KLUEDO | 530 Physik

Annual Report 2017 (2017)

Burkard Hillebrands

Annual Report, Jahrbuch AG Magnetismus

Bulk-boundary correspondence in non-equilibrium dynamics of one-dimensional topological insulators (2017)

Philipp Jaeger

Dynamical phase transitions (DPT) are receiving a rising interest. They are known to behave analogously to equilibrium phase transitions (EPT) to a large extend. However, it is easy to see that DPT can occur in finite systems, while EPT are only possible in the thermodynamic limit. So far it is not clear how far the analogy of DPT and EPT goes. It was suggested, that there is a relation between topological phase transitions (TPT) and DPT, but many open questions remain. Typically, to study DPT, the Loschmidt echo (LE) after a quench is investigated, where DPT are visible as singularities. For one-dimensional systems, each singularity is connected to a certain critical time scale, which is given by the dispersion in the chain. In topological free-fermion models with winding numbers 0 or 1, only the LE in periodic boundary conditions (PBC) has been investigated. In open boundary conditions (OBC), these models are characterized by symmetry protected edge modes in the topologically non-trivial phase. It is completely unclear how these modes affect DPT. We investigate systems with PBC governed by multiple time scales with a Z topological invariant. In OBC, we provide numerical evidence for the presence of bulk-boundary correspondence in DPT in quenches across a TPT.

Annual Report 2016 (2017)

Burkard Hillebrands

Annual Report, Jahrbuch AG Magnetismus

Rydberg-ground state interaction in ultracold quantum gases (2016)

Thomas Niederprüm

Combining ultracold atomic gases with the peculiar properties of Rydberg excited atoms gained a lot of theoretical and experimental attention in recent years. Embedded in the ultracold gas, an interaction between the Rydberg atom and the surrounding ground state atoms arises through the scattering of the Rydberg electron from an intruding perturber atom. This peculiar interaction gives rise to a plenitude of previously unobserved effects. Within the framework of the present thesis, this interaction is studied in detail for Rydberg \(P\)-states in rubidium. Due to their long lifetime, atoms in Rydberg states are subject to scattering with the surrounding ground state atoms in the ultracold cloud. By measuring their lifetime as a function of the ground state atom flux, we are able to obtain the total inelastic scattering cross section as well as the partial cross section for associative ionisation. The fact that the latter is three orders of magnitude larger than the size of the formed molecular ion indicates the presence of an efficient mass transport mechanism that is mediated by the Rydberg–ground state interaction. The immense acceleration of the collisional process shows a close analogy to a catalytic process. The increase of the scattering cross section renders associative ionisation an important process that has to be considered for experiments in dense ultracold systems. The interaction of the Rydberg atom with a ground state perturber gives rise to a highly oscillatory potential that supports molecular bound states. These so-called ultralong-range Rydberg molecules are studied with high resolution time-of-flight spectroscopy, where we are able to determine the binding energies and lifetimes of the molecular states between the two fine structure split \(25P\)-states. Inside an electric field, we observe a broadening of the molecular lines that indicates the presence of a permanent electric dipole moment, induced by the mixing with high angular momentum states. Due to the mixing of the ground state atom’s hyperfine states by the molecular interaction, we are able to observe a spin-flip of the perturber upon creation of a Rydberg molecule. Furthermore, an incidental near-degeneracy in the underlying level scheme of the \(25P\)-state gives rise to highly entangled states between the Rydberg fine structure state and the perturber’s hyperfine structure. These mechanisms can be used to manipulate the quantum state of a remote particle over distances that exceed by far the typical contact interaction range. Apart from the ultralong-range Rydberg molecules that predominantly consist of only one low angular momentum state, a class of Rydberg molecules is predicted to exist that strongly mixes the high angular momentum states of the degenerate hydrogenic manifolds. These states, the so-called trilobite- and butterfly Rydberg molecules, show very peculiar properties that cannot be observed for conventional molecules. Here we present the first experimental observation of butterfly Rydberg molecules. In addition to an extensive spectroscopy that reveals the binding energy, we are also able to observe the rotational structure of these exotic molecules. The arising pendular states inside an electric field allow us, in comparison to the model of a dipolar rotor, to extract the precise bond length and dipole moment of the molecule. With the information obtained in the present study, it is possible to photoassociate butterfly molecules with a selectable bond length, vibrational state, rotational state, and orientation inside an electric field. By shedding light on various previously unrevealed aspects, the experiments presented in this thesis significantly deepen our knowledge on the Rydberg–ground state interaction and the peculiar effects arising from it. The obtained spectroscopic information on Rydberg molecules and the changed reaction dynamics for molecular ion creation will surely provide valuable data for quantum chemical simulations and provide necessary data to plan future experiments. Beyond that, our study reveals that the hyperfine interaction in Rydberg molecules and the peculiar properties of butterfly states provide very promising new ways to alter the short- and long-range interactions in ultracold many-body systems. In this sense the investigated Rydberg–ground state interaction not only lies right at the interface between quantum chemistry, quantum many-body systems, and Rydberg physics, but also creates many new and fascinating possibilities by combining these fields.

iMechanics: Smartphones als Experimentiermittel im Physikunterricht der Sekundarstufe II Wirkung auf Lernerfolg, Motivation und Neugier in der Mechanik (2016)

Katrin Hochberg

Ausgangspunkt und Vorgehen: Smartphones bieten zahlreiche interessante Experimentiermöglichkeiten und weisen dabei Vorteile gegenüber herkömmlichen Experimenten auf: Die Geräte besitzen verschie- dene interne Sensoren, so dass mit nur einem Medium viele verschiedene physikalische Phänomene untersucht werden können. Smartphones eignen sich zur Behandlung der Mechanik, der Akustik, des Elektromagnetismus, der Optik und der Radioaktivität, wobei Experimente sowohl innerhalb, als auch außerhalb der Schule möglich sind. Hinzu kommt, dass heute nahezu alle Jugendlichen ein eigenes Smartphone besitzen, so dass auch die Möglichkeit besteht, Versuche als Hausaufgabe einzusetzen. Diese Vorteile sind in der fachdidaktischen Forschung bekannt, weswegen bereits zahlreiche experimentelle Konzep- te in der Literatur vorhanden sind. Im Gegensatz zur Erstellung experimenteller Konzepte wurde die empirische Untersu- chung der Lerneffekte von Smartphones allerdings von der Forschung bisher kaum in den Blick genommen, obwohl Auswirkungen auf Motivation, Neugier und Leistung auf der Grundlage verschiedener theoretischer Rahmenwerke (kontextorientiertes Lernen, Neu- gier, Cognitive Load Theory und Cognitive-Affective Theory of Learning with Media) ange- nommen werden können. Eine schrittweise Erkundung der Auswirkungen des Einsatzes der Geräte auf affektive und kognitive Variablen des Lernens ist daher notwendig. In die- sem Sinne wird als ein erster Schritt hin zu einem umfänglichen Verständnis der Möglich- keiten der Förderung des Lernens in Physik durch das Experimentieren mit Smartphones und den darin verbauten Beschleunigungssensoren eine Untersuchung in einer traditionel- len Unterrichtssituation mit bewährten Experimenten im Themenbereich Mechanik durch- geführt. Auch wenn so das Potenzial der Geräte nicht vollständig ausgenutzt wird, wurde diese Vorgehensweise aus zwei Gründen beschritten: Zum einen muss das Lernen außer- halb des Unterrichts im Unterricht vorbereitet werden; zum anderen lässt sich so eine gute Kontrollierbarkeit und geringe Konfundierung der untersuchten Variablen bei gleichzeitig hoher ökologischer Validität realisieren. Zur Untersuchung der Lerneffekte durch den Einsatz der Beschleunigungssensoren von Smartphones wurde zunächst eine Pilotstudie mit 122 Schülerinnen und Schülern durch- geführt. An der anschließenden Hauptstudie nahmen 245 Schülerinnen und Schüler aus 15 Klassen und Kursen von sechs Gymnasien aus Rheinland-Pfalz teil. Für beide Studien wurden experimentelle Aufbauten und zugehörige Instruktionsmaterialien für inhaltsgleiche Experimente mit dem Beschleunigungssensor von Smartphones einerseits und mit traditio- nellem Equipment andererseits entwickelt. Außerdem wurden verschiedene Testinstrumen- te konstruiert oder adaptiert. Ausgewählte Ergebnisse: Außer den bereits bekannten praktischen und experimentellen Vorteilen von Smartphones kann der Einsatz des Beschleunigungssensors der Geräte förderlich für das Lernen sein. Zunächst wurde festgestellt, dass keine der häufig befürchteten Nachteile der Nutzung moderner Kommunikationsmedien im Unterricht auftraten. Die Schülerinnen und Schüler waren durch den zielgerichteten Medieneinsatz nicht überfordert: Der von den Schülerin- nen und Schülern wahrgenommene allgemeine Cognitive Load war in der Smartphone- Gruppe nicht größer als in der Kontrollgruppe, der speziell auf die Nutzung der Geräte be- zogene Cognitive Load wurde als eher klein empfunden. Die Lernleistung der Schülerinnen und Schüler war außerdem unabhängig von ihrer Vorerfahrung mit Experimenten oder mit Technik, eine befürchtete Limitierung der positiven Effekte von Smartphones auf bestimmte Schülergruppen war also nicht festzustellen. Häufig wird als Argument gegen Smartphones in der Schule ins Feld geführt, dass diese zu stark vom Unterricht ablenkten. Eine beson- ders große Ablenkung konnte jedoch in der Intervention nicht beobachtet werden: Die Schülerinnen und Schüler der Smartphone-Gruppe arbeiteten ebenso konzentriert wie die der Kontrollgruppe (die bisweilen ebenfalls durch Gespräche oder Ähnliches abgelenkt waren). Dementsprechend war auch keine Minderung des Lernerfolgs in der Smartphone- Gruppe festzustellen. Neben dem Ausbleiben befürchteter Nachteile traten außerdem explizite Vorteile durch das Lernen mit Beschleunigungssensoren von Smartphones auf: Das Interesse und Engage- ment der Schülerinnen und Schüler in der Smartphone-Gruppe war signifikant größer als das in der Kontrollgruppe (d = 0,4). Dabei ist der gefundene Gruppenunterschied so groß, dass davon ausgegangen werden kann, dass hier mehr als ein bloßer Neuigkeitseffekt vorliegt. Hinzu kommt, dass durch das Lernen mit Smartphones vor allem das Interesse bezüglich des Physikunterrichts bei den Schülerinnen und Schülern geweckt wurde, die vor der Intervention eher wenig interessiert waren. Ein weiterer Effekt durch das Lernen mit den Beschleunigungssensoren von Smartphones betrifft die Neugier bezüglich der Inhalte der Experimente: Diese Neugier war in der Smartphone-Gruppe signifikant stärker ausgeprägt als in der Kontrollgruppe (d = 0,25). Dabei konnte kein Einfluss der experimentellen Vorerfahrung oder der fachlichen Vor- kenntnisse auf die Neugier festgestellt werden, es liegt also eine weitgehend vorausset- zungsfreie Förderung vor. Die Einstellung gegenüber Smartphones war bei den meisten Schülerinnen und Schülern eher positiv, unabhängig von ihrem Interesse am Physikunter- richt oder ihrem Selbstkonzept. Bei leistungsschwächeren Schülerinnen und Schülern war die positive Haltung gegenüber dem Einsatz von Smartphones im Unterricht sogar stärker ausgeprägt als bei leistungsstarken. Kognitive Vorteile durch das Lernen mit dem Beschleunigungssensor von Smartphones konnten nicht festgestellt werden. Es traten allerdings auch keine Nachteile auf: In beiden Gruppen gab es mittlere gewichtete Lernzuwächse (gSG = 0,38, gKG = 0,33) mit großen Effektstärken (dSG = 0,95, dKG = 1,09), wobei die Smartphone-Gruppe genau so gut ab- schnitt wie die Kontrollgruppe. Abgesehen von den Erkenntnissen bezüglich der Lerneffekte von Smartphones konnten die beiden neu erstellten Testinstrumente der primären Fragestellung übergeordnete Er- kenntnisse liefern: Der für die Hauptstudie entwickelte Konzepttest zur Periodizität mecha- nischer harmonischer Schwingungen liefert Hinweise auf bisher unbekannte Präkonzepte. So glaubten einige Schülerinnen und Schüler, dass ein kleiner Ortsfaktor die Bewegung eines Federpendels verlangsamen würde, was zu einer größeren Schwingungsdauer führ- te. Zum anderen bestand die intuitive Vorstellung, dass die Dämpfung eines Fadenpendels durch die Gravitationskraft verursacht würde, da diese das Pendel an den tiefsten Punkt seiner Bahn ziehe. Außerdem wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit erste Schritte hin zu einem Testinstrument für das episodische Gedächtnis in instruktionalen Kontexten unternommen. Drei Itemformate stellten sich als geeignet für die Untersuchung heraus, unter anderem die Wiedererken- nung von Bildern beim Experimentieren verwendeter Gegenstände. Zum Zusammenhang zwischen dem episodischen Gedächtnis und dem Lernen ergaben sich erste Hinweise, die vielversprechende Ansätze für weitere Forschungen bieten.

Annual Report 2015 (2016)

Burkard Hillebrands

Annual Report 2014 (2015)

Burkard Hillebrands

Triple-Detection Size-Exclusion Chromatography of Membrane Proteins (2016)

Katharina Gimpl

Membrane proteins are generally soluble only in the presence of detergent micelles or other membrane-mimetic systems, which renders the determination of the protein’s molar mass or oligomeric state difficult. Moreover, the amount of bound detergent varies drastically among different proteins and detergents. However, the type of detergent and its concentration have a great influence on the protein’s structure, stability, and functionality and the success of structural and functional investigations and crystallographic trials. Size-exclusion chromatography, which is commonly used to determine the molar mass of water-soluble proteins, is not suitable for detergent-solubilised proteins because the protein–detergent complex has a different conformation and, thus, commonly exhibits a different migration behaviour than globular standard proteins. Thus, calibration curves obtained with standard proteins are not useful for membrane-protein analysis. However, the combination of size-exclusion chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance, static light scattering, and refractive index detection provides a tool to determine the molar mass of protein–detergent complexes in an absolute manner and allows for distinguishing the contributions of detergent and protein to the complex. The goal of this thesis was to refine the standard triple-detection size-exclusion chromatography measurement and data analysis procedure for challenging membrane-protein samples, non-standard detergents, and difficult solvents such as concentrated denaturant solutions that were thought to elude routine approaches. To this end, the influence of urea on the performance of the method beyond direct influences on detergents and proteins was investigated with the help of the water-soluble bovine serum albumin. On the basis of the obtained results, measurement and data analysis procedures were refined for different detergents and protein–detergent complexes comprising the membrane proteins OmpLA and Mistic from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. The investigations on mass and shape of different detergent micelles and the compositions of protein–detergent complexes in aqueous buffer and concentrated urea solutions showed that triple-detection size-exclusion chromatography provides valuable information about micelle masses and shapes under various conditions. Moreover, it is perfectly suited for the straightforward analysis of detergent-suspended proteins in terms of composition and oligomeric state not only under native but, more importantly, also under denaturing conditions.

Untersuchung des Migrationsverhaltens von Fibroblasten auf dreidimensionalen Mikrostrukturen (2015)

Mona Kirstin Fehling

Zur Untersuchung der Zell-Topographie-Interaktionen werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zwei Arten von Mikrostrukturen mittels Direktem Laser Schreiben erzeugt, einerseits Pfosten unterschiedlicher Abstände und andererseits Pfosten-Steg-Strukturen mit unterschiedlicher Steghöhe. Auf diesen Topographien werden die untersuchten Zellen ausgesät und ihr Verhalten mit Zeitrafferaufnahmen über einen Zeitraum von 24 h beobachtet. Aus den Zellkoordinaten und den daraus erhaltenen Zellpfaden wird das Migrationsverhalten der Zellen im Hinblick auf den lenkenden Einfluss der betrachteten Topographie analysiert.

A Viscosity Adaptive Lattice Boltzmann Method (2015)

Daniel Conrad

The present thesis describes the development and validation of a viscosity adaption method for the numerical simulation of non-Newtonian fluids on the basis of the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), as well as the development and verification of the related software bundle SAM-Lattice. By now, Lattice Boltzmann Methods are established as an alternative approach to classical computational fluid dynamics methods. The LBM has been shown to be an accurate and efficient tool for the numerical simulation of weakly compressible or incompressible fluids. Fields of application reach from turbulent simulations through thermal problems to acoustic calculations among others. The transient nature of the method and the need for a regular grid based, non body conformal discretization makes the LBM ideally suitable for simulations involving complex solids. Such geometries are common, for instance, in the food processing industry, where fluids are mixed by static mixers or agitators. Those fluid flows are often laminar and non-Newtonian. This work is motivated by the immense practical use of the Lattice Boltzmann Method, which is limited due to stability issues. The stability of the method is mainly influenced by the discretization and the viscosity of the fluid. Thus, simulations of non-Newtonian fluids, whose kinematic viscosity depend on the shear rate, are problematic. Several authors have shown that the LBM is capable of simulating those fluids. However, the vast majority of the simulations in the literature are carried out for simple geometries and/or moderate shear rates, where the LBM is still stable. Special care has to be taken for practical non-Newtonian Lattice Boltzmann simulations in order to keep them stable. A straightforward way is to truncate the modeled viscosity range by numerical stability criteria. This is an effective approach, but from the physical point of view the viscosity bounds are chosen arbitrarily. Moreover, these bounds depend on and vary with the grid and time step size and, therefore, with the simulation Mach number, which is freely chosen at the start of the simulation. Consequently, the modeled viscosity range may not fit to the actual range of the physical problem, because the correct simulation Mach number is unknown a priori. A way around is, to perform precursor simulations on a fixed grid to determine a possible time step size and simulation Mach number, respectively. These precursor simulations can be time consuming and expensive, especially for complex cases and a number of operating points. This makes the LBM unattractive for use in practical simulations of non-Newtonian fluids. The essential novelty of the method, developed in the course of this thesis, is that the numerically modeled viscosity range is consistently adapted to the actual physically exhibited viscosity range through change of the simulation time step and the simulation Mach number, respectively, while the simulation is running. The algorithm is robust, independent of the Mach number the simulation was started with, and applicable for stationary flows as well as transient flows. The method for the viscosity adaption will be referred to as the "viscosity adaption method (VAM)" and the combination with LBM leads to the "viscosity adaptive LBM (VALBM)". Besides the introduction of the VALBM, a goal of this thesis is to offer assistance in the spirit of a theory guide to students and assistant researchers concerning the theory of the Lattice Boltzmann Method and its implementation in SAM-Lattice. In Chapter 2, the mathematical foundation of the LBM is given and the route from the BGK approximation of the Boltzmann equation to the Lattice Boltzmann (BGK) equation is delineated in detail. The derivation is restricted to isothermal flows only. Restrictions of the method, such as low Mach number flows are highlighted and the accuracy of the method is discussed. SAM-Lattice is a C++ software bundle developed by the author and his colleague Dipl.-Ing. Andreas Schneider. It is a highly automated package for the simulation of isothermal flows of incompressible or weakly compressible fluids in 3D on the basis of the Lattice Boltzmann Method. By the time of writing of this thesis, SAM-Lattice comprises 5 components. The main components are the highly automated lattice generator SamGenerator and the Lattice Boltzmann solver SamSolver. Postprocessing is done with ParaSam, which is our extension of the open source visualization software ParaView. Additionally, domain decomposition for MPI parallelism is done by SamDecomposer, which makes use of the graph partitioning library MeTiS. Finally, all mentioned components can be controlled through a user friendly GUI (SamLattice) implemented by the author using QT, including features to visually track output data. In Chapter 3, some fundamental aspects on the implementation of the main components, including the corresponding flow charts will be discussed. Actual details on the implementation are given in the comprehensive programmers guides to SamGenerator and SamSolver. In order to ensure the functionality of the implementation of SamSolver, the solver is verified in Chapter 4 for Stokes's First Problem, the suddenly accelerated plate, and for Stokes's Second Problem, the oscillating plate, both for Newtonian fluids. Non-Newtonian fluids are modeled in SamSolver with the power-law model according to Ostwald de Waele. The implementation for non-Newtonian fluids is verified for the Hagen-Poiseuille channel flow in conjunction with a convergence analysis of the method. At the same time, the local grid refinement as it is implemented in SamSolver, is verified. Finally, the verification of higher order boundary conditions is done for the 3D Hagen-Poiseuille pipe flow for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. In Chapter 5, the theory of the viscosity adaption method is introduced. For the adaption process, a target collision frequency or target simulation Mach number must be chosen and the distributions must be rescaled according to the modified time step size. A convenient choice is one of the stability bounds. The time step size for the adaption step is deduced from the target collision frequency \(\Omega_t\) and the currently minimal or maximal shear rate in the system, while obeying auxiliary conditions for the simulation Mach number. The adaption is done in the collision step of the Lattice Boltzmann algorithm. We use the transformation matrices of the MRT model to map from distribution space to moment space and vice versa. The actual scaling of the distributions is conducted on the back mapping, because we use the transformation matrix on the basis of the new adaption time step size. It follows an additional rescaling of the non-equilibrium part of the distributions, because of the form of the definition for the discrete stress tensor in the LBM context. For that reason it is clear, that the VAM is applicable for the SRT model as well as the MRT model, where there is virtually no extra cost in the latter case. Also, in Chapter 5, the multi level treatment will be discussed. Depending on the target collision frequency and the target Mach number, the VAM can be used to optimally use the viscosity range that can be modeled within the stability bounds or it can be used to drastically accelerate the simulation. This is shown in Chapter 6. The viscosity adaptive LBM is verified in the stationary case for the Hagen-Poiseuille channel flow and in the transient case for the Wormersley flow, i.e., the pulsatile 3D Hagen-Poiseuille pipe flow. Although, the VAM is used here for fluids that can be modeled with the power-law approach, the implementation of the VALBM is straightforward for other non-Newtonian models, e.g., the Carreau-Yasuda or Cross model. In the same chapter, the VALBM is validated for the case of a propeller viscosimeter developed at the chair SAM. To this end, the experimental data of the torque on the impeller of three shear thinning non-Newtonian liquids serve for the validation. The VALBM shows excellent agreement with experimental data for all of the investigated fluids and in every operating point. For reasons of comparison, a series of standard LBM simulations is carried out with different simulation Mach numbers, which partly show errors of several hundred percent. Moreover, in Chapter 7, a sensitivity analysis on the parameters used within the VAM is conducted for the simulation of the propeller viscosimeter. Finally, the accuracy of non-Newtonian Lattice Boltzmann simulations with the SRT and the MRT model is analyzed in detail. Previous work for Newtonian fluids indicate that depending on the numerical value of the collision frequency \(\Omega\), additional artificial viscosity is introduced due to the finite difference scheme, which negatively influences the accuracy. For the non-Newtonian case, an error estimate in the form of a functional is derived on the basis of a series expansion of the Lattice Boltzmann equation. This functional can be solved analytically for the case of the Hagen-Poiseuille channel flow of non-Newtonian fluids. The estimation of the error minimum is excellent in regions where the \(\Omega\) error is the dominant source of error as opposed to the compressibility error. Result of this dissertation is a verified and validated software bundle on the basis of the viscosity adaptive Lattice Boltzmann Method. The work restricts itself on the simulation of isothermal, laminar flows with small Mach numbers. As further research goals, the testing of the VALBM with minimal error estimate and the investigation of the VALBM in the case of turbulent flows is suggested.

530 Physik

Filtern

Fachbereich / Organisatorische Einheit

Autor

Erscheinungsjahr

Dokumenttyp

Sprache

Volltext vorhanden

Schlagworte

268 Treffer