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We studied the development of cognitive abilities related to intelligence and creativity
(N = 48, 6–10 years old), using a longitudinal design (over one school year), in order
to evaluate an Enrichment Program for gifted primary school children initiated by
the government of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate (Entdeckertag
Rheinland Pfalz, Germany; ET; Day of Discoverers). A group of German primary school
children (N = 24), identified earlier as intellectually gifted and selected to join the
ET program was compared to a gender-, class- and IQ- matched group of control
children that did not participate in this program. All participants performed the Standard
Progressive Matrices (SPM) test, which measures intelligence in well-defined problem
space; the Creative Reasoning Task (CRT), which measures intelligence in ill-defined
problem space; and the test of creative thinking-drawing production (TCT-DP), which
measures creativity, also in ill-defined problem space. Results revealed that problem
space matters: the ET program is effective only for the improvement of intelligence
operating in well-defined problem space. An effect was found for intelligence as
measured by SPM only, but neither for intelligence operating in ill-defined problem space
(CRT) nor for creativity (TCT-DP). This suggests that, depending on the type of problem
spaces presented, different cognitive abilities are elicited in the same child. Therefore,
enrichment programs for gifted, but also for children attending traditional schools,
should provide opportunities to develop cognitive abilities related to intelligence,
operating in both well- and ill-defined problem spaces, and to creativity in a parallel,
using an interactive approach.
To investigate whether participants can activate only one spatially oriented number line at a time or
multiple number lines simultaneously, they were asked to solve a unit magnitude comparison task
(unit smaller/larger than 5) and a parity judgment task (even/odd) on two-digit numbers. In both these
primary tasks, decades were irrelevant. After some of the primary task trials (randomly), participants
were asked to additionally solve a secondary task based on the previously presented number. In
Experiment 1, they had to decide whether the two-digit number presented for the primary task was
larger or smaller than 50. Thus, for the secondary task decades were relevant. In contrast, in Experiment
2, the secondary task was a color judgment task, which means decades were irrelevant. In Experiment
1, decades’ and units’ magnitudes influenced the spatial association of numbers separately. In contrast,
in Experiment 2, only the units were spatially associated with magnitude. It was concluded that
multiple number lines (one for units and one for decades) can be activated if attention is focused on
multiple, separate magnitude attributes.
Durch die stetige Zunahme von dezentralen Erzeugungsanlagen, den anstehenden Smart-Meter Rollout sowie die zu erwartende Elektrifizierung des Verkehrssektors (E-Mobilität) steht die Netzplanung und Netzbetriebsführung von Niederspannungsnetzen (NS-Netzen) in Deutschland vor großen Herausforderungen. In den letzten Jahren wurden daher viele Studien, Forschungs- und Demonstrationsprojekte zu den oben genannten Themen durchge-führt und die Ergebnisse sowie die entwickelten Methoden publiziert. Jedoch lassen sich die publizierten Methoden meist nicht nachbilden bzw. validieren, da die Untersuchungsmodelle oder die angesetzten Szenarien für Dritte nicht nachvollziehbar sind. Es fehlen einheitliche Netzmodelle, die die deutschen NS-Netze abbilden und für Ver-gleichsuntersuchungen herangezogen werden können, ähnlich dem Beispiel der nordamerikanischen Verteilnetzmodelle des IEEE.
Im Gegensatz zum Übertragungsnetz, dessen Struktur hinreichend genau bekannt ist, sind passende Netzmodelle für NS-Netze wegen der hohen Anzahlen der NS-Netze und Verteilnetzbetreiber (VNB) nur schwer abzubilden. Des Weiteren ist eine detaillierte Darstellung realer NS-Netze in wissenschaftlichen Publikationen aus daten-schutzrechtlichen Gründen meist nicht erwünscht. Für Untersuchungen im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts wurden darum möglichst charakteristische synthetische NS-Netzmodelle erstellt, die sich an gängigen deutschen Siedlungsstrukturen und üblichen Netzplanungsgrundsätzen orientieren. In dieser Arbeit werden diese NS-Netzmodelle sowie ihre Entwicklung im Detail erklärt. Damit stehen erstmals für die Öffentlichkeit nachvollziehbare NS-Netzmodelle für den deutschsprachigen Raum zur Verfügung. Sie können als Benchmark für wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen sowie zur Methodenentwicklung verwendet werden.
The size congruity effect involves interference between numerical magnitude and physical size of visually presented numbers: congruent numbers (either both small or both large in numerical magnitude and physical size) are responded to faster than incongruent ones (small numerical magnitude/large physical size or vice versa). Besides, numerical magnitude is associated with lateralized response codes, leading to the Spatial Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect: small numerical magnitudes are preferably responded to on the left side and large ones on the right side. Whereas size congruity effects are ascribed to interference between stimulus dimensions in the decision stage, SNARC effects are understood as (in)compatibilities in stimulus-response combinations. Accordingly, size congruity and SNARC effects were previously found to be independent in parity and in physical size judgment tasks. We investigated their dependency in numerical magnitude judgment tasks. We obtained independent size congruity and SNARC effects in these tasks and replicated this observation for the parity judgment task. The results confirm and extend the notion that size congruity and SNARC effects operate in different representational spaces. We discuss possible implications for number representation.
We report on generation of pulsed broadband terahertz radiation utilizing the inverse spin hall effect in Fe/Pt bilayers on MgO and sapphire substrates. The emitter was optimized with respect to layer thickness, growth parameters, substrates and geometrical arrangement. The experimentally determined optimum layer thicknesses were in qualitative agreement with simulations of the spin current induced in the ferromagnetic layer. Our model takes into account generation of spin polarization, spin diffusion and accumulation in Fe and Pt and electrical as well as optical properties of the bilayer samples. Using the device in a counterintuitive orientation a Si lens was attached to increase the collection efficiency of the emitter. The optimized emitter provided a bandwidth of up to 8 THz which was mainly limited by the low-temperature-grown GaAs (LT-GaAS) photoconductive antenna used as detector and the pulse length of the pump laser. The THz pulse length was as short as 220 fs for a sub 100 fs pulse length of the 800 nm pump laser. Average pump powers as low as 25 mW (at a repetition rate of 75 MHz) have been used for terahertz generation. This and the general performance make the spintronic terahertz emitter compatible with established emitters based on optical rectification in nonlinear crystals.
Ecophysiological characterizations of photoautotrophic communities are not only necessary to identify the response of carbon fixation related to different climatic factors, but also to evaluate risks connected to changing environments. In biological soil crusts (BSCs), the description of ecophysiological features is difficult, due to the high variability in taxonomic composition and variable methodologies applied. Especially for BSCs in early successional stages, the available datasets are rare or focused on individual constituents, although these crusts may represent the only photoautotrophic component in many heavily disturbed ruderal areas, such as parking lots or building areas with increasing surface area worldwide. We analyzed the response of photosynthesis and respiration to changing BSC water contents (WCs), temperature and light in two early successional BSCs. We investigated whether the response of these parameters was different between intact BSC and the isolated dominating components. BSCs dominated by the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune and dominated by the green alga Zygogonium ericetorum were examined. A major divergence between the two BSCs was their absolute carbon fixation rate on a chlorophyll basis, which was significantly higher for the cyanobacterial crust. Nevertheless, independent of species composition, both crust types and their isolated organisms had convergent features such as high light acclimatization and a minor and very late-occurring depression in carbon uptake at water suprasaturation. This particular setup of ecophysiological features may enable these communities to cope with a high variety of climatic stresses and may therefore be a reason for their success in heavily disturbed areas with ongoing human impact. However, the shape of the response was different for intact BSC compared to separated organisms, especially in absolute net photosynthesis (NP) rates. This emphasizes the importance of measuring intact BSCs under natural conditions for collecting reliable data for meaningful analysis of BSC ecosystem services.
Initiated by a task in tunable microoptics, but not limited to this application, a microfluidic droplet array in an upright standing module with 3 × 3 subcells and droplet actuation via electrowetting is presented. Each subcell is filled with a single (of course transparent) water droplet, serving as a movable iris, surrounded by opaque blackened decane. Each subcell measures 1 × 1 mm ² and incorporates 2 × 2 quadratically arranged positions for the droplet. All 3 × 3 droplets are actuated synchronously by electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD). The droplet speed is up to 12 mm/s at 130 V (Vrms) with response times of about 40 ms. Minimum operating voltage is 30 V. Horizontal and vertical movement of the droplets is demonstrated. Furthermore, a minor modification of the subcells allows us to exploit the flattening of each droplet. Hence, the opaque decane fluid sample can cover each water droplet and render each subcell opaque, resulting in switchable irises of constant opening diameter. The concept does not require any mechanically moving parts or external pumps.
In separation processes not only thermodynamic bulk but also interfacial properties play a crucial role. In
classical theory, a vapour-liquid interface is a two-dimensional object. In reality it is a region in which
properties change over a few nanometres and the density changes continuously from its liquid bulk to its gas
bulk value. Many mixtures show unexpected effects in that transition region. While the total density changes
monotonously from the bulk vapour to the bulk liquid, this does not hold for the molarities of the components.
The molarities of the light boiling component can have a distinct maximum at the interface. That maximum
would be an insurmountable obstacle to mass transfer according to Fickian theory. Even if that argument is
not adopted, it shows that there is good reason to believe that the maximum may affect mass transfer and,
hence, fluid separation processes like absorption or distillation. Unfortunately, there are currently no
experimental methods that can be used for direct studies of density profiles in such interfacial regions. But
such data can be obtained with theoretical methods, namely with molecular dynamics simulations (MD) as
well as with density gradient theory (DGT) or with density functional theory (DFT) combined with an equation
of state (EOS).
Studies from our group on the vapour-liquid interface of several real mixtures and a model fluid using these
methods yield consistent results and reveal an important enrichment in some cases. Strong enrichment is
found at vapour-liquid interfaces in the systems in which one of the components is supercritical. These results
indicate that mixtures, which are typical for absorption processes usually show an important enrichment,
whereas this is not the case for mixtures that are typically separated by distillation.
Based on the Lindblad master equation approach we obtain a detailed microscopic model of photons in a dye-filled cavity, which features condensation of light. To this end we generalise a recent non-equilibrium approach of Kirton and Keeling such that the dye-mediated contribution to the photon-photon interaction in the light condensate is accessible due to an interplay of coherent and dissipative dynamics. We describe the steady-state properties of the system by analysing the resulting equations of motion of both photonic and matter degrees of freedom. In particular, we discuss the existence of two limiting cases for steady states: photon Bose-Einstein condensate and laser-like. In the former case, we determine the corresponding dimensionless photon-photon interaction strength by relying on realistic experimental data and find a good agreement with previous theoretical estimates. Furthermore, we investigate how the dimensionless interaction strength depends on the respective system parameters.
We isolated an encysted ciliate from a geothermal field in Iceland. The morphological features of this isolate fit the descriptions of Dexiotricha colpidiopsis (Kahl, 1926) Jankowski, 1964 very well. These comprise body shape and size in vivo, the number of somatic kineties, and the positions of macronucleus and contractile vacuole. Using state-of-the-art taxonomic methods, the species is redescribed, including phylogenetic analyses of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene as molecular marker. In the phylogenetic analyses, D. colpidiopsis clusters with the three available SSU rRNA gene sequences of congeners, suggesting a monophyly of the genus Dexiotricha. Its closest relative in phylogenetic analyses is D. elliptica, which also shows a high morphological similarity. This is the first record of a Dexiotricha species from a hot spring, indicating a wide temperature tolerance of this species at least in the encysted state. The new findings on D. colpidiopsis are included in a briefly revision of the scuticociliate genus Dexiotricha and an identification key to the species.
Słowa kluczowe: Dexiotricha, hot spring, morphology, phylogeny, SSU rRNA gene
In this paper, we demonstrate the power of functional data models for a statistical analysis of stimulus-response experiments which is a quite natural way to look at this kind of data and which makes use of the full information available. In particular, we focus on the detection of a change in the mean of the response in a series of stimulus-response curves where we also take into account dependence in time.
Influence of the Crystal Surface on the Austenitic and Martensitic Phase Transition in Pure Iron
(2018)
Using classical molecular dynamics simulations, we studied the influence that free
surfaces exert on the austenitic and martensitic phase transition in iron. For several single-indexed
surfaces—such as (100)bcc and (110)bcc as well as (100)fcc and (110)fcc surfaces—appropriate
pathways exist that allow for the transformation of the surface structure. These are the Bain,
Mao, Pitsch, and Kurdjumov–Sachs pathways, respectively. Tilted surfaces follow the pathway
of the neighboring single-indexed plane. The austenitic transformation temperature follows the
dependence of the specific surface energy of the native bcc phase; here, the new phase nucleates at
the surface. In contrast, the martensitic transformation temperature steadily decreases when tilting
the surface from the (100)fcc to the (110)fcc orientation. This dependence is caused by the strong
out-of-plane deformation that (110)fcc facets experience under the transformation; here, the new
phase also nucleates in the bulk rather than at the surface.
The scales of white beetles strongly scatter light within a thin disordered network of
chitin filaments. There is no comparable artificial material achieving such a high scat-
tering strength within a thin layer of low refractive index material. Several analyses
investigated the scattering but could not explain the underlying concept. Here a model
system is described, which has the same optical properties as the white beetles’ scales
in the visible wavelength range. With some modification, it also explains the behavior
of the structures in the near infrared range. The comparison of the original structure and
the model system is done by finite-difference time-domain calculations. The calcula-
tions show excellent agreement with the beetles’ scales with respect to the reflectance,
the time-of-flight, and the intensity distribution in the far-field.
Poor posture in childhood and adolescence is held responsible for the occurrence
of associated disorders in adult age. This study aimed to verify whether body
posture in adolescence can be enhanced through the improvement of neuromuscular
performance, attained by means of targeted strength, stretch, and body perception
training, and whether any such improvement might also transition into adulthood. From
a total of 84 volunteers, the posture development of 67 adolescents was checked
annually between the age of 14 and 20 based on index values in three posture
situations. 28 adolescents exercised twice a week for about 2 h up to the age of 18, 24
adolescents exercised continually up to the age of 20. Both groups practiced other
additional sports for about 1.8 h/week. Fifteen persons served as a non-exercising
control group, practicing optional sports of about 1.8 h/week until the age of 18,
after that for 0.9 h/week. Group allocation was not random, but depended on the
participants’ choice. A linear mixed model was used to analyze the development
of posture indexes among the groups and over time and the possible influence of
anthropometric parameters (weight, size), of optional athletic activity and of sedentary
behavior. The post hoc pairwise comparison was performed applying the Scheffé test.
The significance level was set at 0.05. The group that exercised continually (TR20)
exhibited a significant posture parameter improvement in all posture situations from
the 2nd year of exercising on. The group that terminated their training when reaching
adulthood (TR18) retained some improvements, such as conscious straightening of the
body posture. In other posture situations (habitual, closed eyes), their posture results
declined again from age 18. The effect sizes determined were between Eta² = 0.12 and
Eta² = 0.19 and represent moderate to strong effects. The control group did not exhibit
any differences. Anthropometric parameters, additional athletic activities and sedentary
behavior did not influence the posture parameters significantly. An additional athletic
training of 2 h per week including elements for improved body perception seems to
have the potential to improve body posture in symptom free male adolescents and
young adults.
Während des Forschungsprozesses zur Erstellung einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit müssen zahlreiche Entscheidungen getroffen und auch gerechtfertigt werden. Dies gilt nicht nur für konzeptionelle Arbeiten, sondern insbesondere auch für empirisch ausgerichtete Arbeiten. In diesem Zusammenhang leistet der vorliegende Leitfaden einen Beitrag zur konzeptionellen sowie anwendungsbezogenen empirischen Grundlagenforschung im Controlling unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Vorgehensweise am Lehrstuhl für Unternehmensrechnung und Controlling. Das zentrale
Ziel des Leitfadens liegt dabei in dem Aufzeigen eines Überblicks über die Grundlagen der empirischen Forschung im Controlling. Hierzu wird in einem ersten Schritt die wissenschaftstheoretische Relevanz der fundierten empirischen Forschung im Kontext realwissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen aufgezeigt und diese mit dem Forschungskonzept des Lehrstuhls verknüpft. Hieran anschließend werden einige empirische Forschungsdesigns vorgestellt, wobei insbesondere die Methodik der Vignetten-studie näher erörtert wird. Abschließend befasst sich der folgende Beitrag mit der konzeptionell fundierten Durchführung einer empirischen Studie anhand des 6-Phasen-Modells nach Reiß und Sarris (2012).
Betrachtet man sowohl die klassische betriebs-wirtschaftliche Literatur als auch die Literatur der Controlling-Forschung, so ist ersichtlich, dass jeweils eine Anspruchskongruenz der Eigenkapitalgeber unterstellt wird, welche zu einem einheitlichen Diskontsatz führt, wie dies insbesondere auch im Shareholder Value-Ansatz deutlich wird. Grundlage dieses Postulates ist die neoklassische Theorie, welche unter restriktiven Prämissen die Einmütigkeit der Shareholder hinsichtlich des Formalziels „Shareholder Value“-Maximierung modelltheoretisch abzuleiten vermag. Hierbei werden jedoch ein vollkommener Kapitalmarkt sowie eine Entscheidungssituation unter Sicherheit vorausgesetzt. Beide Prämissen sind auf realen Märkten nicht gegeben. Trotz dieser fehlenden modelltheoretisch strengen Einmütigkeit können jedoch Unternehmen, wie auch empirisch zu sehen ist, offensichtlich durchaus (in gewissen Grenzen) divergierende Shareholderansprüche inkorporieren, welches mit den traditionellen Modellen nicht plausibel abzubilden ist.
Die Frage, wie dies dennoch konzeptionell begründet werden könnte, konstituiert die Ausgangsgrundlage dieses Forschungsbeitrags. Hierbei werden zuerst die standardökonomischen Ansätze zur Klärung der Einmütigkeitsfrage kritisch reflektiert, bevor mit dem Konzept der bounded rationality nach Simon und Gigerenzer eine verhaltenswissenschaftliche Gegenposition eingenommen wird. Diese kann, wie gezeigt wird, als konzeptionelle Grundlage dienen, um die empirisch evidente, hinreichende Einmütigkeit unter den Eigenkapitalgebern eines Unternehmens zu erklären. Hierbei stellt sich jedoch für das Management die zentrale Frage, wie hoch die erwarteten Renditeansprüche der Shareholder legitimer Weise ausfallen dürfen. Diese Frage gewinnt an zusätzlicher Relevanz, wenn man davon ausgeht, dass die Eigenkapitalrenditen im Bezug zum zusätzlichen Risiko, welches die Eigenkapitalgeber tragen, überproportional hoch ausfallen. Das Controlling kann in diesem Kontext einen bedeutenden Beitrag zur Führungsunterstützung des Managements – und damit zu einem dauerhaften Erfolg des Unternehmens – leisten.
The design of the fifth generation (5G) cellular network should take account of the emerging services with divergent quality of service requirements. For instance, a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication is required to facilitate the local data exchange and therefore improve the automation level in automated driving applications. In this work, we inspect the performance of two different air interfaces (i.e., LTE-Uu and PC5) which are proposed by the third generation partnership project (3GPP) to enable the V2X communication. With these two air interfaces, the V2X communication can be realized by transmitting data packets either over the network infrastructure or directly among traffic participants. In addition, the ultra-high reliability requirement in some V2X communication scenarios can not be fulfilled with any single transmission technology (i.e., either LTE-Uu or PC5). Therefore, we discuss how to efficiently apply multi-radio access technologies (multi-RAT) to improve the communication reliability. In order to exploit the multi-RAT in an efficient manner, both the independent and the coordinated transmission schemes are designed and inspected. Subsequently, the conventional uplink is also extended to the case where a base station can receive data packets through both the LTE-Uu and PC5 interfaces. Moreover, different multicast-broadcast single-frequency network (MBSFN) area mapping approaches are also proposed to improve the communication reliability in the LTE downlink. Last but not least, a system level simulator is implemented in this work. The simulation results do not only provide us insights on the performances of different technologies but also validate the effectiveness of the proposed multi-RAT scheme.
Motivation: Mathematical models take an important place in science and engineering.
A model can help scientists to explain dynamic behavior of a system and to understand
the functionality of system components. Since length of a time series and number of
replicates is limited by the cost of experiments, Boolean networks as a structurally simple
and parameter-free logical model for gene regulatory networks have attracted interests
of many scientists. In order to fit into the biological contexts and to lower the data
requirements, biological prior knowledge is taken into consideration during the inference
procedure. In the literature, the existing identification approaches can only deal with a
subset of possible types of prior knowledge.
Results: We propose a new approach to identify Boolean networks fromtime series data
incorporating prior knowledge, such as partial network structure, canalizing property,
positive and negative unateness. Using vector form of Boolean variables and applying
a generalized matrix multiplication called the semi-tensor product (STP), each Boolean
function can be equivalently converted into a matrix expression. Based on this, the
identification problem is reformulated as an integer linear programming problem to
reveal the system matrix of Boolean model in a computationally efficient way, whose
dynamics are consistent with the important dynamics captured in the data. By using
prior knowledge the number of candidate functions can be reduced during the inference.
Hence, identification incorporating prior knowledge is especially suitable for the case of
small size time series data and data without sufficient stimuli. The proposed approach is
illustrated with the help of a biological model of the network of oxidative stress response.
Conclusions: The combination of efficient reformulation of the identification problem
with the possibility to incorporate various types of prior knowledge enables the
application of computational model inference to systems with limited amount of time
series data. The general applicability of thismethodological approachmakes it suitable for
a variety of biological systems and of general interest for biological and medical research.
Relating mathematical concepts to graphical representations is a challenging task for students. In this paper, we introduce two visual strategies to qualitatively interpret the divergence of graphical vector field representations. One strategy is based on the graphical interpretation of partial derivatives, while the other is based on the flux concept. We test the effectiveness of both strategies in an instruction-based eye-tracking study with N = 41 physics majors. We found that students’ performance improved when both strategies were introduced (74% correct) instead of only one strategy (64% correct), and students performed best when they were free to choose between the two strategies (88% correct). This finding supports the idea of introducing multiple representations of a physical concept to foster student understanding.Relevant eye-tracking measures demonstrate that both strategies imply different visual processing of the vector field plots, therefore reflecting conceptual differences between the strategies. Advanced analysis methods further reveal significant differences in eye movements between the best and worst performing students. For instance, the best students performed predominantly horizontal and vertical saccades, indicating correct interpretation of partial derivatives. They also focused on smaller regions when they balanced positive and negative flux. This mixed method research leads to new insights into student visual processing of vector field representations, highlights the advantages and limitations of eye-tracking methodologies in this context, and discusses implications for teaching and for future research. The introduction of saccadic direction analysis expands traditional methods, and shows the potential to discover new insights into student understanding and learning difficulties.
In this study, the dependence of the cyclic deformation behavior on the surface morphology of metastable austenitic HSD® 600 TWinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steel was investigated. This steel—with the alloying concept Mn-Al-Si—shows a fully austenitic microstructure with deformation-induced twinning at ambient temperature. Four different surface morphologies were analyzed: as-received with a so-called rolling skin, after up milling, after down milling, and a reference morphology achieved by polishing. The morphologies were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Focused Ion Beam (FIB), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) as well as confocal microscopy methods and show significant differences in initial residual stresses, phase fractions, topographies and microstructures. For specimens with all variants of the morphologies, fatigue tests were performed in the Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) and High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) regime to characterize the cyclic deformation behavior and fatigue life. Moreover, this study focused on the frequency-dependent self-heating of the specimens caused by cyclic plasticity in the HCF regime. The results show that both surface morphology and specimen temperature have a significant influence on the cyclic deformation behavior of HSD® 600 TWIP steel in the HCF regime.