To continue reducing voltage in scaled technologies, both circuit and architecture-level resiliency techniques are needed to tolerate process-induced defects, variation, and aging in SRAM cells. Many different resiliency schemes have been proposed and evaluated, but most prior results focus on voltage reduction instead of energy reduction. At the circuit level, device cell architectures and assist techniques have been shown to lower Vmin for SRAM, while at the architecture level, redundancy and cache disable techniques have been used to improve resiliency at low voltages. This paper presents a unified study of error tolerance for both circuit and architecture techniques and estimates their area and energy overheads. Optimal techniques are selected by evaluating both the error-correcting abilities at low supplies and the overheads of each technique in a 28nm. The results can be applied to many of the emerging memory technologies.

Indoor positioning system (IPS) is becoming more and more popular in recent years in industrial, scientific and medical areas. The rapidly growing demand of accurate position information attracts much attention and effort in developing various kinds of positioning systems that are characterized by parameters like accuracy,robustness, latency, cost, etc. These systems have been successfully used in many applications such as automation in manufacturing, patient tracking in hospital, action detection for human-machine interacting and so on. The different performance requirements in various applications lead to existence of greatly diverse technologies, which can be categorized into two groups: inertial positioning(involving momentum sensors embedded on the object device to be located) and external sensing (geometry estimation based on signal measurement). In positioning systems based on external sensing, the input signal used for locating refers to many sources, such as visual or infrared signal in optical methods, sound or ultra-sound in acoustic methods and radio frequency based methods. This dissertation gives a recapitulative survey of a number of existence popular solutions for indoor positioning systems. Basic principles of individual technologies are demonstrated and discussed. By comparing the performances like accuracy, robustness, cost, etc., a comprehensive review of the properties of each technologies is presented, which concludes a guidance for designing a location sensing systems for indoor applications. This thesis will lately focus on presenting the development of a high precision IPS prototype system based on RF signal from the concept aspect to the implementation up to evaluation. Developing phases related to this work include positioning scenario, involved technologies, hardware development, algorithms development, firmware generation, prototype evaluation, etc.. The developed prototype is a narrow band RF system, and it is suitable for a flexible frequency selection in UHF (300MHz3GHz) and SHF (3GHz30GHz) bands, enabling this technology to meet broad service preferences. The fundamental of the proposed system classified itself as a hyperbolic position fix system, which estimates a location by solving non-linear equations derived from time difference of arrival (TDoA) measurements. As the positioning accuracy largely depends on the temporal resolution of the signal acquisition, a dedicated RF front-end system is developed to achieve a time resolution in range of multiple picoseconds down to less than 1 pico second. On the algorithms aspect, two processing units: TDoA estimator and the Hyperbolic equations solver construct the digital signal processing system. In order to implement a real-time positioning system, the processing system is implemented on a FPGA platform. Corresponding firmware is generated from the algorithms modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, using the high level synthesis (HLS) tool HDL Coder. The prototype system is evaluated and an accuracy of better than 1 cm is achieved. A better performance is potential feasible by manipulating some of the controlling conditions such as ADC sampling rate, ADC resolution, interpolation process, higher frequency, more stable antenna, etc. Although the proposed system is initially dedicated to indoor applications, it could also be a competitive candidate for an outdoor positioning service.

The objective of this thesis consists in developing systematic event-triggered control designs for specified event generators, which is an important alternative to the traditional periodic sampling control. Sporadic sampling inherently arising in event-triggered control is determined by the event-triggering conditions. This feature invokes the desire of finding new control theory as the traditional sampled-data theory in computer control. Developing controller coupling with the applied event-triggering condition to maximize the control performance is the essence for event-triggered control design. In the design the stability of the control system needs to be ensured with the first priority. Concerning variant control aims they should be clearly incorporated in the design procedures. Considering applications in embedded control systems efficient implementation requires a low complexity of embedded software architectures. The thesis targets at offering such a design to further complete the theory of event-triggered control designs.

Wireless sensor networks are the driving force behind many popular and interdisciplinary research areas, such as environmental monitoring, building automation, healthcare and assisted living applications. Requirements like compactness, high integration of sensors, flexibility, and power efficiency are often very different and cannot be fulfilled by state-of-the-art node platforms at once. In this paper, we present and analyze AmICA: a flexible, compact, easy-to-program, and low-power node platform. Developed from scratch and including a node, a basic communication protocol, and a debugging toolkit, it assists in an user-friendly rapid application development. The general purpose nature of AmICA was evaluated in two practical applications with diametric requirements. Our analysis shows that AmICA nodes are 67% smaller than BTnodes, have five times more sensors than Mica2Dot and consume 72% less energy than the state-of-the-art TelosB mote in sleep mode.

Programs are linguistic structures which contain identifications of individuals: memory locations, data types, classes, objects, relations, functions etc. must be identified selectively or definingly. The first part of the essay which deals with identification by showing and designating is rather short, whereas the remaining part dealing with paraphrasing is rather long. The reason is that for an identification by showing or designating no linguistic compositions are needed, in contrast to the case of identification by paraphrasing. The different types of functional paraphrasing are covered here in great detail because the concept of functional paraphrasing is the foundation of functional programming. The author had to decide whether to cover this subject here or in his essay Purpose versus Form of Programs where the concept of functional programming is presented. Finally, the author came to the conclusion that this essay on identification is the more appropriate place.

Bei der Programmierung geht es in vielfältiger Form um Identifikation von Individuen: Speicherorte,Datentypen, Werte, Klassen, Objekte, Funktionen u.ä. müssen definierend oder selektierend identifiziert werden.Die Ausführungen zur Identifikation durch Zeigen oder Nennen sind verhältnismäßig kurz gehalten,wogegen der Identifikation durch Umschreiben sehr viel Raum gewidmet ist. Dies hat seinen Grunddarin, daß man zum Zeigen oder Nennen keine strukturierten Sprachformen benötigt, wohl aber zumUmschreiben. Daß die Betrachtungen der unterschiedlichen Formen funktionaler Umschreibungen soausführlich gehalten sind, geschah im Hinblick auf ihre Bedeutung für die Begriffswelt der funktionalen Programmierung. Man hätte zwar die Formen funktionaler Umschreibungen auch im Mosaikstein "Programmzweck versus Programmform" im Kontext des dort dargestellten Konzepts funktionaler Programme behandeln können, aber der Autor meint, daß der vorliegende Aufsatz der angemessenerePlatz dafür sei.

In der Philosophie ist es selbstverständlich, daß Autoren, die Erkenntnisse früherer Philosophen weitergeben oder kommentieren, die Originalliteratur kennen und sich in ihrer Argumentation explizit auf bestimmte Stellen in den Originaldarstellungen beziehen. In der Technik dagegen ist es allgemein akzeptierte Praxis, daß Autoren von Lehrbüchern, in denen Erkenntnisse früherer Forscher dargestellt oder kommentiert werden, nicht die Originaldarstellungen zugrunde legen, sondern sich mit den Darstellungen in der Sekundärliteratur begnügen. Man denke an die Erkenntnisse von Boole oder Maxwell, die in sehr vielen Lehrbüchern der Digitaltechnik bzw. der theoretischen Elektrotechnik vermittelt werden, ohne daß die Autoren dieser Lehrbücher auf die Originalschriften von Boole oder Maxwell Bezug nehmen. Dagegen wird man wohl kaum ein Buch über Erkenntnisse von Aristoteles oder Kant finden, dessen Autor sich nicht explizit auf bestimmte Stellen in den Schriften dieser Philosophen bezieht.

Umgangssprachlich wurde das Wort Daten schon gebraucht, lange bevor der Computer erfundenwurdeund die AbkürzungEDV für "Elektronische Datenverarbeitung" in die Alltagssprache gelangte.So sagte beispielsweise der Steuerberater zu seinem Klienten: "Bevor ich Ihre Steuererklärung fertigmachen kann, brauche ich von Ihnen noch ein paar Daten." Oder der Straßenbaureferent einer Stadtschrieb an den Oberbürgermeister: "Für die Entscheidung, welche der beiden in Frage stehenden Stra-ßen vorrangig ausgebaut werden soll, müssen wir noch eine Datenerhebung durchführen." Bei diesenDaten ging es zwar oft um Zahlen - Geldbeträge, Anzahl der Kinder, Anzahl der Beschäftigungsmo-nate, gezählte Autos - , aber eine Gleichsetzung von Daten mit Zahlen wäre falsch. Zum einen wärenZahlen ohne mitgelieferte Wörter wie Monatseinkommen, Kinderzahl u.ä. für den Steuerberater nutz-los, zum anderen will das Finanzamt u.a. auch den Arbeitgeber des Steuerpflichtigen wissen, und dazumuß eine Adresse angegeben werden, aber keine Zahl.