear anisotropic scattering. This equation is very similar to the equation for the isotropic case: no additional unknowns are introduced and the integral operators involved have very similar mapping properties. The discretization of an integral operator leads to a full matrix. Therefore, due to the large dimension of the matrix in practical applcation, it is not feasible to assemble and store the entire matrix. The so-called matrix compression methods circumvent the assembly of the matrix. Instead, the matrix-vector multiplications needed by iterative solvers are performed only approximately, thus, reducing, the computational complexity tremendously. The kernels of the integral equation describing the radiative transfer are very similar to the kernels of the integral equations occuring in the boundary element method. Therefore, with only slight modifications, the matrix compression methods, developed for the latter are readily applicable to the former. As apposed to the boundary element method, the integral kernels for radiative transfer in absorbing and scattering media involve an exponential decay term. We examine how this decay influences the efficiency of the matrix compression methods. Further, a comparison with the discrete ordinate method shows that discretizing the integral equation may lead to reductions in CPU time and to an improved accuracy especially in case of small absorption and scattering coefficients or if local sources are present.
Manipulating Deformable Linear Objects: Manipulation Skill for Active Damping of Oscillations
(2002)
While handling deformable linear objects (DLOs), such as hoses, wires or leaf springs, with an industrial robot at high speed, unintended and undesired oscillations that delay further operations may occur. This paper analyzes oscillations based on a simple model with one degree of freedom (DOF) and presents a method for active open-loop damping. Different ways to interpret an oscillating DLO as a system with 1 DOF lead to translational and rotational adjustment motions. Both were implemented as a manipulation skill with a sepa-rate program that can be executed immediately after any robot motion. We showed how these manipulation skills can generate the needed adjustment motions automatically based on the readings of a wrist-mounted force/torque sensor. Experiments demonstrated the effectiveness under various conditions.
Handhabung deformierbarer linearer Objekte: Programmierung mit verschiedenen Manipulation-Skills
(2002)
Diese Arbeit beschreibt verschiedene Bewegungsprimitive zur Lösung einiger häufig auftre-tender Probleme bei der Handhabung von deformierbaren linearen Objekten. Anhand der beispielhaften Montage einer Feder wird die Nützlichkeit der verschiedenen Manipulation-Skills im einzelnen, aber auch deren Kombination dargestellt.
In this work we present and estimate an explanatory model with a predefined system of explanatory equations, a so called lag dependent model. We present a locally optimal, on blocked neural network based lag estimator and theorems about consistensy. We define the change points in context of lag dependent model, and present a powerfull algorithm for change point detection in high dimensional high dynamical systems. We present a special kind of bootstrap for approximating the distribution of statistics of interest in dependent processes.
Styrene is most commonly used in Vinylester resins (VERs) and is the co-monomer
best described regarding VERs. However, there is little knowledge about the
influence of other co-monomers on properties of resins and castings. Because of
some unfavorable properties styrene provides in resins, e. g. the relatively low flash
point, public interest in the usage of styrene-free resins in chemically bonded anchors
has increased in the last couple of years.
To develop styrene-free VERs and to examine their qualifications when used in
chemically bonded anchors was one of the main purposes of this thesis. Properties
of several castings were examined and described and correlations between these
properties and those of co-monomers were investigated to find a pattern that would
allow facilitation for further examinations. One styrenated and seven styrene-free
resins were synthezised and compared to each other in several investigations.
Using these different co-monomers a great variety of fracture-mechanical and
mechanical properties of the castings can be achieved. Compared to the styrenecontaining
resin it is possible to get either higher, lower or equal strength, stiffness
and elongation. Castings containing HPMA and PEG200DMA proved to be of special
interest. VER/HPMA achieved highest results regarding modulus and strength.
Elongation was equal to that of the resin containing styrene. VER/PEG200DMA
showed the best results regarding elongation and had the lowest tensile modulus.
Tensile and flexural elongations were as high as those of the styrene reference
sytem.
Styrenefree systems showed a lower thermal resistance compared to the styrenated
resin and absorbed more water. There were significant differences in alkali
resistance as well. Only THFMA and PEG200DMA could deliver values similar to the
styrene system. The different amount of ester groups in the networks could not
explain these results but a correlation was found between residual strength and the
sum of hydroxy- and ester group concentrations.A method was deduced from these test results to allow assumptions on hydrophilicity
properties of castings by considering the molecular structure and the amount of comonomer
used.
Chemical bonding anchors containing the synthesised styrene-free resins were
produced. These showed high pull-out loads and little displacements under
permanent loading. Adhesive properties of the resins showed no direct correlation to
the bond strength of anchors. A tendency was found that resins with high stiffness
provide anchors with higher bond strength. Alkali resistance of the bonding material
was examined in slice tests. Even bonding materials containing resins that were
almost completely destroyed during a boiling test with NaOH showed good residual
strength here.
DSC-analysis of anchor grout samples collected from pulled out anchors showed low
glass transition temperature and locally inconsistent cure degrees. The possibility of
thermal postcure of anchor grouts after setting was examined to be able to better
compare the different systems when almost completely cured. Two methods were
considered: heating of the anchor rod using hot air and electromagnetic induction.
Based on a thermodynamical calculation model the heat loss proved to be high when
using hot air. Results of the induction method were promising, however. The degree
of cure and the glass transition temperature could be improved almost over the
complete embedment depth. A more homogenous network was achieved with a
reduced content of residuals and better chemical resistance.
Parkmanöver sind ein häufig auftretender Bestandteil des urbanen Verkehrsgeschehens. Über den Einfluss von Parkmanövern auf Verkehrsablauf und Verkehrssicherheit lagen bisher nur teilweise Kenntnisse von eher qualitativem Charakter vor. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, in einem ersten (empirischen) Schritt die vorliegenden Kenntnisse zu ergänzen und zu quantifizieren und in einem zweiten Schritt ein Simulationsmodell zu entwickeln, mit dessen Hilfe sich Aussagen zu weitergehenden Fragestellungen unter variierenden Randbedingungen machen lassen. Im ersten Schritt wurden im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes "Linksparken in städtischen Straßen" ca. 3.400 Parkmanöver in Längsrichtung dokumentiert und bzgl. ihres Einflusses auf Verkehrsablauf und Verkehrssicherheit analysiert. Dabei wurden insbesondere auch (illegale) Parkmanöver entgegen der Fahrtrichtung (Linksparken) betrachtet und mit dem heute vorgeschriebenen Rechtsparken verglichen. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse des empirischen Teils waren: - Die Analyse der amtlichen Unfallstatistiken ergab, dass Parkmanöver generell einen eher geringen Einfluss auf die Verkehrssicherheit haben, zumal beim Ein- und Ausparken meistens Bagatellschäden verursacht werden. In einer zusätzlichen Befragung von 118 Polizeidienststellen speziell zum Linksparken stellte sich heraus, dass Linksparken im Unfallgeschehen derzeit keine nennenswerte Rolle spielt, dass aber die beim Ausparken eingeschränkte Sicht des Fahrers auf die Fahrbahn als Gefährdungspotenzial angesehen wird. - Bei den Erhebungen wurden acht Parkmanöver (0,2%) erfasst, durch die Konflikte verursacht wurden, Unfälle ereigneten sich nicht. Ein gehäuftes Auftreten von Konflikten bei bestimmten Parkmanövern oder bestimmten Abschnitten davon war (auch aufgrund der geringen Anzahl der Konflikte) nicht feststellbar. - In Straßen mit sehr geringem Verkehrsaufkommen wurde teilweise fast die Hälfte aller Parkmanöver entgegen der Fahrtrichtung durchgeführt. Dieser Anteil nimmt mit zunehmendem Verkehrsaufkommen ab, da Parkstände auf der linken Seite nicht mehr ohne Behinderung des Gegenverkehrs belegt und verlassen werden können. - Beim Ausparken von links befindet sich der Fahrer auf der der Fahrbahn abgewandten Seite. Insbesondere durch größere Fahrzeuge wie z.B. Lieferwagen kann dann die Sicht auf den fließenden Verkehr so weit eingeschränkt sein, dass das Fahrzeug relativ weit in die Fahrbahn einfahren muss, bevor der Fahrer das Verkehrsgeschehen überschauen kann. Dies wird vor allem auf Straßen mit Geschwindigkeiten von über 30 km/h als unvertretbares Sicherheitsrisiko angesehen. In solchen Straßen sollte daher auch im Falle einer Novellierung der StVO von einer Legalisierung des Linksparkens abgesehen werden. - Rechts rückwärts durchgeführte Parkmanöver verursachen am häufigsten Wartezeiten im fließenden Verkehr, wobei auch die Länge der verursachten Wartezeiten bei diesem Manöver am größten ist. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass nachfolgende Fahrzeuge häufig relativ dicht auf ein einparkendes Fahrzeug auffahren und so (1) dieses am einparken hindern und (b) das einparkende Fahrzeug selbst nicht überholen können, ohne vorher zurückzustoßen. Im Vergleich zu den Wartezeiten, wie sie durch Lichtsignalanlagen verursacht werden, sind die durch Parkmanöver verursachten Wartezeiten jedoch sehr gering. Im zweiten Schritt der Arbeit wurden die Ergebnisse der Empirie in das mikroskopische Simulationsmodell EPAVA (Einfluss von PArkmanövern auf den VerkehrsAblauf) implementiert. Da für das Auftreten von Unfällen oder Konflikten in der Empirie aufgrund deren Seltenheit keine Regeln abgeleitet werden konnten, werden diese nicht simuliert. Simuliert wird der Einfluss von Parkmanövern auf den Verkehrsablauf, wobei die Randbedingungen des simulierten Streckenabschnittes vom Benutzer interaktiv definiert werden können. Parameter zur Beurteilung des Verkehrsablaufs sind neben den Wartezeiten im fließenden Verkehr die Parkraumauslastung und die Entstehung von Parksuchverkehr. Damit stehen Informationen zu Parametern zur Verfügung, die empirisch nicht erhoben werden können. In der Anwendung von EPAVA wurden zwei unterschiedlich stark belastete Streckenabschnitte mit jeweils drei unterschiedlichen Werten für die Akzeptanz von Parkständen auf der linken Seite simuliert. Dabei führt das Simulationsprogramm zu folgenden Ergebnissen: - Mit zunehmender Akzeptanz des Linksparkens werden freie Parkstände schneller wieder belegt, da diese von Fahrzeugen aus beiden Fahrtrichtungen angefahren werden. Dadurch kann insbesondere in Gebieten mit hohem Parkdruck eine bessere Auslastung des Parkraums erreicht werden. - Mit der höheren Auslastung des Parkraums geht eine Reduzierung des Parksuchverkehrs einher. Diese ist jedoch nur sehr gering.
In the last decade, injection molding of long-fiber reinforced thermoplastics
(LFT) has been established as a low-cost, high volume technique for manufacturing
parts with complex shape without any post-treatment [1–3]. Applications
are mainly found in the automotive industry with a volume annually
growing by 10% to 15% [4].
While first applications were based on polyamide (PA6 and PA6.6), the market
share of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) is growing due to cost savings
and ease of processing. With the use of polypropylene, different processing
techniques such as gas-assisted injection molding [5] or injection compression
molding [6] have emerged in addition to injection molding [7, 8].
In order to overcome or justify higher materials costs when compared to short
fiber reinforced thermoplastics, the manufacturing techniques for LFT pellets
with fiber length greater than 10mm have evolved starting from pultrusion by
improving impregnation and throughput [9] or by direct addition of fiber strands
in the mold [10–12].
The benefit of long glass fiber reinforcement either in PP or PA is mainly due
to the enhanced resistance to fiber pull-out resulting in an increase in impact
properties and strength [13–19], even at low temperature levels [20]. Creep
and fatigue resistance are also substantially improved [21, 22].
The performance of fiber reinforced thermoplastics manufactured by injection
molding strongly depends on the flow-induced microstructure which is
driven by materials composition, processing conditions and part geometry.
The anisotropic microstructure is characterized by fiber fraction and dispersion,
fiber length and fiber orientation.
Facing the complexity of this processing technique, simulation becomes a precious
tool already in the concept phase for parts manufactured by injection
molding. Process simulation supports decisions with respect to choice of concepts
and materials. The part design is determined in terms of mold filling
including location of gates, vents and weld lines. Tool design requires the
determination of melt feeding, logistics and mold heating. Subsequently, performance
including prediction of shrinkage and warpage as well as structural
analysis is evaluated [23].
While simulation based on two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional
part geometry has been extensively used during the last two decades, the
complexity of the parts as well as the trend towards solid modelling in CAD
and CAE demands the step towards three-dimensional process simulation. The scope of this work is the prediction of flow-induced microstructure during
injection molding of long glass fiber reinforced polypropylene using threedimensional
process simulation. Modelling of the injection molding process in
three dimensions is supported experimentally by rheological characterization
in both shear and extensional flow and by two- and three-dimensional evaluation
of microstructure.
In chapter 2 the fundamentals of rheometry and rheology are presented with
respect to long fiber reinforced thermoplastics. The influence of parameters
on microstructure is described and approaches for modelling the state of microstructure
and its dynamics are discussed.
Chapter 3 introduces a rheometric technique allowing for rheological characterization
of polymer melts at processing conditions as encountered during
manufacturing. Using this rheometer, both shear and extensional viscosity of
long glass fiber reinforced polypropylene are measured with respect to composition
of materials, processing conditions and geometry of the cavity.
Chapter 4 contains the evaluation of microstructure of long glass fiber reinforced
polypropylene in terms of two-dimensional fiber orientation and its dependence
on materials parameters and processing condition. For the evaluation
of three-dimensional microstructure, a technique based on x-ray tomography
is introduced.
In chapter 5, modelling of microstructural dynamics is addressed. One-way
coupling of interactions between fluid and fibers is described macroscopically.
The flow behavior of fibers in the vicinity of cavity walls is evaluated experimentally.
From these observations, a model for treatment of fiber-wall interaction
with respect to numerical simulation is proposed.
Chapter 6 presents the application of three-dimensional simulation of the injection
molding process. Mold filling simulation is performed using a commercial
code while prediction of 3D fiber orientation is based on a proprietary module.
The rheological and thermal properties derived in chapter 3 are tested by
simulation of the experiments and comparison of predicted pressure and temperature
profile versus recorded results. The performance of fiber orientation
prediction is verified using analytical solutions of test examples from literature.
The capability of three-dimensional simulation is demonstrated based on the
simulation of mold filling and prediction of fiber orientation for an automotive
part.