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95,3
Im Rahmen des Sonderforschungsbereichs SFB314, Projekt X9 "Lernen und Analogie in technischen Expertensystemen", wurde die Verwendbarkeit von Techniken des fallbasierten Schliessens in wissens- basierten Systemen untersucht. Als prototypische Anwendungsdomäne wurde die Arbeitsplanerstellung rotationssymmetrischer Werkstücke gewählt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein Modell der Arbeits- planerstellung unter Berücksichtigung der verschiedenen, bisher als unabhängig behandelten Planungsmethoden beschrieben. Auf der Basis einer modelbasierte Wissensakquistion aus in Unternehmen verfügbaren Arbeitsplänen wird ein Ausschnitt der Arbeitsplanerstellung, die Aufspannplanung, detailliert. Die Anwendbarkeit wurde durch eine prototypische Realisierung nachgewiesen.
95,7E
Abstraction is one of the most promising approaches to improve the performance of problem solvers. In several domains abstraction by dropping sentences of a domain description - as used in most hierarchical planners - has proven useful. In this paper we present examples which illustrate significant drawbacks of abstraction by dropping sentences. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a more general view of abstraction involving the change of representation language. We have developed a new abstraction methodology and a related sound and complete learning algorithm that allows the complete change of representation language of planning cases from concrete to abstract. However, to achieve a powerful change of the representation language, the abstract language itself as well as rules which describe admissible ways of abstracting states must be provided in the domain model. This new abstraction approach is the core of PARIS (Plan Abstraction and Refinement in an Integrated System), a system in which abstract planning cases are automatically learned from given concrete cases. An empirical study in the domain of process planning in mechanical engineering shows significant advantages of the proposed reasoning from abstract cases over classical hierarchical planning.^
95,8E
We are going to present two methods that allow to exploit previous expe-rience in the area of automated deduction. The first method adapts (learns)the parameters of a heuristic employed for controlling the application of infer-ence rules in order to find a known proof with as little redundant search effortas possible. Adaptation is accomplished by a genetic algorithm. A heuristiclearned that way can then be profitably used to solve similar problems. Thesecond method attempts to re-enact a known proof in a flexible manner in orderto solve an unknown problem whose proof is believed to lie in (close) vicinity.The experimental results obtained with an equational theorem prover show thatthese methods not only allow for impressive speed-ups, but also make it possibleto handle problems that were out of reach before.
95,9E
This technical report is a compilation of several papers on the task of solving diagnostic problems with the help of topology preserving maps. It first reviews the application of Kohonen's Self- Organizing Feature Map (SOFM) for a technical diagnosis task, namely the fault detection in CNC-Machines with the KoDiag system [RW93], [RW94]. For emergent problems with coding attribute values, we then introduce fuzzy coding, similarity assignment and weight updating schemes for three crucial data types (continuous values, ordered and unordered symbols). These techniques result in a SOFM type network based on user defined local similarities, thus being able to incorporate a priori knowledge about the domain [Rah95].
95,10E
Real world planning tasks like manufacturing process planning often don't allow to formalize all of the relevant knowledge. Especially, preferences between alternatives are hard to acquire but have high influence on the efficiency of the planning process and the quality of the solution. We describe the essential features of the CAPlan planning architecture that supports cooperative problem solving to narrow the gap caused by absent preference and control knowledge. The architecture combines an SNLP-like base planner with mechanisms for explict representation and maintenance of dependencies between planning decisions. The flexible control interface of CAPlan allows a combination of autonomous and interactive planning in which a user can participate in the problem solving process. Especially, the rejection of arbitrary decisions by a user or dependency-directed backtracking mechanisms are supported by CAPlan.
96,1E
In this report, we first propose a dichotomy of topology preserving network models based on the degree to which the structure of a network is determined by the given task. We then look closer at one of those groups and investigate the information that is contained in the graph structure of a topology preserving neural network. The task we have in mind is the usage of the network's topology for the retrieval of nearest neighbors of a neuron or a query, as it is of importance, e.g., in medical diagnosis systems. In general considerations, we propose certain properties of the structure and formulate the respective expectable results of network interpretation. From the results we conclude that both topology preservation as well as neuron distribution are highly influential for the network semantics. After a short survey on hierarchical models for data analysis, we propose a new network model that fits both needs. This so called SplitNet model dynamically constructs a hierarchically structured network that provides interpretability by neuron distribution, network topology and hierarchy of the network layers. We present empirical results for this new model and demonstrate its application in the medical domain of nerve lesion diagnosis. Further, we explain a view how the interpretation of the hierarchy in models like SplitNet can be understood in the context of integration of symbolic and connectionist learning.
96,2E
We present a novel approach to classification, based on a tight coupling of instancebased learning and a genetic algorithm. In contrast to the usual instance-based learning setting, we do not rely on (parts of) the given training set as the basis of a nearestneighbor classifier, but we try to employ artificially generated instances as concept prototypes. The extremely hard problem of finding an appropriate set of concept prototypes is tackled by a genetic search procedure with the classification accuracy on the given training set as evaluation criterion for the genetic fitness measure. Experiments with artificial datasets show that - due to the ability to find concise and accurate concept descriptions that contain few, but typical instances - this classification approach is considerably robust against noise, untypical training instances and irrelevant attributes. These favorable (theoretical) properties are corroborated using a number of hard real-world classification problems.
96,6E
Freivalds, Karpinski and Smith [8] explored a special type of learning in the limit: identification of an unknown concept (function) by eliminating (erasing) all but one possible hypothesis (this type of learning is called co-learning). The motivation behind learning by erasing lies in the process of human and automated computer learning: often we can discard incorrect solutions much easier than to come up with the correct one. In Gödel numberings any learnable family can be learned by an erasing strategy. In this paper we concentrate on co-learning minimal programs. We show that co-learning of minimal programs, as originally defined is significantly weaker than learning minimal programs in Gödel numberings. In order to enhance the learning power
96,9E
We present an approach to automating the selection of search-guiding heuris-tics that control the search conducted by a problem solver. The approach centerson representing problems with feature vectors that are vectors of numerical val-ues. Thus, similarity between problems can be determined by using a distancemeasure on feature vectors. Given a database of problems, each problem beingassociated with the heuristic that was used to solve it, heuristics to be employedto solve a novel problem are suggested in correspondence with the similaritybetween the novel problem and problems of the database.Our approach is strongly connected with instance-based learning and nearest-neighbor classification and therefore possesses incremental learning capabilities.In experimental studies it has proven to be a viable tool for achieving the finaland crucial missing piece of automation of problem solving - namely selecting anappropriate search-guiding heuristic - in a flexible way.This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).
97,4E
We investigate in how far interpolation mechanisms based on the nearest-neighbor rule (NNR) can support cancer research. The main objective is to usethe NNR to predict the likelihood of tumorigenesis based on given risk factors.By using a genetic algorithm to optimize the parameters of the nearest-neighbourprediction, the performance of this interpolation method can be improved sub-stantially. Furthermore, it is possible to detect risk factors which are hardly ornot relevant to tumorigenesis. Our preliminary studies demonstrate that NNR-based interpolation is a simple tool that nevertheless has enough potential to beseriously considered for cancer research or related research.