Benzene is a natural constituent of crude oil and a product of incomplete combustion of petrol and has been classified as “carcinogenic to humans” by IARC in 1982 (IARC 1982). (E,E)- Muconaldehyde has been postulated to be a microsomal metabolite of benzene in vitro (Latriano et al. 1986). (E,E)-Muconaldehyde is hematotoxic in vivo and its role in the hematotoxicity of benzene is unclear (Witz et al. 1985). We intended to ascertain the presence of (E,E)-muconaldehyde in vivo by detection of a protein conjugate deriving from (E,E)-muconaldehyde. Therefore we improved the current synthetic access to (E,E)-muconaldehyde. (E,E)- muconaldehyde was synthesized in three steps starting from with (E,E)-muconic acid in an overall yield of 60 %. Reaction of (E,E)-muconaldehyde with bovine serum albumin resulted in formation of a conjugate which was converted upon addition of NaBH4 to a new species whose HPLC- retention time, UV spectra, Q1 mass and MS2 spectra matched those of the crude reaction product from one pot conversion of Ac-Lys-OMe with (E,E)-muconaldehyde in the presence of NaBH4 and subsequent cleavage of protection groups. Synthetic access to the presumed structure (S)-2-ammonio-6-(((E,E)-6-oxohexa-2,4-dien-1- yl)amino)hexanoate (Lys(MUC-CHO)) was provided in eleven steps starting from (E,E)- muconic acid and Lys(Z)-OtBu*HCl in 2 % overall yield. Additionally synthetic access to (S)-2-ammonio-6-(((E,E)-6-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dien-1-yl)amino)hexanoate (Lys(MUC-OH)) and (S)-2-ammonio-6-((6-hydroxyhexyl)amino)hexanoate (IS) was provided. With synthetic reference material at hand, the presumed structure Lys(MUC-OH) could be identified from incubations of (E,E)-muconaldehyde with bovine serum albumin via HPLC-ESI+- MS/MS. Cytotoxicity analysis of (E,E)-muconaldehyde and Lys(MUC-CHO) in human promyelocytic NB4 cells resulted in EC50 ≈ 1 μM for (E,E)-muconaldehyde. Lys(MUC-CHO) did not show any additional cytotoxicity up to 10 μM. B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 400 and 800 mg/kg b.w. benzene to examine the formation of Lys(MUC-OH) in vivo. After 24 h mice were sacrificed and serum albumin was isolated. Analysis for Lys(MUC-OH) has not been performed in this work.

Die Medienausstattung von Bildungseinrichtungen ist keine hinreichende, aber eine notwendige Voraussetzung, die Möglichkeiten digitaler Medien für die Unterstützung von Lehr-/Lernprozessen zu nutzen. Damit sind in der Regel hohe Investitionen verbunden, die insbesondere für öffentlich geför- derte Einrichtungen der Erwachsenenbildung nur schwer aufzubringen sind. Um aber neue Zielgruppen anzusprechen und den Sprung in das digitale Zeitalter zu schaffen, ist eine entsprechende Medienausstattung unum- gänglich. Allerdings liegen bisher kaum Daten dazu vor, wie die Ausstattung der Ein- richtungen der Weiterbildung mit digitalen Medien aussieht. Lediglich ein- zelne Volkshochschulverbände (z.B. Brandenburg) haben in den letzten Mo- naten Befragungen zur Medienausstattung durchgeführt, um auf Grundlage dieser Bestandsaufnahme Maßnahmen zur digitalen Transformation der Volkshochschulen zu unterstützen, wie sie im Strategiepapier der „Erwei- terten Lernwelten“ festgehalten sind. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde im Wintersemester 2017/2018 zusammen mit Studierenden des Seminars „Medienpädagogik“ des Studiengangs In- tegrative Sozialwissenschaften der TU Kaiserslautern eine Befragung der Volkshochschulen in Rheinland-Pfalz zur Medienausstattung durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Befragung stellen wir in diesem Bericht vor. Wir möchten uns an dieser Stelle bei den Studierenden, beim Volkshoch- schulverbandes Rheinland-Pfalz und insbesondere auch den Interviewpart- nerinnen und –partnern an den Volkshochschulen in Rheinland-Pfalz für ihre Bereitschaft, Zeit und Auskunft bedanken.

Due to their superior weight-specific mechanical properties, carbon fibre epoxy composites (CFRP) are commonly used in aviation industry. However, their brittle failure behaviour limits the structural integrity and damage tolerance in case of impact (e.g. tool drop, bird strike, hail strike, ramp collision) or crash events. To ensure sufficient robustness, a minimum skin thickness is therefore prescribed for the fuselage, partially exceeding typical service load requirements from ground or flight manoeuvre load cases. A minimum skin thickness is also required for lightning strike protection purposes and to enable state-of-the-art bolted repair technology. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of CFRP aircraft structures is insufficient for certain applications; additional metal components are necessary to provide electrical functionality (e.g. metal meshes on the outer skin for lightning strike protection, wires for electrical bonding and grounding, overbraiding of cables to provide electromagnetic shielding). The corresponding penalty weights compromise the lightweight potential that is actually given by the structural performance of CFRP over aluminium alloys. Former research attempts tried to overcome these deficits by modifying the resin system (e.g. by addition of conductive particles or toughening agents) but could not prove sufficient enhancements. A novel holistic approach is the incorporation of highly conductive and ductile continuous metal fibres into CFRP. The basic idea of this hybrid material concept is to take advantage of both the electrical and mechanical capabilities of the integrated metal fibres in order to simultaneously improve the electrical conductivity and the damage tolerance of the composite. The increased density of the hybrid material is over-compensated by omitting the need for additional electrical system installation items and by the enhanced structural performance, enabling a reduction of the prescribed minimum skin thickness. Advantages over state-of-the-art fibre metal laminates mainly arise from design and processing technology aspects. In this context, the present work focuses on analysing and optimising the structural and electrical performance of such hybrid composites with shares of metal fibres up to 20 vol.%. Bundles of soft-annealed austenitic steel or copper cladded low carbon steel fibres with filament diameters of 60 or 63 µm are considered. The fibre bundles are distinguished by high elongation at break (32 %) and ultimate tensile strength (900 MPa) or high electrical conductivity (2.4 × 10^7 S/m). Comprehensive researches are carried out on the fibre bundles as well as on unidirectional and multiaxial laminates. Both hybrid composites with homogeneous and accumulated steel fibre arrangement are taken into account. Electrical in-plane conductivity, plain tensile behaviour, suitability for bolted joints as well as impact and perforation performance of the composite are analysed. Additionally, a novel non-destructive testing method based on measurement of deformation-induced phase transformation of the metastable austenitic steel fibres is discussed. The outcome of the conductivity measurements verifies a correlation of the volume conductivity of the composite with the volume share and the specific electrical resistance of the incorporated metal fibres. Compared to conventional CFRP, the electrical conductivity in parallel to the fibre orientation can be increased by one to two orders of magnitude even for minor percentages of steel fibres. The analysis, however, also discloses the challenge of establishing a sufficient connection to the hybrid composite in order to entirely exploit its electrical conductivity. In case of plain tensile load, the performance of the hybrid composite is essentially affected by the steel fibre-resin-adhesion as well as the laminate structure. Uniaxial hybrid laminates show brittle, singular failure behaviour. Exhaustive yielding of the embedded steel fibres is confined to the arising fracture gap. The high transverse stiffness of the isotropic metal fibres additionally intensifies strain magnification within the resin under transverse tensile load. This promotes (intralaminar) inter-fibre-failure at minor composite deformation. By contrast, multiaxial hybrid laminates exhibit distinctive damage evolution. After failure initiation, the steel fibres extensively yield and sustain the load-carrying capacity of angularly (e.g. ±45°) aligned CFRP plies. The overall material response is thus not only a simple superimposition but a complex interaction of the mechanical behaviour of the composite’s constituents. As a result of this post-damage performance, an ultimate elongation of over 11 % can be proven for the hybrid laminates analysed in this work. In this context, the influence of the steel fibre-resin adhesion on the failure behaviour of the hybrid composite is explicated by means of an analytical model. Long term exposure to corrosive media has no detrimental effect on the mechanical performance of stainless steel fibre reinforced composites. By trend, water uptake increases the maximum elongation at break of the hybrid laminate. Moreover, the suitability of CFRP for bolted joints can partially be improved by the integration of steel fibres. While the bearing strength basically remains nearly unaffected, the bypass failure behaviour (ε_{max}: +363 %) as well as the head pull-through resistance (E_{a,BPT}: +81 %) can be enhanced. The improvements primarily concern the load-carrying capacity after failure initiation. Additionally, the integrated ductile steel fibres significantly increase the energy absorption capacity of the laminate in case of progressive bearing failure by up to 63 %. However, the hybrid composite exhibits a sensitive low velocity/low mass impact behaviour. Compared to conventional CFRP, the damage threshold load of very thin hybrid laminates is lower, making them prone for delamination at minor, non-critical impact energies. At higher energy levels, however, the impact-induced delamination spreads less since most of the impact energy is absorbed by yielding of the ductile metal fibres instead of crack propagation. This structural advantage compared to CFRP gains in importance with increasing impact energy. The plastic deformation of the metastable austenitic steel fibres is accompanied by a phase transformation from paramagnetic γ-austenite to ferromagnetic α’-martensite. This change of the magnetic behaviour can be used to detect and evaluate impacts on the surface of the hybrid composite, which provides a simple non-destructive testing method. In case of low velocity/high mass impact, integration of ductile metal fibres into CFRP enables to address spacious areas of the laminate for energy absorption purposes. As a consequence, the perforation resistance of the hybrid composite is significantly enhanced; by addition of approximately 20 vol.% of stainless steel fibres, the perforation strength can be increased by 61 %, while the maximum energy absorption capacity rises by 194 %.

In the present master’s thesis we investigate the connection between derivations and homogeneities of complete analytic algebras. We prove a theorem, which describes a specific set of generators for the module of derivations of an analytic algebra, which map the maximal ideal of R into itself. It turns out, that this set has a structure similar to a Cartan subalgebra and contains information regarding multi-homogeneity. In order to prove this theorem, we extend the notion of grading by Scheja and Wiebe to projective systems and state the connection between multi-gradings and pairwise commuting diagonalizable derivations. We prove a theorem similar to Cartan’s Conjugacy Theorem in the setup of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras, which arise as projective limits of finite-dimensional Lie algebras. Using this result, we can show that the structure of the aforementioned set of generators is an intrinsic property of the analytic algebra. At the end we state an algorithm, which is theoretically able to compute the maximal multi-homogeneity of a complete analytic algebra.

A fast numerical method for an advanced electro-chemo-mechanical model is developed which is able to capture phase separation processes in porous materials. This method is applied to simulate lithium-ion battery cells, where the complex microstructure of the electrodes is fully resolved. The intercalation of ions into the popular cathode material LFP leads to a separation into lithium-rich and lithium-poor phases. The large concentration gradients result in high mechanical stresses. A phase-field method applying the Cahn-Hilliard equation is used to describe the diffusion. For the sake of simplicity, the linear elastic case is considered. Numerical tests for fully resolved three-dimensional granular microstructures are discussed in detail.