Globale Entwicklungen haben zu einer neuen Ausrichtung in der produzierenden Industrie geführt. Ressourceneffizienz hinsichtlich Werkstoff und Energie sowie die Ausnutzung von Multifunktionalitäten eines Werkstoffs und/oder Produkts sind mögliche Schlagwörter in diesem Zusammenhang. Bezogen auf Werkstoffe führt dies zu neuen Entwicklungen, die oft auf der Kombination eines oder mehrerer Einzelkomponenten zu einem Verbundwerkstoff basieren. Im Fokus stehen hierbei nicht nur die finale Anwendung des Produkts, sondern auch Aspekte wie Produktionskosten, -zeiten oder Wiederverwertbarkeit. Induktive Heizverfahren erlauben hohe Heizraten, somit kurze Prozesszeiten und eine vergleichsweise hohe Energieeffizienz. Ihre Anwendung bei der Verarbeitung von insbesondere ungerichtet verstärkten Verbundwerkstoffen setzt voraus, dass Suszeptoren zur Umwandlung der elektromagnetischen in Wärmeenergie vorhanden sind. Die Auswahl entsprechender Suszeptoren ist eine wichtige Fragestellung, die in dieser Arbeit vor dem Hintergrund der Multifunktionalität untersucht wird. Oft beinhalten industriell verfügbare thermoplastische Compounds bereits Verstärkungsstoffe, die für die induktive Heizbarkeit geeignet sein können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde deshalb basierend auf entsprechend kommerziell verfügbaren Compoundsystemen eine Bewertungsmethode entwickelt, die anhand von industriell relevanten und standardisiert messbaren Materialkennwerten – beispielsweise dem spezifischen Durchgangswiderstand – eine Aussage zur induktiven Heizbarkeit ermöglicht. Zum Einsatz kamen Kurzkohlenstoff- und Stahlfasern sowie Eisen- und Graphitpartikel in unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen und Kombinationen. Mit dem Durchgangswiderstand, der Dichte und der Wärmekapazität des Verbundwerkstoffs wurde ein Faktor ermittelt, der eine Korrelation mit der Heizrate aufweist, die mit einem industrierelevanten Induktionssystem experimentell gemessen wurde. Als eine wichtige Voraussetzung hat sich hierbei die Ausbildung eines perkolierenden Netzwerks, das sich aus den Verstärkungsstoffen zusammensetzt, gezeigt. Da dieses Netzwerk für eine Reihe von Anwendungsfällen relevant ist, leistet diese Arbeit einen Beitrag zur multifunktionellen Verwendung thermoplastischer Verbundwerkstoffe.

In 2002, Korn and Wilmott introduced the worst-case scenario optimal portfolio approach. They extend a Black-Scholes type security market, to include the possibility of a crash. For the modeling of the possible stock price crash they use a Knightian uncertainty approach and thus make no probabilistic assumption on the crash size or the crash time distribution. Based on an indifference argument they determine the optimal portfolio process for an investor who wants to maximize the expected utility from final wealth. In this thesis, the worst-case scenario approach is extended in various directions to enable the consideration of stress scenarios, to include the possibility of asset defaults and to allow for parameter uncertainty. Insurance companies and banks regularly have to face stress tests performed by regulatory instances. In the first part we model their investment decision problem that includes stress scenarios. This leads to optimal portfolios that are already stress test prone by construction. The solution to this portfolio problem uses the newly introduced concept of minimum constant portfolio processes. In the second part we formulate an extended worst-case portfolio approach, where asset defaults can occur in addition to asset crashes. In our model, the strictly risk-averse investor does not know which asset is affected by the worst-case scenario. We solve this problem by introducing the so-called worst-case crash/default loss. In the third part we set up a continuous time portfolio optimization problem that includes the possibility of a crash scenario as well as parameter uncertainty. To do this, we combine the worst-case scenario approach with a model ambiguity approach that is also based on Knightian uncertainty. We solve this portfolio problem and consider two concrete examples with box uncertainty and ellipsoidal drift ambiguity.

Das Kompetenzzentrum Weiterbildung Hessen (KW Hessen) bietet ein begleitendes und prüfungsvorbereitendes Seminar- und Mentoringprogramm für Ärzte in Weiterbildung und Train-the-Trainer Basis- und Aufbauseminare für Weiterbildner an. Im Rahmen dieser Tätigkeit ist es aufgefallen, dass seitens der Teilnehmer wiederholt von - scheinbar unvermittelt - gescheiterten Praxisübergaben berichtet wurde. Aus diesen Berichten ist der Gedanke und damit der Wunsch entstanden, ein die Praxisübergabephase begleitendes Coaching für abgebende und übernehmende Ärzte zu entwickeln und anzubieten. Ziel des zu entwickelnden Coachings ist es, die Übergabephase und die mit ihr einhergehenden, oft tiefgreifenden, Veränderungsprozesse in den Hausarztpraxen auf struktureller und emotionaler Ebene individuell und aufgabenzentriert zu unterstützen. Dieser Ansatz wurde dem Hessischen Ministerium für Soziales und Integration (HMSI) in Form eines Projektantrags zur Realisierung eines Praxisübergabe-/übernahme- Coachings (Pü²C) vorgestellt, dort positiv beschieden und in der Folge im Rahmen des Hessischen Gesundheitspaktes 3.0 als Beitrag zur Stärkung der ambulanten Gesundheitsversorgung in Durchführungsverantwortung des Kompetenzzentrums Weiterbildung Hessens beschlossen. Die hier vorgelegte Studie dokumentiert die Bedarfserhebung für dieses Vorhaben und untersucht den Wunsch der Ärzteschaft nach einem Praxisübergaben/-nahmen begleitenden Coaching empirisch. Hierzu wurde eine multimethodische empirische Studie durchgeführt, deren Gesamtkonzeption auf Seite 50 der vorgelegten Forschungsarbeit grafisch dargestellt ist. Die Ergebnisse zeigen sehr deutlich, dass sowohl die für diese Studie befragten Experten der Einführung eines solchen Coachings außerordentlich positiv gegenüberstehen, als auch, dass, insbesondere seitens der (Fach-)Ärzte mit Niederlassungsabsicht, respektive der erfolgreichen Absolventen der Facharztprüfung Allgemeinmedizin in Hessen des Jahres 2020, ein klarer und unmissverständlicher Wunsch nach einem solchen Angebot besteht. Darüber hinaus wurde mittels binär logistischer Regressionsanalyse der Einfluss von soziostrukturellen Merkmalen, den Persönlichkeitsdimensionen, sowie von Vorerfahrungen und Zukunftsvorstellungen der Fachärzte für Allgemeinmedizin auf die Coaching-Inanspruchnahmeabsicht untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Vorerfahrungen im Mentoring und eine langfristige Niederlassungsabsicht geeignete Prädiktoren für den Wunsch nach einem Praxisübergabe-/übernahme-Coaching sind, wohingegen dies - auf Basis der vorliegenden Daten - weder für die soziostrukturellen Merkmale, noch für die Persönlichkeitsdimensionen der Befragten gilt, da diese keinen signifikanten Beitrag zur Varianzaufklärung in Bezug auf den Wunsch nach Inanspruchnahme eines Praxisübergabe-/übernahme-Coachings leisten. Durch ein geeignetes Praxisübergabe-/übernahme-Coaching könnte es gelingen, dass anberaumten Praxisübergaben aufgrund höherer Zufriedenheit beim Übergabe- /Übernahmeprozess der involvierten Akteure ein höherer Erfolg beschieden sein dürfte als ohne eine solche Begleitung. Vollständig aus- und weitergebildete Fachärzte für Allgemeinmedizin könnten auf diese Weise umfassender in die Patientenversorgung eingebunden werden. Evtl. kann ein solches Coaching in Einzelfällen sogar dazu führen, dass Niederlassungen vorgezogen, evtl. sogar Niederlassungsabsichten bzw. Praxisübergabewünsche geweckt werden. Die Chancen hierfür werden als umso besser eingeschätzt, je schneller die Coachings starten können – einfach, solange und damit es die zu übernehmenden Praxen überhaupt noch gibt. Keineswegs zuletzt gesundheitspolitisch betrachtet, scheint es sich bei den Coachings um eine innovative, vielversprechende und letztlich auch kostengünstige Maßnahme zur Sicherung der ambulanten Gesundheitsversorgung im und durchaus auch gerade auf dem Lande zu handeln. In Gesamtwürdigung aller vorliegenden Ergebnisse empfiehlt der Verfasser der vorgelegten Studie, die Konzeptspezifizierung für das Praxisübergabe-/übernahme- Coaching (wieder) aufzunehmen und insbesondere die Durchführung einer qualitativ hochwertigen, standardisierten Befragung in Form einer Vollerhebung der in Hessen niedergelassenen Hausärzte ab einem Alter von 60 Jahren (bzw. zumindest in Form einer Zufallsstichprobe aus dieser Grundgesamtheit) zu forcieren. Parallel hierzu sollte zur Vorbereitung der Einführung eines generellen Coachingangebots, auch mit Blick auf die Notwendigkeit der Entwicklung eines für dieses Format geeigneten Evaluationsinstrumentariums, zunächst die intensive Begleitung einiger weniger Praxisübergaben/-übernahmen im Sinne eines Pilotprojektes erfolgen.

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Der vorliegende Beitrag basiert auf einer Umfrage von 2019, die in kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) in Rheinland-Pfalz durchgeführt wurde. Seit Jahren ist in den Medien, der Politik und der Wirtschaft verstärkt von Digitalisierung und Industrie 4.0 die Rede. Diese Entwicklung stellt Unternehmen aller Größen und Branchen vor Herausforderungen, jedoch liegt der Fokus hauptsächlich auf großen Unternehmen. Ziel der in diesem Beitrag vorgestellten Studie ist es, herauszufinden wie KMU in Rheinland-Pfalz den Herausforderungen und Chancen der Digitalisierung begegnen, welche Rolle das Controlling bei der digitalen Transformation spielt und welche Implikationen sich daraus für das Controlling ergeben.

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung einer optimierungsbasierten Betriebsstrategie von Plug-In-Hybridfahrzeugen (PHEV), welche basierend auf Vorausschauinformationen die Freiheitsgrade Lastpunktverschiebung und Motor-An/Aus-Entscheidung kraftstoffoptimal einstellt. Der Hauptfokus der Arbeit liegt dabei auf der Entwicklung einer echtzeitfähigen Strategie für Serienfahrzeuge. Hierfür wird ein neuartiger Ansatz auf Basis des Minimumprinzips nach Pontryagin (PMP) vorgestellt, durch welchen die Freiheitsgrade des PHEV kraftstoffoptimal eingestellt werden können. Dabei werden Informationen über die vorausliegende Strecke effizient berücksichtigt. Die Qualität der in der Realität verfügbaren Vorausschaudaten stellt jedoch eine besondere Herausforderung dar, da dadurch zwei in der Praxis besonders relevante Aspekte auftreten: 1) Bei der Verwendung von PMP können durch das besonders starke Auftreten sogenannter Singularitäten die Randbedingungen des Optimalsteuerungsproblems nicht exakt eingehalten werden. Um dieses Problem zu lösen, wurde in dieser Arbeit eine neuartige, PMP basierte Methodik entwickelt. 2) Die für die Optimierung zur Verfügung stehenden Informationen sind zwangsweise unsicher, und das reale Fahrzeugverhalten weicht von dem der Navi-Vorausschau ab. Um mit dieser Unsicherheit umgehen zu können, wurde in dieser Arbeit eine Feedback-Struktur entwickelt, welche eine Anpassung der Strategie auf ein abweichendes Fahrzeugverhalten ermöglicht. Des Weiteren wurde eine Verallgemeinerung der vorgestellten PMP-Methodik entwickelt, wodurch eine Integration von Motorstartkosten und externen Anforderungen an die Motor-An/Aus-Entscheidung ermöglicht werden kann. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Kombination von Dynamischer Programmierung und PMP betrachtet. Die entwickelten Strategien wurden sowohl in der Simulation wie auch auf einem Prüfstand analysiert und validiert. Abschließend wurde hierfür ein Vergleich mit regelbasierten Betriebsstrategien vorgestellt. Dabei konnte ein deutlicher Verbrauchsvorteil durch die Verwendung der entwickelten, optimierungsbasierten Betriebsstrategie ausgewiesen werden.

Risk management is an indispensable component of the financial system. In this context, capital requirements are built by financial institutions to avoid future bankruptcy. Their calculation is based on a specific kind of maps, so-called risk measures. There exist several forms and definitions of them. Multi-asset risk measures are the starting point of this dissertation. They determine the capital requirements as the minimal amount of money invested into multiple eligible assets to secure future payoffs. The dissertation consists of three main contributions: First, multi-asset risk measures are used to calculate pricing bounds for European type options. Second, multi-asset risk measures are combined with recently proposed intrinsic risk measures to obtain a new kind of a risk measure which we call a multi-asset intrinsic (MAI) risk measure. Third, the preferences of an agent are included in the calculation of the capital requirements. This leads to another new risk measure which we call a scalarized utility-based multi-asset (SUBMA) risk measure. In the introductory chapter, we recall the definition and properties of multi-asset risk measures. Then, each of the aforementioned contributions covers a separate chapter. In the following, the content of these three chapters is explained in more detail: Risk measures can be used to calculate pricing bounds for financial derivatives. In Chapter 2, we deal with the pricing of European options in an incomplete financial market model. We use the common risk measures Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall to define good deals on a financial market with log-normally distributed rates of return. We show that the pricing bounds obtained from Value-at-Risk may have a non-smooth behavior under parameter changes. Additionally, we find situations in which the seller's bound for a call option is smaller than the buyer's bound. We identify the missing convexity of the Value-at-Risk as main reason for this behavior. Due to the strong connection between the obtained pricing bounds and the theory of risk measures, we further obtain new insights in the finiteness and the continuity of multi-asset risk measures. In Chapter 3, we construct the MAI risk measure. Therefore, recall that a multi-asset risk measure describes the minimal external capital that has to be raised into multiple eligible assets to make a future financial position acceptable, i.e., that it passes a capital adequacy test. Recently, the alternative methodology of intrinsic risk measures was introduced in the literature. These ask for the minimal proportion of the financial position that has to be reallocated to pass the capital adequacy test, i.e., only internal capital is used. We combine these two concepts and call this new type of risk measure an MAI risk measure. It allows to secure the financial position by external capital as well as reallocating parts of the portfolio as an internal rebooking. We investigate several properties to demonstrate similarities and differences to the two aforementioned classical types of risk measures. We find out that diversification reduces the capital requirement only in special situations depending on the financial positions. With the help of Sion's minimax theorem we also prove a dual representation for MAI risk measures. Finally, we determine capital requirements in a model motivated by the Solvency II methodology. In the final Chapter 4, we construct the SUBMA risk measure. In doing so, we consider the situation in which a financial institution has to satisfy a capital adequacy test, e.g., by the Basel Accords for banks or by Solvency II for insurers. If the financial situation of this institution is tight, then it can happen that no reallocation of the initial endowment would pass the capital adequacy test. The classical portfolio optimization approach breaks down and a capital increase is needed. We introduce the SUBMA risk measure which optimizes the hedging costs and the expected utility of the institution simultaneously subject to the capital adequacy test. We find out that the SUBMA risk measure is coherent if the utility function has constant relative risk aversion and the capital adequacy test leads to a coherent acceptance set. In a one-period financial market model we present a sufficient condition for the SUBMA risk measure to be finite-valued and continuous. Finally, we calculate the SUBMA risk measure in a continuous-time financial market model for two benchmark capital adequacy tests.

By mapping the boundaries of Kant’s categorical imperative to the point where it permits the committing of a crime against Hume’s three principles of justice, it shall be demonstrated how far the area is in which these two concepts persist alongside each other and how narrow the border zone is in which they do not. Indeed, the latter is a forbidden place that can only be accessed through destiny and never by choice. Whoever is witnessed to stay there, must wish for Justice to draw her sword against him, and whoever dares to try reaching it, will only wander about a deserted land where both justice and morality are left behind.

The main objects of study in this thesis are abelian varieties and their endomorphism rings. Abelian varieties are not just interesting in their own right, they also have numerous applications in various areas such as in algebraic geometry, number theory and information security. In fact, they make up one of the best choices in public key cryptography and more recently in post-quantum cryptography. Endomorphism rings are objects attached to abelian varieties. Their computation plays an important role in explicit class field theory and in the security of some post-quantum cryptosystems. There are subexponential algorithms to compute the endomorphism rings of abelian varieties of dimension one and two. Prior to this work, all these subexponential algorithms came with a probability of failure and additional steps were required to unconditionally prove the output. In addition, these methods do not cover all abelian varieties of dimension two. The objective of this thesis is to analyse the subexponential methods and develop ways to deal with the exceptional cases. We improve the existing methods by developing algorithms that always output the correct endomorphism ring. In addition to that, we develop a novel approach to compute endomorphism rings of some abelian varieties that could not be handled before. We also prove that the subexponential approaches are simply not good enough to cover all the cases. We use some of our results to construct a family of abelian surfaces with which we build post-quantum cryptosystems that are believed to resist subexponential quantum attacks - a desirable property for cryptosystems. This has the potential of providing an efficient non interactive isogeny based key exchange protocol, which is also capable of resisting subexponential quantum attacks and will be the first of its kind.

Membrane proteins are of high pharmacological interest as they are involved in a variety of vital functions. However, to make them accessible to in vitro studies, they often need to be extracted from their natural lipid environment and stabilized with the aid of membrane-mimetic systems. Such membrane mimics can consist of diverse amphiphilic molecules. Small-molecule amphiphiles that can solubilize lipid bilayers, so-called detergents, have been invaluable tools for membrane-protein research in recent decades. Herein, novel small-molecule glyco-amphiphiles embodying three distinct design principles are introduced, and their biophysical and physicochemical properties are investigated. In doing so, the major aims consist in establishing new promising amphiphiles and in determining structure–efficacy relationships for their synthesis and application. First, the software package D/STAIN was introduced to facilitate the analysis of demicellization curves obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry. The robustness of the underlying algorithm was demonstrated by analyzing demicellization curves representing large variations in amphiphile concentrations and thermodynamic parameters. Second, the interactions of diastereomeric cyclopentane maltoside amphiphiles (CPMs) with lipid bilayers and membrane proteins were investigated. To this end, lipid model membranes, cellular membranes, and model membrane proteins were treated with different stereoisomer CPMs. These investigations pointed out the importance of stereochemical configuration in the solubilization of lipid bilayers, in the extraction of membrane proteins, and, ultimately, in the stabilization of the latter. Ultimately, CPM C12 could be identified as a particularly stabilizing agent. Third, the influence of a polymerizable group attached to detergent-like amphiphiles was characterized regarding their micellization, micellar properties, and ability to solubilize lipid membranes. This revealed that such chemical modifications can have different degrees of impact regarding the investigated properties. In particular, micellization was influenced substantially, whereas the sizes of the resulting micelles varied slightly. The polymerizable amphiphiles were shown to solubilize artificial and natural lipid membranes and, consequently, to extract membrane proteins. Last, the self-assembly of diglucoside amphiphiles bearing either a hydrocarbon or a lipophobic fluorocarbon chain to form native nanodiscs was investigated. It was shown that the presence of a fluorocarbon hydrophobic chain conveys superior stabilization properties onto the amphiphile and the resulting nanodiscs. Moreover, the kinetics of lipid exchange were fundamentally altered by the presence of the fluorocarbon amphiphiles in the nanodisc rim.

Industrial manufacturing companies have different IT control functions that can be represented with a so-called hierarchical automation pyramid. While these conventional software systems especially support the mass production with consistent demand, the future project “Industry 4.0” focuses on customer-oriented and adaptable production processes. In order to move from conventional production systems to a factory of the future, the control levels must be redistributed. With the help of cyber-physical production systems, an interoperable architecture must be, implemented which removes the hierarchical connection of the former control levels. The accompanied digitalisation of industrial companies makes the transition to modular production possible. At the same time, the requirements for production planning and control are increasing, which can be solved with approaches such as multi-agent systems (MASs). These software solutions are autonomous and intelligent objects with a distinct collaborative ability. There are different modelling methods, communication and interaction structures, as well as different development frameworks for these new systems. Since multi-agent systems have not yet been established as an industrial standard due to their high complexity, they are usually only tested in simulations. In this bachelor thesis, a detailed literature review on the topic of MASs in the field of production planning and control is presented. In addition, selected multi-agent approaches are evaluated and compared using specific classification criteria. In addition, the applicability of using these systems in digital and modular production is assessed.

In recent months, sustainable development and the achievement of the United Nations Sus- tainable Development Goals has gained unprecedented prominence. SDG 7 aspires to achieve access to electricity for the entire world population by 2030 and - at the same time - to significantly increase the share of renewable energy in the power mix. This target trans- lates into ambitious electricity supply and renewable energy asset growth scenarios for Sub- Saharan Africa, the least developed region worldwide. Though theoretical renewable energy potential is abundant and capital generally available, progress has been slow. Aside funds from donors and Development Finance Institutions, private commercial capital is required to accelerate the progress. Project Finance has successfully attracted private funds for renew- able energy assets in other jurisdictions but has played a negligible role in the energy tran- sition in Sub-Saharan Africa. A variety of reasons are identified that impede their implemen- tation, which are categorised into (i) unsatisfactory project pre-requisites and preparation, (ii) challenging host country conditions, (iii) elevated non-financial project risks and (iv) risky financial transaction structures. While a review of potential mitigation measures reveals that the risk factors are theoretically addressable, most require a multi-stakeholder alignment and exhibit some implementation complexity. Putting them into practice will therefore take time and will require a high level of commitment from host governments, sponsors, and fi- nancial institutions. While pressure and urgency are mounting, time will tell whether the pro- ject parties are more successful going forward.

In the field of measurement technology, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles is becoming more and more popular. For many measurement tasks, the use of such devices offers many advantages in terms of cost and measurement effort. However, the occurring vibrations and disturbances are a significant disadvantage for the application of these devices for several measurement tasks. Within the scope of this work, a platform for measurement devices is developed. The platform is designed specifically for use on drones. The task of the platform is to isolate measurement equipments mounted on it from the drone disturbances. For this purpose we go through the product development process according to VDI 2221 to design a mechanical model of the platform. Then, control strategies are applied to isolate the platform. Since the disturbances acting on a drone are not always stationary, two control strategies known for their ability to handle uncertain systems are used. One of them comes from the field of acoustic.

Der Terminus der „Geringqualifizierten“ ist eine ebenso verbreitete wie eingeschränkte Beschreibung einer heterogenen Zielgruppe, welche vor dem Hintergrund steigender arbeitsmarktbezogener Kompetenzanforderungen sowie des Zusammenhangs zwischen formalem Bildungsstatus und Risiken der Erwerbslosigkeit im Zentrum arbeitsmarktpolitischer Diskussionen steht. Geringqualifizierung drückt sich nicht nur im Fehlen formaler, berufsqualifizierender Abschlüsse aus, sondern besitzt angesichts sich dynamisch verändernder Arbeitsfelder und Anforderungen an die Qualifikation der Mitarbeitenden auch eine relative Dimension. So können vorhandene Kompetenzen aufgrund fehlender Aktualisierung veralten und damit als „zu gering“ eingestuft werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund nähert sich der Bericht der Personengruppe der Geringqualifizierten an, indem er bestehende Definitionen kritisch betrachtet, Verbindungen zu anderen Begriffen aufzeigt und aus den Erkenntnissen eine eigene relative Beschreibung ableitet. Ergänzt wird dieser Report durch die Betrachtung von Weiterbildungsangeboten für diese Zielgruppe.

Untersucht wurde das mechanische Verformungsverhalten des massiven metallischen Glases Zr52,5Cu17,9Ni14,6Al10Ti5 (Vitreloy 105) an Luft und im wässrigen Umgebungsmedium 0,01 M Na2SO4 (+ 0,01 M NaCl). Die Belastung erfolgte im Dreipunktbiegeversuch unter quasistatischer sowie zyklischer Beanspruchung und mit Hilfe der instrumentierten Schlagprüfung. Neben dem Umgebungseinfluss wurde der Effekt von zyklisch-kryogenen Vorbehandlungen und Oberflächenbearbeitungen mittels Mikrostrahlen, -fräsen, -erodieren und -laserablation auf die Schädigungsentwicklung und die ertragbaren Spannungen analysiert. Während eine Modifikation der Oberfläche stets in einer Erhöhung der Plastizität infolge einer verstärkten Scherbandbildung resultierte, wiesen diese Proben i.d.R. deutlich niedrigere Dauerfestigkeiten unter zyklischer Wechselbeanspruchung auf. Die tiefkühlbehandelten Zustände zeigten in allen mechanischen Tests ein optimiertes Verformungsverhalten. Mit Hilfe der anodischen Polarisation wurde außerdem im chloridhaltigen Medium ein signifikanter Effekt auf die Lebensdauer der unbehandelten Ermüdungsproben verzeichnet. Die Detektion der scherbandgetriebenen Deformationsprozesse sowie der Rissinitiierung und -ausbreitung erfolgte sowohl mittels Licht- und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie als auch unter Ausnutzung elektrochemischer Messsignale im wässrigen Medium bzw. resistometrischer Methoden an Luft. Auf Basis der Untersuchungsergebnisse wurden abschließend Schädigungsmodelle für die jeweiligen Versuchsbedingungen aufgestellt und diskutiert.

Die Felix-Klein-Modellierungswoche ist eine Projektwoche für Schülerinnen und Schüler der gymnasialen Oberstufe. Wir beschreiben hier die Projekte, die während der Modellierungswoche im Februar 2022 durchgeführt wurden. Der Themenschwerpunkt der Veranstaltung lautete "Winter".

Das Allgemeine Gleichbehandlungsgesetz hat durch seine gesetzlich verankerten Regelungen bedeutsame Auswirkungen auf die Personalbeschaffung und birgt deshalb für Unternehmen gewisse Risiken im Rahmen des Prozesses rund um das Thema Stellenausschreibungen. Die Mastarbeit gibt neben Beispielen zu diskriminierenden Stellenanzeigen, einen Einblick in mögliche Rechtsfolgen für Unternehmen im Zusammenhang mit diskriminierenden Stellenanzeigen, sowie Handlungsempfehlungen zur Umsetzung von diskriminierungsfreien Stellenanzeigen.

A double dissociation impressively demonstrates that visual perception and visual awareness can be independent of each other and do not have to rely on the same source of information (T. Schmidt & Vorberg, 2006). Traditionally, an indirect measure of stimulus processing and a direct measure of visual awareness are compared (dissociation paradigm or classic dissociation paradigm, Erdelyi, 1986; formally described by Reingold & Merikle, 1988; Merikle & Reingold, 1990; Reingold, 2004). If both measures exhibit opposite time courses, a double dissociation is demonstrated. One tool that is well suited to measure stimulus processing as fast visuomotor response activation is the response priming method (Klotz & Neumann, 1999; Klotz & Wolff, 1995; see also F. Schmidt et al., 2011; Vorberg et al., 2003). Typically, observers perform speeded responses to a target stimulus preceded by a prime stimulus, which can trigger the same motor response by sharing consistent features (e.g., shape) or different responses due to inconsistent features. While consistent features cause speeded motor responses, inconsistent trials can induce response conflicts and result in slowed responses. These response time differences describe the response priming effect (Klotz & Neumann, 1999; Klotz & Wolff, 1995; see also F. Schmidt et al., 2011; Vorberg et al., 2003). The theoretical background of this method forms the Rapid-Chase Theory (T. Schmidt et al., 2006, 2011; see also T. Schmidt, 2014), which assumes that priming is based on neuronal feedforward processing within the visuomotor system. Lamme and Roelfsema (2000; see also Lamme, 2010) claim that this feedforward processing does not generate visual awareness because neuronal feedback and recurrent processes are needed. Fascinatingly, while prime visibility can be manipulated by visual masking techniques (Breitmeyer & Öğmen, 2006), priming effects can still increase over time. Masking effects are used as a direct measure of prime awareness. Based on their time course, type-A and type-B masking functions are distinguished (Breitmeyer & Öğmen, 2006; see also Albrecht & Mattler, 2010, 2012, 2016). Type-A masking is most commonly shown with a typically increasing function over time. In contrast, type-B masking functions are rarely observed, which demonstrate a decreasing or u-shaped time course. This masking type is usually only found under metacontrast backward masking (Breitmeyer & Öğmen, 2006; see also Albrecht & Mattler, 2010, 2012, 2016). While priming effects are expected to increase over time by Rapid-Chase Theory (T. Schmidt et al., 2006, 2011; see also T. Schmidt, 2014), the masking effect can show an opposite trend with a decreasing or u-shaped type-B masking curve, forming a double dissociation. In empirical practice, double dissociations are a rarity, while historically simple dissociations have been the favored data pattern to demonstrate perception without awareness, despite suffering from statistical measurement problems (T. Schmidt & Vorberg, 2006). Motivated by this shortcoming, I aim to demonstrate that a double dissociation is the most powerful and convincing data pattern, which provides evidence that visual perception does not necessarily generate visual awareness, since both processes are based on different neuronal mechanisms. I investigated which experimental conditions allow for a double dissociation between priming and prime awareness. The first set of experiments demonstrated that a double-dissociated pattern between priming and masking can be induced artificially, and that the technique of induced dissociations is of general utility. The second set of experiments used two awareness measures (objective vs. subjective) and a response priming task in various combinations, resulting in different task settings (single-, dual-, triple tasks). The experiments revealed that some task types constitute an unfavorable experimental environment that can prevent a double dissociation from occurring naturally, especially when a pure feedforward processing of the stimuli seems to be disturbed. The present work provides further important findings. First, stimulus perception and stimulus awareness show a general dissociability in most of the participants, supporting the idea that different neuronal processes are responsible for this kind of data pattern. Second, any direct awareness measure (no matter whether objective or subjective) is highly observer-dependent, requiring the individual analysis at the level of single participants. Third, a deep analysis of priming effects at the micro level (e.g., checking for fast errors) can provide further insights regarding information processing of different visual stimuli (e.g., shape vs. color) and under changing experimental conditions (e.g. single- vs. triple tasks).

The knowledge of structural properties in microscopic materials contributes to a deeper understanding of macroscopic properties. For the study of such materials, several imaging techniques reaching scales in the order of nanometers have been developed. One of the most powerful and sophisticated imaging methods is focused-ion-beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), which combines serial sectioning by an ion beam and imaging by a scanning electron microscope. FIB-SEM imaging reaches extraordinary scales below 5 nm with large representative volumes. However, the complexity of the imaging process results in the addition of artificial distortion and artifacts generating poor-quality images. We introduce a method for the quality evaluation of images by analyzing general characteristics of the images as well as artifacts exclusively for FIB-SEM, namely curtaining and charging. For the evaluation, we propose quality indexes, which are tested on several data sets of porous and non-porous materials with different characteristics and distortions. The quality indexes report objective evaluations in accordance with visual judgment. Moreover, the acquisition of large volumes at high resolution can be time-consuming. An approach to speed up the imaging is by decreasing the resolution and by considering cuboidal voxel configurations. However, non-isotropic resolutions may lead to errors in the reconstructions. Even if the reconstruction is correct, effects are visible in the analysis. We study the effects of different voxel settings on the prediction of material and flow properties of reconstructed structures. Results show good agreement between highly resolved cases and ground truths as is expected. Structural anisotropy is reported as resolution decreases, especially in anisotropic grids. Nevertheless, gray image interpolation remedies the induced anisotropy. These benefits are visible at flow properties as well. For highly porous structures, the structural reconstruction is even more difficult as a consequence of deeper parts of the material visible through the pores. We show as an application example, the reconstruction of two highly porous structures of optical layers, where a typical workflow from image acquisition, preprocessing, reconstruction until a spatial analysis is performed. The study case shows the advantages of 3D imaging for optical porous layers. The analysis reveals geometrical structural properties related to the manufacturing processes.

Durch die zunehmende Erzeugungsleistung auf Niederspannungsnetzebene (NS-Netzebene) durch Photovoltaikanlagen, sowie die Elektrifizierung des Wärme- und des Verkehrssektors sind Investitionen in die NS-Netze notwendig. Ein höherer Digitalisierungsgrad im NS-Netz birgt das Potential, die notwendigen Investitionen genauer zu identifizieren, und damit ggf. zu reduzieren oder zeitlich zu verschieben. Hierbei stellt die Markteinführung intelligenter Messsysteme, sog. Smart Meter, eine neue Möglichkeit dar, Messwerte aus dem NS-Netz zu erhalten und auf deren Grundlage die Stellgrößen verfügbarer Aktoren zu optimieren. Dazu stellt sich die Frage, wie Messdaten unterschiedlicher Messzyklen in einem Netzautomatisierungssystem genutzt werden können und wie sich das nicht-lineare ganzzahlige Optimierungsproblem der Stellgrößenoptimierung effizient lösen lässt. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Lösung des Optimierungsproblems. Dazu kommt eine Stellgrößenoptimierung nach dem Merit-Order-Prinzip zur Anwendung.

Sequence learning describes the process of understanding the spatio-temporal relations in a sequence in order to classify it, label its elements or generate new sequences. Due to the prevalence of structured sequences in nature and everyday life, it has many practical applications including any language related processing task. One particular such task that has seen recent success using sequence learning techniques is the optical recognition of characters (OCR). State-of-the-art sequence learning solutions for OCR achieve high performance through supervised training, which requires large amounts of transcribed training data. On the other hand, few solutions have been proposed on how to apply sequence learning in the absence of such data, which is especially common for hard to transcribe historical documents. Rather than solving the unsupervised training problem, research has focused on creating efficient methods for collecting training data through smart annotation tools or generating synthetic training data. These solutions come with various limitations and do not solve all of the related problems. In this work, first the use of erroneous transcriptions for supervised sequence learning is introduced and it is described how this concept can be applied in unsupervised training scenarios by collecting or generating such transcriptions. The proposed OCR pipeline reduces the need of domain specific expertise to apply OCR, with the goal of making it more accessible. Furthermore, an approach for evaluating sequence learning OCR models in the absence of reference transcriptions is presented and its different properties compared to the standard method are discussed. In a second approach, unsupervised OCR is treated as an alignment problem between the latent features of the different language modalities. The outlined solution is to extract language properties from both the text and image domain through adversarial training and learn to align them by adding a cycle consistency constraint. The proposed approach has some strict limitations on the input data, but the results encourage future research into more widespread applications.

Reinforcing sand soils using tyre rubber chips is a novel technology that is under investigation to optimize its engineering application. Previous studies concentrated on static behaviour and very few on cyclic and dynamic behaviour of sand rubber mixtures leaving gaps that need to be addressed. This research focuses on evaluating the static, cyclic and dynamic behaviours of sand rubber mixtures. The basic properties of sands S2, S3, S4, rubber chips and sand rubber chips mixtures at 10/20/30% rubber chips content by dry mass were first evaluated in order to obtain the parameters essential for subsequent testing. Oedometer, direct shear with larger box 300x300 mm and static triaxial compression tests were performed to assess the static behaviour of the composite material. Further, dynamic cyclic triaxial tests were performed to evaluate the cyclic behaviour of saturated, dry and wet mixtures. All specimens were first isotropically consolidated at 100 kPa. For saturated material a static deviatoric stress of 45 kPa was imposed prior to cycling to simulate the field anisotropic consolidation condition. Cycling was applied stress-controlled with amplitude of 50kPa. Both undrained and drained tests were performed. Cyclic tests in dry or wet conditions were also performed under anisotropic consolidation condition with the application of different stress amplitudes. For all cyclic tests the loading frequency was 1 Hz. With regard to dynamic behaviour of the mixtures, the resonant column tests were conducted. Calibration was first performed yielding a frequency dependent drive head inertia. Wet mixture specimens were prepared at relative density of 50% and tested at various confining stresses. Note that all specimens tested in both triaxial and resonant column were 100 mm diameter. The results from the entire investigation are promising. In summary, rubber chips in the range of 4 to 14 mm mixed with sands were found to increase the shear resistance of the mixtures. They yield an increase of the cyclic resistance under saturated condition, to a decrease of stiffness and to an increase of damping ratio. Increased confining stress increased the shear modulus reduction and decreased damping ratio of the mixtures. Increased rubber content increased both shear modulus reduction and damping ratio. Several new design equations were proposed that can be used to compute the compression deformation, pore pressure ratio, maximum shear modulus and minimum damping ratio, as well as the modulus reduction with shear strain. Finally, chips content around 20% to 30% by dry mass can be used to reinforce sandy soils. The use of this novel composite material in civil engineering application could consume a large volume of scrap tyres and at the same time contribute to cleaning environment and saving natural resources.

Verkündungsblatt der TU Kaiserslautern Nr. 2/17.02.2022

The hazard and operability (HAZOP) method is widely used in chemical and process industries to identify and evaluate hazards. Due to its human-centered nature, it is time-consuming, and the results depend on the team composition. In addition, the factors time pressure, type of implementation, experience of the participants, and participant involvement affect the results. This research aims to digitize the HAZOP method. The investigation shows that knowledge-based systems with ontologies for knowledge representation are suitable to achieve the objective. Complex interdisciplinary knowledge regarding facility, process, substance, and site information must be represented to perform the task. A result of this work is a plant part taxonomy and a developed object-oriented equipment entity library. During ontology development, typical HAZOP scenarios, as well as their structure, components, and underlying causal model, were investigated. Based on these observations, semantic relationships between the scenario components were identified. The likelihood of causes and severity of consequences were determined as part of an automatic risk assessment using a risk matrix to determine safeguards reliably. An inference algorithm based on semantic reasoners and case-based reasoning was developed to exploit the ontology and evaluate the input data object containing the plant representation. With consideration given to topology, aspects like the propagation of sub-scenarios through plant parts were considered. The results of the developed knowledge-based system were automatically generated HAZOP worksheets. Evaluation of the achieved results was based on representative case studies in which the relevance, comprehensibility, and completeness of the automatically identified scenarios were considered. The achieved results were compared with conventionally prepared HAZOP tables for benchmark purposes. By paying particular attention to the causal relationships between scenario components, the risk assessment, and with consideration of safeguards, the quality of the automatically generated results was comparable to conventional HAZOP worksheets. This research shows that formal ontologies are suitable for representing complex interdisciplinary knowledge in the field of process and plant safety. The results contribute to the use of knowledge-based systems for digitizing the HAZOP method. When used correctly, knowledge-based systems can help decrease the preparation time and repetitious nature of HAZOP studies and standardize results.

We present an identification benchmark data set for a full robot movement with an KUKA KR300 R2500 ultra SE industrial robot. It is a robot with a nominal payload capacity of 300 kg, a weight of 1120 kg and a reach of 2500mm. It exhibits 12 states accounting for position and velocity for each of the 6 joints. The robot encounters backlash in all joints, pose-dependent inertia, pose-dependent gravitational loads, pose-dependent hydraulic forces, pose- and velocity dependent centripetal and Coriolis forces as well as a nonlinear friction, which is temperature dependent and therefore potentially time varying. We supply the prepared dataset for black-box identification of the forward or the inverse robot dynamics. Additional to the data for black-box modelling, we supply high-frequency raw data and videos of each experiment. A baseline and figures of merit are defined to make results compareable across different identification methods.