3D integration of solid-state memories and logic, as demonstrated by the Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC), offers major opportunities for revisiting near-memory computation and gives new hope to mitigate the power and performance losses caused by the “memory wall”. In this paper we present the first exploration steps towards design of the Smart Memory Cube (SMC), a new Processor-in-Memory (PIM) architecture that enhances the capabilities of the logic-base (LoB) in HMC. An accurate simulation environment has been developed, along with a full featured software stack. All offloading and dynamic overheads caused by the operating system, cache coherence, and memory management are considered, as well. Benchmarking results demonstrate up to 2X performance improvement in comparison with the host SoC, and around 1.5X against a similar host-side accelerator. Moreover, by scaling down the voltage and frequency of PIM’s processor it is possible to reduce energy by around 70% and 55% in comparison with the host and the accelerator, respectively.

For many years real-time task models have focused the timing constraints on execution windows defined by earliest start times and deadlines for feasibility. However, the utility of some application may vary among scenarios which yield correct behavior, and maximizing this utility improves the resource utilization. For example, target sensitive applications have a target point where execution results in maximized utility, and an execution window for feasibility. Execution around this point and within the execution window is allowed, albeit at lower utility. The intensity of the utility decay accounts for the importance of the application. Examples of such applications include multimedia and control; multimedia application are very popular nowadays and control applications are present in every automated system. In this thesis, we present a novel real-time task model which provides for easy abstractions to express the timing constraints of target sensitive RT applications: the gravitational task model. This model uses a simple gravity pendulum (or bob pendulum) system as a visualization model for trade-offs among target sensitive RT applications. We consider jobs as objects in a pendulum system, and the target points as the central point. Then, the equilibrium state of the physical problem is equivalent to the best compromise among jobs with conflicting targets. Analogies with well-known systems are helpful to fill in the gap between application requirements and theoretical abstractions used in task models. For instance, the so-called nature algorithms use key elements of physical processes to form the basis of an optimization algorithm. Examples include the knapsack problem, traveling salesman problem, ant colony optimization, and simulated annealing. We also present a few scheduling algorithms designed for the gravitational task model which fulfill the requirements for on-line adaptivity. The scheduling of target sensitive RT applications must account for timing constraints, and the trade-off among tasks with conflicting targets. Our proposed scheduling algorithms use the equilibrium state concept to order the execution sequence of jobs, and compute the deviation of jobs from their target points for increased system utility. The execution sequence of jobs in the schedule has a significant impact on the equilibrium of jobs, and dominates the complexity of the problem --- the optimum solution is NP-hard. We show the efficacy of our approach through simulations results and 3 target sensitive RT applications enhanced with the gravitational task model.

Advanced sensing systems, sophisticated algorithms, and increasing computational resources continuously enhance the advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). To date, despite that some vehicle based approaches to driver fatigue/drowsiness detection have been realized and deployed, objectively and reliably detecting the fatigue/drowsiness state of driver without compromising driving experience still remains challenging. In general, the choice of input sensorial information is limited in the state-of-the-art work. On the other hand, smart and safe driving, as representative future trends in the automotive industry worldwide, increasingly demands the new dimensional human-vehicle interactions, as well as the associated behavioral and bioinformatical data perception of driver. Thus, the goal of this research work is to investigate the employment of general and custom 3D-CMOS sensing concepts for the driver status monitoring, and to explore the improvement by merging/fusing this information with other salient customized information sources for gaining robustness/reliability. This thesis presents an effective multi-sensor approach with novel features to driver status monitoring and intention prediction aimed at drowsiness detection based on a multi-sensor intelligent assistance system -- DeCaDrive, which is implemented on an integrated soft-computing system with multi-sensing interfaces in a simulated driving environment. Utilizing active illumination, the IR depth camera of the realized system can provide rich facial and body features in 3D in a non-intrusive manner. In addition, steering angle sensor, pulse rate sensor, and embedded impedance spectroscopy sensor are incorporated to aid in the detection/prediction of driver's state and intention. A holistic design methodology for ADAS encompassing both driver- and vehicle-based approaches to driver assistance is discussed in the thesis as well. Multi-sensor data fusion and hierarchical SVM techniques are used in DeCaDrive to facilitate the classification of driver drowsiness levels based on which a warning can be issued in order to prevent possible traffic accidents. The realized DeCaDrive system achieves up to 99.66% classification accuracy on the defined drowsiness levels, and exhibits promising features such as head/eye tracking, blink detection, gaze estimation that can be utilized in human-vehicle interactions. However, the driver's state of "microsleep" can hardly be reflected in the sensor features of the implemented system. General improvements on the sensitivity of sensory components and on the system computation power are required to address this issue. Possible new features and development considerations for DeCaDrive are discussed as well in the thesis aiming to gain market acceptance in the future.

This study presents an energy-efficient ultra-low voltage standard-cell based memory in 28nm FD-SOI. The storage element (standard-cell latch) is replaced with a full- custom designed latch with 50 % less area. Error-free operation is demonstrated down to 450mV @ 9MHz. By utilizing body bias (BB) @ VDD = 0.5 V performance spans from 20 MHz @ BB=0V to 110MHz @ BB=1V.

Real-time systems are systems that have to react correctly to stimuli from the environment within given timing constraints. Today, real-time systems are employed everywhere in industry, not only in safety-critical systems but also in, e.g., communication, entertainment, and multimedia systems. With the advent of multicore platforms, new challenges on the efficient exploitation of real-time systems have arisen: First, there is the need for effective scheduling algorithms that feature low overheads to improve the use of the computational resources of real-time systems. The goal of these algorithms is to ensure timely execution of tasks, i.e., to provide runtime guarantees. Additionally, many systems require their scheduling algorithm to flexibly react to unforeseen events. Second, the inherent parallelism of multicore systems leads to contention for shared hardware resources and complicates system analysis. At any time, multiple applications run with varying resource requirements and compete for the scarce resources of the system. As a result, there is a need for an adaptive resource management. Achieving and implementing an effective and efficient resource management is a challenging task. The main goal of resource management is to guarantee a minimum resource availability to real-time applications. A further goal is to fulfill global optimization objectives, e.g., maximization of the global system performance, or the user perceived quality of service. In this thesis, we derive methods based on the slot shifting algorithm. Slot shifting provides flexible scheduling of time-constrained applications and can react to unforeseen events in time-triggered systems. For this reason, we aim at designing slot shifting based algorithms targeted for multicore systems to tackle the aforementioned challenges. The main contribution of this thesis is to present two global slot shifting algorithms targeted for multicore systems. Additionally, we extend slot shifting algorithms to improve their runtime behavior, or to handle non-preemptive firm aperiodic tasks. In a variety of experiments, the effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithms are evaluated and confirmed. Finally, the thesis presents an implementation of a slot-shifting-based logic into a resource management framework for multicore systems. Thus, the thesis closes the circle and successfully bridges the gap between real-time scheduling theory and real-world implementations. We prove applicability of the slot shifting algorithm to effectively and efficiently perform adaptive resource management on multicore systems.

Wireless sensor networks are the driving force behind many popular and interdisciplinary research areas, such as environmental monitoring, building automation, healthcare and assisted living applications. Requirements like compactness, high integration of sensors, flexibility, and power efficiency are often very different and cannot be fulfilled by state-of-the-art node platforms at once. In this paper, we present and analyze AmICA: a flexible, compact, easy-to-program, and low-power node platform. Developed from scratch and including a node, a basic communication protocol, and a debugging toolkit, it assists in an user-friendly rapid application development. The general purpose nature of AmICA was evaluated in two practical applications with diametric requirements. Our analysis shows that AmICA nodes are 67% smaller than BTnodes, have five times more sensors than Mica2Dot and consume 72% less energy than the state-of-the-art TelosB mote in sleep mode.

An interrupter for use in a daisy-chained VME bus interrupt system has beendesigned and implemented as an asynchronous sequential circuit. The concur-rency of the processes posed a design problem that was solved by means of asystematic design procedure that uses Petri nets for specifying system and in-terrupter behaviour, and for deriving a primitive flow table. Classical designand additional measures to cope with non-fundamental mode operation yieldeda coded state-machine representation. This was implemented on a GAL 22V10,chosen for its hazard-preventing structure and for rapid prototyping in studentlaboratories.

Phase-gradient metasurfaces can be designed to manipulate electromagnetic waves according to the generalized Snell’s law. Here, we show that a phased parallel-plate waveguide array (PPWA) can be devised to act in the same manner as a phase-gradient metasurface. We derive an analytic model that describes the wave propagation in the PPWA and calculate both the angle and amplitude distribution of the diffracted waves. The analytic model provides an intuitive understanding of the diffraction from the PPWA. We verify the (semi-)analytically calculated angle and amplitude distribution of the diffracted waves by numerical 3-D simulations and experimental measurements in a microwave goniometer.

The energy efficiency of today’s microcontrollers is supported by the extensive usage of low-power mechanisms. A full power-down requires in many cases a complex, and maybe error prone, administration scheme, because data from the volatile memory have to be stored in a flash based back- up memory. New types of non-volatile memory, e.g. in RRAM technology, are faster and consumes a fraction of the energy compared to flash technology. This paper evaluates power gating for WSN with RRAM as back-up memory.

The design of the fifth generation (5G) cellular network should take account of the emerging services with divergent quality of service requirements. For instance, a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication is required to facilitate the local data exchange and therefore improve the automation level in automated driving applications. In this work, we inspect the performance of two different air interfaces (i.e., LTE-Uu and PC5) which are proposed by the third generation partnership project (3GPP) to enable the V2X communication. With these two air interfaces, the V2X communication can be realized by transmitting data packets either over the network infrastructure or directly among traffic participants. In addition, the ultra-high reliability requirement in some V2X communication scenarios can not be fulfilled with any single transmission technology (i.e., either LTE-Uu or PC5). Therefore, we discuss how to efficiently apply multi-radio access technologies (multi-RAT) to improve the communication reliability. In order to exploit the multi-RAT in an efficient manner, both the independent and the coordinated transmission schemes are designed and inspected. Subsequently, the conventional uplink is also extended to the case where a base station can receive data packets through both the LTE-Uu and PC5 interfaces. Moreover, different multicast-broadcast single-frequency network (MBSFN) area mapping approaches are also proposed to improve the communication reliability in the LTE downlink. Last but not least, a system level simulator is implemented in this work. The simulation results do not only provide us insights on the performances of different technologies but also validate the effectiveness of the proposed multi-RAT scheme.

This paper describes an audio interface written in VHDL, that connects the ADAU1761 audio codec on the Zedboard to the Zynq PL. Audio signals can be received in stereo from the line in jack and/or transmitted to the headphone out jack.

Hardware prototyping is an essential part in the hardware design flow. Furthermore, hardware prototyping usually relies on system-level design and hardware-in-the-loop simulations in order to develop, test and evaluate intellectual property cores. One common task in this process consist on interfacing cores with different port specifications. Data width conversion is used to overcome this issue. This work presents two open source hardware cores compliant with AXI4-Stream bus protocol, where each core performs upsizing/downsizing data width conversion.

Langvorträge: T. Schorr, A. Dittrich, W. Sauer-Greff, R. Urbansky (Lehrstuhl für Nachrichtentechnik, TU Kaiserslautern): Iterative Equalization in Fibre Optical Systems Using High-Rate RCPR, BCH and LDPC Codes A. Doenmez, T. Hehn, J. B. Huber (Lehrstuhl für Informationsübertragung, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg): Analytical Calculation of Thresholds for LDPC Codes transmitted over Binary Erasure Channels S. Deng, T. Weber (Institut für Nachrichtentechnik und Informationselektronik, Universität Rostock), M. Meurer (Lehrstuhl für hochfrequente Signalübertragung und -verarbeitung, TU Kaiserslautern): Dynamic Resource Allocation in Future OFDM Based Mobile Radio Systems J. Hahn, M. Meurer, T. Weber (Lehrstuhl für hochfrequente Signalübertragung und -verarbeitung, TU Kaiserslautern): Receiver Oriented FEC Coding (RFC) for Selective Channels C. Stierstorfer, R. Fischer (Lehrstuhl für Informationsübertragung, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg): Comparison of Code Design Requirements for Single- and Multicarrier Transmission over Frequency-Selective MIMO Channels A. Scherb (Arbeitsbereich Nachrichtentechnik, Universität Bremen): Unbiased Semiblind Channel Estimation for Coded Systems T.-J. Liang, W. Rave, G. Fettweis (Vodafone Stiftungslehrstuhl Mobile Nachrichtensysteme, Technische Universität Dresden): Iterative Joint Channel Estimation and Decoding Using Superimposed Pilots in OFDM-WLAN A. Dittrich, T. Schorr, W. Sauer-Greff, R. Urbansky (Lehrstuhl für Nachrichtentechnik, TU Kaiserslautern): DIORAMA - An Iterative Decoding Real-Time MATLAB Receiver for the Multicarrier-Based Digital Radio DRM Kurzvorträge: S. Plass, A. Dammann (German Aerospace Center (DLR)): Radio Resource Management for MC-CDMA over Correlated Rayleigh Fading Channels S. Heilmann, M. Meurer, S. Abdellaoui, T. Weber (Lehrstuhl für hochfrequente Signalübertragung und -verarbeitung, TU Kaiserslautern): Concepts for Accurate Low-Cost Signature Based Localisation of Mobile Terminals M. Siegrist, A. Dittrich, W. Sauer-Greff, R. Urbansky (Lehrstuhl für Nachrichtentechnik, TU Kaiserslautern): SIMO and MIMO Concepts for Fibre Optical Communications C. Bockelmann (Arbeitsbereich Nachrichtentechnik, Universität Bremen): Sender- und Empfängerstrukturen für codierte MIMO-Übertragung

Analog sensor electronics requires special care during design in order to increase the quality and precision of the signal, and the life time of the product. Nevertheless, it can experience static deviations due to the manufacturing tolerances, and dynamic deviations due to operating in non-ideal environment. Therefore, the advanced applications such as MEMS technology employs calibration loop to deal with the deviations, but unfortunately, it is considered only in the digital domain, which cannot cope with all the analog deviations such as saturation of the analog signal, etc. On the other hand, rapid-prototyping is essential to decrease the development time, and the cost of the products for small quantities. Recently, evolvable hardware has been developed with the motivation to cope with the mentioned sensor electronic problems. However the industrial specifications and requirements are not considered in the hardware learning loop. Indeed, it minimizes the error between the required output and the real output generated due to given test signal. The aim of this thesis is to synthesize the generic organic-computing sensor electronics and return hardware with predictable behavior for embedded system applications that gains the industrial acceptance; therefore, the hardware topology is constrained to the standard hardware topologies, the hardware standard specifications are included in the optimization, and hierarchical optimization are abstracted from the synthesis tools to evolve first the building blocks, then evolve the abstract level that employs these optimized blocks. On the other hand, measuring some of the industrial specifications needs expensive equipments and some others are time consuming which is not fortunate for embedded system applications. Therefore, the novel approach "mixtrinsic multi-objective optimization" is proposed that simulates/estimates the set of the specifications that is hard to be measured due to the cost or time requirements, while it measures intrinsically the set of the specifications that has high sensitivity to deviations. These approaches succeed to optimize the hardware to meet the industrial specifications with low cost measurement setup which is essential for embedded system applications.

In embedded systems, there is a trend of integrating several different functionalities on a common platform. This has been enabled by increasing processing power and the arise of integrated system-on-chips. The composition of safety-critical and non-safety-critical applications results in mixed-criticality systems. Certification Authorities (CAs) demand the certification of safety-critical applications with strong confidence in the execution time bounds. As a consequence, CAs use conservative assumptions in the worst-case execution time (WCET) analysis which result in more pessimistic WCETs than the ones used by designers. The existence of certified safety-critical and non-safety-critical applications can be represented by dual-criticality systems, i.e., systems with two criticality levels. In this thesis, we focus on the scheduling of mixed-criticality systems which are subject to certification. Scheduling policies cognizant of the mixed-criticality nature of the systems and the certification requirements are needed for efficient and effective scheduling. Furthermore, we aim at reducing the certification costs to allow faster modification and upgrading, and less error-prone certification. Besides certification aspects, requirements of different operational modes result in challenging problems for the scheduling process. Despite the mentioned problems, schedulers require a low runtime overhead for an efficient execution at runtime. The presented solutions are centered around time-triggered systems which feature a low runtime overhead. We present a transformation to include event-triggered activities, represented by sporadic tasks, already into the offline scheduling process. Further, this transformation can also be applied on periodic tasks to shorten the length of schedule tables which reduces certification costs. These results can be used in our method to construct schedule tables which creates two schedule tables to fulfill the requirements of dual-criticality systems using mode changes at runtime. Finally, we present a scheduler based on the slot-shifting algorithm for mixed-criticality systems. In a first version, the method schedules dual-criticality jobs without the need for mode changes. An already certified schedule table can be used and at runtime, the scheduler reacts to the actual behavior of the jobs and thus, makes effective use of the available resources. Next, we extend this method to schedule mixed-criticality job sets with different operational modes. As a result, we can schedule jobs with varying parameters in different modes.

The dissertation describes a practically proven, particularly efficient approach for the verification of digital circuit designs. The approach outperforms simulation based verification wrt. final circuit quality as well as wrt. required verification effort. In the dissertation, the paradigm of transaction based verification is ported from simulation to formal verification. One consequence is a particular format of formal properties, called operation properties. Circuit descriptions are verified by proof of operation properties with Interval Property Checking (IPC), a particularly strong SAT based formal verification algorithm. Furtheron, a completeness checker is presented that identifies all verification gaps in sets of operation properties. This completeness checker can handle the large operation properties that arise, if this approach is applied to realistic circuits. The methodology of operation properties, Interval Property Checking, and the completeness checker form a symbiosis that is of particular benefit to the verification of digital circuit designs. On top of this symbiosis an approach to completely verify the interaction of completely verified modules has been developed by adaptation of the modelling theories of digital systems. The approach presented in the dissertation has proven in multiple commercial application projects that it indeed completely verifies modules. After reaching a termination criterion that is well defined by completeness checking, no further bugs were found in the verified modules. The approach is marketed by OneSpin Solutions GmbH, Munich, under the names "Operation Based Verification" and "Gap Free Verification".

The heterogeneity of today's access possibilities to wireless networks imposes challenges for efficient mobility support and resource management across different Radio Access Technologies (RATs). The current situation is characterized by the coexistence of various wireless communication systems, such as GSM, HSPA, LTE, WiMAX, and WLAN. These RATs greatly differ with respect to coverage, spectrum, data rates, Quality of Service (QoS), and mobility support. In real systems, mobility-related events, such as Handover (HO) procedures, directly affect resource efficiency and End-To-End (E2E) performance, in particular with respect to signaling efforts and users' QoS. In order to lay a basis for realistic multi-radio network evaluation, a novel evaluation methodology is introduced in this thesis. A central hypothesis of this thesis is that the consideration and exploitation of additional information characterizing user, network, and environment context, is beneficial for enhancing Heterogeneous Access Management (HAM) and Self-Optimizing Networks (SONs). Further, Mobile Network Operator (MNO) revenues are maximized by tightly integrating bandwidth adaptation and admission control mechanisms as well as simultaneously accounting for user profiles and service characteristics. In addition, mobility robustness is optimized by enabling network nodes to tune HO parameters according to locally observed conditions. For establishing all these facets of context awareness, various schemes and algorithms are developed and evaluated in this thesis. System-level simulation results demonstrate the potential of context information exploitation for enhancing resource utilization, mobility support, self-tuning network operations, and users' E2E performance. In essence, the conducted research activities and presented results motivate and substantiate the consideration of context awareness as key enabler for cognitive and autonomous network management. Further, the performed investigations and aspects evaluated in the scope of this thesis are highly relevant for future 5G wireless systems and current discussions in the 5G infrastructure Public Private Partnership (PPP).

This work establishes the novel category of coordinated Wireless Backhaul Networks (WBNs) for energy-autarkic point-to-point radio backhauling. The networking concept is based on three major building blocks: cost-efficient radio transceiver hardware, a self-organizing network operations framework, and power supply from renewable energy sources. The aim of this novel backhauling approach is to combine carrier-grade network performance with reduced maintenance effort as well as independent and self-sufficient power supply. In order to facilitate the success prospects of this concept, the thesis comprises the following major contributions: Formal, multi-domain system model and evaluation methodology First, adapted from the theory of cyber-physical systems, the author devises a multi-domain evaluation methodology and a system-level simulation framework for energy-autarkic coordinated WBNs, including a novel balanced scorecard concept. Second, the thesis specifically addresses the topic of Topology Control (TC) in point-to-point radio networks and how it can be exploited for network management purposes. Given a set of network nodes equipped with multiple radio transceivers and known locations, TC continuously optimizes the setup and configuration of radio links between network nodes, thus supporting initial network deployment, network operation, as well as topology re-configuration. In particular, the author shows that TC in WBNs belongs to the class of NP-hard quadratic assignment problems and that it has significant impact in operational practice, e.g., on routing efficiency, network redundancy levels, service reliability, and energy consumption. Two novel algorithms focusing on maximizing edge connectivity of network graphs are developed. Finally, this work carries out an analytical benchmarking and a numerical performance analysis of the introduced concepts and algorithms. The author analytically derives minimum performance levels of the the developed TC algorithms. For the analyzed scenarios of remote Alpine communities and rural Tanzania, the evaluation shows that the algorithms improve energy efficiency and more evenly balance energy consumption across backhaul nodes, thus significantly increasing the number of available backhaul nodes compared to state-of-the-art TC algorithms.

TD (Time Division)-CDMA is one of the partial standards adopted by 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) for 3rd Generation (3G) mobile radio systems. An important issue when designing 3G mobile radio systems is the efficient use of the available frequency spectrum, that is the achievement of a spectrum efficiency as high as possible. It is well known that the spectrum efficiency can be enhanced by utilizing multi-element antennas instead of single-element antennas at the base station (BS). Concerning the uplink of TD- CDMA, the benefits achievable by multi-element BS antennas have been quantitatively studied to a satisfactory extent. However, corresponding studies for the downlink are still missing. This thesis has the goal to make contributions to fill this lack of information. For near-to-reality directional mobile radio scenarios TD-CDMA downlink utilizing multi-element antennas at the BS are investigated both on the system level and on the link level. The system level investigations show how the carrier-to-interference ratio can be improved by applying such antennas. As the result of the link level investigations, which rely on the detection scheme Joint Detection (JD), the improvement of the bit er- ror rate by utilizing multi-element antennas at the BS can be quantified. Concerning the link level of TD-CDMA, a number of improvements are proposed which allow considerable performance enhancement of TD-CDMA downlink in connection with multi-element BS antennas. These improvements include * the concept of partial joint detection (PJD), in which at each mobile station (MS) only a subset of the arriving CDMA signals including those being of interest to this MS are jointly detected, * a blind channel estimation algorithm, * CDMA code pooling, that is assigning more than one CDMA code to certain con- nections in order to offer these users higher data rates, * maximizing the Shannon transmission capacity by an interleaving concept termed CDMA code interleaving and by advantageously selecting the assignment of CDMA codes to mobile radio channels, * specific power control schemes, which tackle the problem of different transmission qualities of the CDMA codes. As a comprehensive illustration of the advantages achievable by multi-element BS anten- nas in the TD-CDMA downlink, quantitative results concerning the spectrum efficiency for different numbers of antenna elements at the BS conclude the thesis.

Divide-and-Conquer is a common strategy to manage the complexity of system design and verification. In the context of System-on-Chip (SoC) design verification, an SoC system is decomposed into several modules and every module is separately verified. Usually an SoC module is reactive: it interacts with its environmental modules. This interaction is normally modeled by environment constraints, which are applied to verify the SoC module. Environment constraints are assumed to be always true when verifying the individual modules of a system. Therefore the correctness of environment constraints is very important for module verification. Environment constraints are also very important for coverage analysis. Coverage analysis in formal verification measures whether or not the property set fully describes the functional behavior of the design under verification (DuV). if a set of properties describes every functional behavior of a DuV, the set of properties is called complete. To verify the correctness of environment constraints, Assume-Guarantee Reasoning rules can be employed. However, the state of the art assume-guarantee reasoning rules cannot be applied to the environment constraints specified by using an industrial standard property language such as SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA). This thesis proposes a new assume-guarantee reasoning rule that can be applied to environment constraints specified by using a property language such as SVA. In addition, this thesis proposes two efficient plausibility checks for constraints that can be conducted without a concrete implementation of the considered environment. Furthermore, this thesis provides a compositional reasoning framework determining that a system is completely verified if all modules are verified with Complete Interval Property Checking (C-IPC) under environment constraints. At present, there is a trend that more of the functionality in SoCs is shifted from the hardware to the hardware-dependent software (HWDS), which is a crucial component in an SoC, since other software layers, such as the operating systems are built on it. Therefore there is an increasing need to apply formal verification to HWDS, especially for safety-critical systems. The interactions between HW and HWDS are often reactive, and happen in a temporal order. This requires new property languages to specify the reactive behavior at the HW and SW interfaces. This thesis introduces a new property language, called Reactive Software Property Language (RSPL), to specify the reactive interactions between the HW and the HWDS. Furthermore, a method for checking the completeness of software properties, which are specified by using RSPL, is presented in this thesis. This method is motivated by the approach of checking the completeness of hardware properties.

Multiple-channel die-stacked DRAMs have been used for maximizing the performance and minimizing the power of memory access in 2.5D/3D system chips. Stacked DRAM dies can be used as a cache for the processor die in 2.5D/3D system chips. Typically, modern processor system-on-chips (SOCs) have three-level caches, L1, L2, and L3. Could the DRAM cache be used to replace which level of caches? In this paper, we derive an inequality which can aid the designer to check if the designed DRAM cache can provide better performance than the L3 cache. Also, design considerations of DRAM caches for meet the inequality are discussed. We find that a dilemma of the DRAM cache access time and associativity exists for providing better performance than the L3 cache. Organizing multiple channels into a DRAM cache is proposed to cope with the dilemma.

In der Philosophie ist es selbstverständlich, daß Autoren, die Erkenntnisse früherer Philosophen weitergeben oder kommentieren, die Originalliteratur kennen und sich in ihrer Argumentation explizit auf bestimmte Stellen in den Originaldarstellungen beziehen. In der Technik dagegen ist es allgemein akzeptierte Praxis, daß Autoren von Lehrbüchern, in denen Erkenntnisse früherer Forscher dargestellt oder kommentiert werden, nicht die Originaldarstellungen zugrunde legen, sondern sich mit den Darstellungen in der Sekundärliteratur begnügen. Man denke an die Erkenntnisse von Boole oder Maxwell, die in sehr vielen Lehrbüchern der Digitaltechnik bzw. der theoretischen Elektrotechnik vermittelt werden, ohne daß die Autoren dieser Lehrbücher auf die Originalschriften von Boole oder Maxwell Bezug nehmen. Dagegen wird man wohl kaum ein Buch über Erkenntnisse von Aristoteles oder Kant finden, dessen Autor sich nicht explizit auf bestimmte Stellen in den Schriften dieser Philosophen bezieht.

In this thesis we studied and investigated a very common but a long existing noise problem and we provided a solution to this problem. The task is to deal with different types of noise that occur simultaneously and which we call hybrid. Although there are individual solutions for specific types one cannot simply combine them because each solution affects the whole speech. We developed an automatic speech recognition system DANSR ( Dynamic Automatic Noisy Speech Recognition System) for hybrid noisy environmental noise. For this we had to study all of speech starting from the production of sounds until their recognition. Central elements are the feature vectors on which pay much attention. As an additional effect we worked on the production of quantities for psychoacoustic speech elements. The thesis has four parts: 1) The first part we give an introduction. The chapter 2 and 3 give an overview over speech generation and recognition when machines are used. Also noise is considered. 2) In the second part we describe our general system for speech recognition in a noisy environment. This is contained in the chapters 4-10. In chapter 4 we deal with data preparation. Chapter 5 is concerned with very strong noise and its modeling using Poisson distribution. In the chapters 5-8 we deal with parameter based modeling. Chapter 7 is concerned with autoregressive methods in relation to the vocal tract. In the chapters 8 and 9 we discuss linear prediction and its parameters. Chapter 9 is also concerned with quadratic errors, the decomposition into sub-bands and the use of Kalman filters for non-stationary colored noise in chapter 10. There one finds classical approaches as long we have used and modified them. This includes covariance mehods, the method of Burg and others. 3) The third part deals firstly with psychoacoustic questions. We look at quantitative magnitudes that describe them. This has serious consequences for the perception models. For hearing we use different scales and filters. In the center of the chapters 12 and 13 one finds the features and their extraction. The fearures are the only elements that contain information for further use. We consider here Cepstrum features and Mel frequency cepstral coefficients(MFCC), shift invariant local trigonometric transformed (SILTT), linear predictive coefficients (LPC), linear predictive cepstral coefficients (LPCC), perceptual linear predictive (PLP) cepstral coefficients. In chapter 13 we present our extraction methods in DANSR and how they use window techniques And discrete cosine transform (DCT-IV) as well as their inverses. 4) The fourth part considers classification and the ultimate speech recognition. Here we use the hidden Markov model (HMM) for describing the speech process and the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) for the acoustic modelling. For the recognition we use forward algorithm, the Viterbi search and the Baum-Welch algorithm. We also draw the connection to dynamic time warping (DTW). In the rest we show experimental results and conclusions.

Moderne Mobilfunksysteme, die nach dem zellularen Konzept arbeiten, sind interferenzbegrenzte Systeme. Ein wesentliches Ziel beim Entwurf zukünftiger Mobilfunkkonzepte ist daher die Reduktion der auftretenden Interferenz. Nur so läßt sich die spektrale Effizienz künftiger Mobilfunksysteme noch signifikant gegenüber dem Stand der Technik steigern. Die Elimination der Intrazellinterferenz, das heißt der auftretenden Wechselwirkungen zwischen Signalen mehrerer von der gleichen Zelle bedienter Teilnehmer, durch gemeinsame Detektion (engl. Joint Detection, JD) ist bereits ein wesentliches Merkmal des Luftschnittstellenkonzepts TD-CDMA. Ein bislang noch weitgehend unbeachtetes Potential zum Steigern von spektraler Effizienz und Kapazität hingegen ist die Reduktion der Interzellinterferenz, das heißt der durch Teilnehmer verschiedener Zellen wechselseitig verursachten Interferenz. Insbesondere in Systemen mit niedrigen Clustergrößen verspricht eine Reduktion der in diesem Fall sehr starken Interzellinterferenz erhebliche Gewinne. Die Interzellinterferenzreduktion ist daher der logische nächste Schritt nach der Intrazellinterferenzreduktion. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zum Entwickeln gewinnbringender Verfahren zur Reduktion der Interzellinterferenz in zukünftigen Mobilfunksystemen durch entsprechende Berücksichtigung und Elimination des Einflusses der Interzellinterferenzsignale in der empfängerseitigen Signalverarbeitung. Ziel ist eine verbesserte Schätzung der übertragenen Teilnehmerdaten zu erhalten, dazu werden Signale von Interzellinterferenzquellen beim Datenschätzen berücksichtigt. Die dabei benötigten Informationen werden mit den ebenfalls erläuterten Verfahren zur Identifikation und Selektion starker Interzellinterferenzquellen sowie einer gegenüber dem bisherigen Systementwurf erweiterten Kanalschätzung gewonnen. Es wird gezeigt, daß sich mit einem aufwandsgünstigen Detektor die relevanten Interzellinterferenzquellen zuverlässig identifizieren lassen. Mit einem auf kurze Mobilfunkkanäle, die in Hotspots vermehrt zu erwarten sind, optimierten Kanalschätzverfahren werden die aktuellen Mobilfunkkanalimpulsantworten für alle relevanten Teilnehmer bestimmt. Um die Datenschätzung für viele Teilnehmer durchführen zu können, wird das Schätzverfahren Multi-Step Joint Detection entworfen, das die von der herkömmlichen gemeinsamen Detektion bekannte SNR-Degradation verringert. Die Simulationsergebnisse zeigen die Leistungsfähigkeit des entworfenen Systemkonzeptes. Die Interzellinterferenzreduktionsverfahren können sowohl zum Erhöhen der spektralen Effizienz des Systems, als auch zu einer Verbesserung der Dienstgüte bei gleichbleibender spektraler Effizienz gewinnbringend eingesetzt werden.

Seit Aufkommen der Halbleiter-Technologie existiert ein Trend zur Miniaturisierung elektronischer Systeme. Dies, steigende Anforderungen sowie die zunehmende Integration verschiedener Sensoren zur Interaktion mit der Umgebung lassen solche eingebetteten Systeme, wie sie zum Beispiel in mobilen Geräten oder Fahrzeugen vorkommen, zunehmend komplexer werden. Die Folgen sind ein Anstieg der Entwicklungszeit und ein immer höherer Bauteileaufwand, bei gleichzeitig geforderter Reduktion von Größe und Energiebedarf. Insbesondere der Entwurf von Multi-Sensor-Systemen verlangt für jeden verwendeten Sensortyp jeweils gesondert nach einer spezifischen Sensorelektronik und steht damit den Forderungen nach Miniaturisierung und geringem Leistungsverbrauch entgegen. In dieser Forschungsarbeit wird das oben beschriebene Problem aufgegriffen und die Entwicklung eines universellen Sensor-Interfaces für eben solche Multi-Sensor-Systeme erörtert. Als ein einzelner integrierter Baustein kann dieses Interface bis zu neun verschiedenen Sensoren unterschiedlichen Typs als Sensorelektronik dienen. Die aufnehmbaren Messgrößen umfassen: Spannung, Strom, Widerstand, Kapazität, Induktivität und Impedanz. Durch dynamische Rekonfigurierbarkeit und applikationsspezifische Programmierung wird eine variable Konfiguration entsprechend der jeweiligen Anforderungen ermöglicht. Sowohl der Entwicklungs- als auch der Bauteileaufwand können dank dieser Schnittstelle, die zudem einen Energiesparmodus beinhaltet, erheblich reduziert werden. Die flexible Struktur ermöglicht den Aufbau intelligenter Systeme mit sogenannten Self-x Charakteristiken. Diese betreffen Fähigkeiten zur eigenständigen Systemüberwachung, Kalibrierung oder Reparatur und tragen damit zu einer erhöhten Robustheit und Fehlertoleranz bei. Als weitere Innovation enthält das universelle Interface neuartige Schaltungs- und Sensorkonzepte, beispielsweise zur Messung der Chip-Temperatur oder Kompensation thermischer Einflüsse auf die Sensorik. Zwei unterschiedliche Anwendungen demonstrieren die Funktionalität der hergestellten Prototypen. Die realisierten Applikationen haben die Lebensmittelanalyse sowie die dreidimensionale magnetische Lokalisierung zum Gegenstand.

Ausgehend von den Batterien nach dem Stand der Technik werden die Einflüsse auf diese untersucht. Es stellt sich heraus, dass vor allem Batterien für den Einsatz in der Traktion und in stationären Anlagen nur mit nicht zu vernachlässigenden Toleranzen gefertigt werden können. Dazu kommt der Einfluss durch den Betrieb, der in Verbindung mit der Fertigungstoleranz und der Lagerbeanspruchung eine Überwachung der Batterie mit einem elektronischen Überwachungs- und Steuergerät, einem sogenannten Batteriemanagementsystem, zwingend notwendig macht. Nur damit kann die aktuelle Qualität einer Batterie erhalten oder verbessert werden. Es folgt eine Klassifizierung von Batteriemanagementsystemen, die ihrerseits in elektrisches Batteriemanagement, thermisches Batteriemanagement und Ladeausgleich aufgeteilt werden. Für diese drei Teileinheiten werden jeweils eine Reihe von Topologien definiert. Das Batteriemanagementsystem mit verteilten Datenerfassungseinheiten und Energiezuführung für den Ladeausgleich wird als Beispiel für eine Geräteentwicklung detailliert beschrieben. Grundlegend für Batteriemanagementsysteme sind deren Algorithmen. Nach der Definition der elektrischen und thermischen Betriebsbereiche verschiedener Batterien werden typische Algorithmen für den Lade- und Entladebetrieb vorgestellt. Weiter werden Verfahren zur Bestimmung des aktuellen Ladezustandes einer Batterie diskutiert. Im Falle eines Betriebes in einem Inselnetz geht in die aktuelle Qualität einer Batterie auch der Isolationswiderstand mit ein. Näher beschrieben wird ein Gerät zur Messung des Isolationswiderstandes. Das Batteriemanagement fordert eine hohe Genauigkeit bei der Datenerfassung. Es werden typische Datenerfassungseinheiten und Sensoren auf ihre Fehlerquellen und die daraus resultierenden Toleranzen untersucht. Weiter werden Kalibrierungsmöglichkeiten diskutiert. Ein weiterer Punkt ist der Test von Batteriemanagementsystemen. Ein Test mit einer realen Batterie nimmt eine längere Zeit in Anspruch. Außerdem besteht dabei die Gefahr einer Schädigung der Batterie. Es wird ein rechnergestütztes System zum Test des elektrischen Batteriemanagements vorgestellt. Abschließend werden integrierte Batteriemanagementsysteme, die im Gerätebereich Anwendung finden, klassifiziert. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese integrierten Lösungen als Ersatz für Datenerfassungseinheiten bei Batterien im Traktions- und Stationärbetrieb eingesetzt werden können. Insgesamt wird nachgewiesen, dass elektronische Überwachungs- und Steuergeräte unabhängig vom Batterietyp und der Einsatzart zum Erhalt oder zur Verbesserung der aktuellen Qualität von Batterien nicht nur sinnvoll sondern für neuere Batterietechnologien unbedingt notwendig sind.

In heutigen Mobilfunksystemen wird ausschließlich senderorientierte Funkkommunikation eingesetzt. Bei senderorientierter Funkkommunikation beginnt der Systementwurf mit dem Sender. Dies bedeutet, daß man a priori die senderseitig verwendeten Algorithmen der Sendesignalerzeugung auswählt und in Abhängigkeit davon a posteriori den im Empfänger zum Datenschätzen verwendeten Algorithmus gegebenenfalls unter Einbeziehen von Kanalzustandsinformation festlegt. Dies ist nötig, um beispielsweise einen möglichst großen Anteil der senderseitig investierten Energie empfängerseitig auszunutzen, das heißt energieeffizient zu sein, und dabei gleichzeitig das Entstehen schädlicher Interferenzsignale zu vermeiden oder zu begrenzen. Im Falle der Senderorientierung kann man senderseitig sehr einfache Algorithmen wählen und implementieren, wobei dieser Vorteil typischerweise durch eine ungleich höher Implementierungskomplexität der a posteriori festzulegenden empfängerseitigen Algorithmen aufgewogen werden muß. Betrachtet man die wirtschaftlich bedeutenden zellularen Mobilfunksysteme, so ist eine derartige Funkkommunikation in der Aufwärtsstrecke vorteilhaft, denn in der Aufwärtsstrecke sind die Endgeräte der mobilen Teilnehmer, die Mobilstationen, die einfachen Sender, wohingegen die ortsfesten Basisstationen die Empfänger sind - und dort kann typischerweise eine größere Komplexität in Kauf genommen werden. In der Abwärtsstrecke derartiger Mobilfunksysteme hingegen, sind die Basisstationen die einfachen Sender, wohingegen die Mobilstationen die aufwendigen Empfänger sind. Dies ist nicht vorteilhaft, da in praktischen Mobilfunksystemen Gewicht, Volumen, Energieverbrauch und Kosten der Endgerätehardware und damit der Mobilstationen mit der Implementierungskomplexität steigen. Wie der Verfasser in der vorliegenden Schrift vorschlägt, läßt sich dieses Problem jedoch umgehen, denn die Funkkommunikation in Mobilfunksystemen kann auch in neuartiger Weise empfängerorientiert gestaltet werden. Empfängerorientierte Funkkommunikation ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Systementwurf auf der Empfängerseite beginnt. In diesem Fall werden die empfängerseitig verwendeten Algorithmen des Datenschätzens a priori festgelegt, und die senderseitig einzusetzenden Algorithmen der Sendesignalerzeugung ergeben sich dann daraus a posteriori durch Adaption wiederum gegebenenfalls unter Einbeziehen von Kanalzustandsinformation. Durch Empfängerorientierung kann man empfängerseitig sehr einfache Algorithmen wählen und implementieren, muß dafür jedoch eine höhere Implementierungskomplexität auf der Senderseite tolerieren. Angesichts der erwähnten Komplexitätscharakteristika von Sender- beziehungsweise Empfängerorientierung schlägt der Verfasser daher für künftige Mobilfunksysteme vor, Empfängerorientierung in der Abwärtsstrecke und Senderorientierung in der Aufwärtsstrecke einzusetzen. Dies ist insbesondere deshalb vorteilhaft, da Empfängerorientierung in der Abwärtsstrecke neben anderen noch die folgenden weiteren Vorteile gegenüber herkömmlicher Senderorientierung aufweist: 1) Die Leistung der von den Basisstationen abgestrahlten Signale kann reduziert werden. Dies erlaubt performanzhemmende systeminherente Störeinflüsse, die als Interzellinterferenz bezeichnet werden, zu reduzieren und ist im übrigen auch wünschenswert im Hinblick auf die zunehmende Elektrophobie der Bevölkerung. 2) Kanalzustandsinformation wird empfängerseitig nicht benötigt, so daß auf das Senden resourcenbindender Trainingssignale verzichtet und anstelle dessen das Sende von Nutzdaten ermöglicht werden kann. 3) Empfängerseitig ist kein Kanalschätzer vorzusehen, was des weiteren der Implementierungskomplexität des Empfängers zu gute kommt. Mobilfunksysteme lassen sich demzufolge durch Einsetzen des Grundkonzepts der Empfängerorientierung maßgeblich aufwerten. Dieses ist eine klare Motivation die Grundzüge, das Potential und die Ausgestaltungen dieses Grundkonzepts in der Mobilkommunikation in dieser Schrift eingehend zu studieren. Zur Klärung dieser Punkte im Kontext von Mobilkommunikation ist es entscheidend, die Frage der Wahl der Empfänger und die der Adaption der Sender zu beantworten. Die Frage nach der Adaption der Sender ist dabei gleichbedeutend mit der Frage nach der im allgemeinen auf Basis aller Daten erfolgenden gemeinsamen Sendesignalerzeugung. Nach der Einführung eines geeigneten allgemeinen Modells der Abwärtsstreckenübertragung eines zellularen Mobilfunksystems, das auch erst in jüngster Vergangenheit vorgeschlagene Mehrantennenkonfigurationen an den Basisstationen und Mobilstationen einschließt, wird hinsichtlich der A-priori-Wahl der Empfänger herausgestellt, daß, im Hinblick auf die bereits oben angesprochene möglichst geringe Implementierungskomplexität die Ausgestaltung der empfängerseitigen Signalverarbeitung als serielle Verkettung einer linearen Signalverarbeitung und eines nichtlinearen Quantisierers vorteilhaft ist. Die Prinzipien, die bei der Wahl sowohl der linearen Signalverarbeitung als auch des nichtlinearen Quantisierer gelten, werden im folgenden herausgearbeitet. Als Ergebnis dieser Betrachtungen stellt sich heraus, daß ein Gestalten der empfängerseitigen linearen Signalverarbeitung gemäß Codemultiplex hinsichtlich der ausnutzbaren Frequenz-, Zeit- und Raumdiversität vorteilhaft ist, jedoch leistungsfähige Verfahren der gemeinsamen Sendesignalerzeugung voraussetzt, die die Entstehung schädlicher Interferenzsignale verhindern. Des weiteren wird klar, daß sich die nichtlinearen Quantisierer sinnvollerweise in die Klasse der konventionellen und die der unkonventionellen Quantisierer unterteilen lassen; gleiches gilt für die diese Quantisierer verwendenden Empfänger. Konventionelle Quantisierer basieren auf einfach zusammenhängenden Entscheidungsgebieten, wobei jedes Entscheidungsgebiet eindeutig einer möglichen Ausprägung eines übertragenen Nachrichtenelements zugeordnet ist. Demgegenüber weisen unkonventionelle Quantisierer mehrfach zusammenhängende Entscheidungsgebiete auf, die sich jeweils aus mehreren Teilentscheidungsgebieten zusammensetzen. Das Vorhandensein mehrerer Teilentscheidungsgebiete pro Entscheidungsgebiet und damit pro Ausprägung eines übertragenen Nachrichtenelements stellt einen bei unkonventionellen Quantisierern verfügbaren zusätzlichen Freiheitsgrad dar, der bei der gemeinsamen Sendesignalerzeugung vorteilhaft genutzt werden kann, um die angesprochene Leistung der von den Basisstationen abgestrahlten Signale zu reduzieren. Ein Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Schrift ist das Studium von Verfahren der gemeinsamen Sendesignalerzeugung. Diese werden daher systematisch gegliedert und erarbeitet. Es stellt sich heraus, daß Verfahren der gemeinsamen Sendesignalerzeugung prinzipiell unterteilt werden können in solche Verfahren für konventionelle Empfänger und solche für unkonventionelle Empfänger. Hinsichtlich Verfahren der erstgenannten Art wird herausgearbeitet, wie eine optimale gemeinsame Sendesignalerzeugung zu erfolgen hat, die unter gewissen Nebenbedingungen eine optimale Übertragungsqualität im Sinne minimaler Übertragungsfehlerwahrscheinlichkeit erzielt. Eine derartige gemeinsame Sendesignalerzeugung ist im allgemeinen recht aufwendig, so daß im Folgeverlauf die suboptimalen linearen Verfahren der gemeinsamen Sendesignalerzeugung Transmit Matched Filter (TxMF), Transmit Zero-Forcing (TxZF) und Transmit Minimum-Mean-Square-Error (TxMMSE) vorgeschlagen werden, die jeweils einen mehr oder weniger guten Kompromiß zwischen Implementierungskomplexität, Interferenzunterdrückung und Robustheit hinsichtlich Rauschens aufweisen. Der Verfasser schlägt vor, die Leistungsfähigkeit derartiger suboptimaler Verfahren unter anderem durch die bei gegebener Zeitdauer abgestrahlte totale Energie der Sendesignale, die totale Sendeenergie, - denn diese ist nicht nur im technischen, sondern auch im gesellschaftlichen Sinn ein wichtiger Aspekt, - und das Kriterium der Sendeeffizienz zu bewerten. Sendeeffizienz beurteilt das Zusammenspiel aus Interferenzunterdrückung einerseits und energieeffizienter Übertragung andererseits. Es stellt sich durch analytische und numerische Betrachtungen heraus, daß beide Größen vorrangig von zwei Einflußfaktoren bestimmt werden: der Anzahl der Freiheitsgrade bei der gemeinsamen Sendesignalerzeugung - und das ist die Anzahl der zu bestimmenden Abtastwerte aller Sendesignale - und der Anzahl der dabei einzuhaltenden Restriktionen. Da die Anzahl der Restriktionen bei der Forderung einer möglichst geringen wechselseitigen Interferenz nicht beeinflußbar ist, schlägt der Verfasser daher zum Erhöhen der Leistungsfähigkeit der empfängerorientierten Funkkommunikation vor, die Anzahl der Freiheitsgrade zu erhöhen, was sich vorzugsweise durch Verfolgen des Prinzips der unkonventionellen Empfänger umsetzen läßt. Es wird gezeigt, wie unter gewissen Nebenbedingungen eine hinsichtlich der Übertragungsfehlerwahrscheinlichkeiten optimale gemeinsame Sendesignalerzeugung prinzipiell erfolgen muß, und welche erheblichen Performanzgewinne im Sinne der totalen Sendeenergie und der Sendeeffizienz möglich werden. Diese optimale Vorgehensweise ist sehr aufwendig, so daß darüber hinaus aufwandsgünstige suboptimale hochperformante Alternativen der gemeinsamen Sendesignalerzeugung für unkonventionelle Empfänger vorgeschlagen und betrachtet werden. Die gemeinsame Sendesignalerzeugung setzt senderseitiges Vorliegen von Kanalzustandsinformation voraus. Daher werden die prinzipiellen Möglichkeiten des zur Verfügung Stellens dieser Information behandelt, wobei dabei das Bereitstellen dieser Information auf Basis gegebenenfalls vorliegender Kanalreziprozität im Falle von Duplexübertragung favorisiert wird. Dabei wird die in der Aufwärtsstrecke gewonnene Kanalzustandsinformation zur gemeinsamen Sendesignalerzeugung in der Abwärtsstrecke genutzt. Ist die dabei genutzte Kanalzustandsinformation nicht exakt, so hat dieses prinzipiell eine Degradation der Leistungsfähigkeit der empfängerorientierten Funkkommunikation zur Folge. Analytische und/oder numerische Betrachtungen erlauben, die Degradation zu quantifizieren. Es stellt sich heraus, daß diese Degradation vergleichbar mit der von konventionellen senderorientierten Funkkommunikationssystemen bekannten ist. Eine Betrachtung möglicher Weiterentwicklungen des Grundprinzips der Empfängerorientierung komplettieren die in dieser Schrift angestellten Betrachtungen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Schrift belegen, daß Empfängerorientierung ein interessanter Kandidat für die Organisation der Abwärtsstreckenübertragung künftiger Mobilfunksysteme ist. Darüber hinaus wird klar, welche grundsätzlichen Prinzipien und Effekte bei der empfängerorientierten Funkkommunikation wirksam sind und durch welche Vorgehensweisen bei der Gestaltung derartiger Funkkommunikation die Einflüsse der verschiedenen Effekte gegeneinander ausbalanciert werden können. Für den Systemdesigner morgiger Mobilfunksysteme steht mit dieser Schrift daher ein wertvolles Nachschlagewerk zur Verfügung, daß dabei unterstützt, die genannten prinzipiellen Vorteile von Empfängerorientierung in Funktechnologien der Praxis umzumünzen.

In this paper, we show the feasibility of low supply voltage for SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) by adding error correction coding (ECC). In SRAM, the memory matrix needs to be powered for data retentive standby operation, resulting in standby leakage current. Particularly for low duty- cycle systems, the energy consumed due to standby leakage current can become significant. Lowering the supply voltage (VDD) during standby mode to below the specified data retention voltage (DRV) helps decrease the leakage current. At these VDD levels errors start to appear, which we can remedy by adding ECC. We show in this paper that addition of a simple single error correcting (SEC) ECC enables us to decrease the leakage current by 45% and leakage power by 72%. We verify this on a large set of commercially available standard 40nm SRAMs.

Die typische Aufgabe eines Nahbereichsradarnetzes ist es, Fahrzeuge in einem definierten Überwachungsbereich, beispielsweise dem Rollfeld eines Flughafens, zu detektieren, zu orten und ihre Spur zu verfolgen. Wegen der stark unterschiedlichen Radarrückstreuquerschnitte der Radarziele sind die Anforderungen an den verfügbaren Dynamikbereich der einzelnen eingesetzten Radarempfänger sehr hoch. Bei niedriger Radarsignalleistung ist daher die Verwendung eines Impulskompressionsverfahrens notwendig. Beim Nahbereichsnetz NRN, im Rahmen dessen Entwicklung auch die vorliegende Arbeit entstand, wird zudem ein neuartiges Ortungsprinzip eingesetzt, weshalb die Radarstationen mit feststehenden, d. h. nicht-rotierenden Antennen mit breiter Antennencharakteristik ausgestattet werden können. Radarsignale setzen sich aus den Echosignalen von den Radarsendeimpuls reflektierenden Objekten, sowie dem Rauschen zusammen. Bei den reflektierenden Objekten handelt es nicht nur um die interessierenden Radarziele, d. h. die zu detektierenden Fahrzeuge. Wegen der Bodennähe, in der ein Nahbereichsradarnetz betrieben wird, sowie der zumindest beim NRN breiten Antennencharakteristiken erfaßt der Radastrahl eine Vielzahl weiterer Radarreflektoren, deren Echosignal, Cluttersignal genannt, das eigentliche Nutzsignalüberlagert. Darüberhinaus verursacht der Einsatz eines Impulskompressionsverfahrens i. a. eine künstliche störende Signalkomponente, die sogenannten Impulskompressionsnebenmaxima, die auch Eigenclutter genannt werden. Durch den Einsatz eines erwartungstreuen Impulskompressionsverfahrens beim NRN wird theoretisch keine Eigenclutterkomponente erzeugt. Es existieren jedoch Effekte, die die Eigenclutterfreiheit zerstören. Diese werden im ersten Teil der Arbeit untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, wie die Eigenclutterfreiheit wiederhergestellt werden kann. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird das Cluttersignal von reflektierenden Objekten anhand von mit dem NRN gemessenen Signalzeitreihen analysiert. Ein Modell zur Beschreibung des Cluttersignals wird entwickelt. Mit den Methoden der Detektionstheorie wird ein optimales Filter- und Detektionsverfahren für ein vollständig unbekanntes Nutzsignal in einem durch dieses Modell beschreibbaren Störsignal abgeleitet. Um dieses Verfahren einzusetzen, ist die Kenntnis der Modellparameter erforderlich. Prinzipiell existieren verschiedene Methoden, die sich im Laufe der Zeit verändernden Modellparameter zu schätzen. Das Filter- und Detektionsverfahren kann dann stetig an die aktuellen Schätzungen der Parameter des Cluttersignalmodells adaptiert werden. Die Schätzung liefert jedoch im Falle des Vorhandenseins von Nutzsignalkomponenten verfälschte Parameterwerte. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene Methoden zur Adaptionskontrolle vorgeschlagen, die den Einfluß dieser verfälschten Parameterschätzungen auf die Nutzsignaldetektion minimieren. Damit existiert ein Algorithmus, der adaptiv aus dem Echosignal cluttersignalbeschreibende Parameter bestimmt, die ihrerseits von einem Filter- und Detektionsalgorithmus verwendet werden, um ein eventuell im Echosignal vorhandenes Nutzsignal optimal zu detektieren. Anhand von Radarechosignalen, die mit dem NRN bei Meßkampagnen aufgezeichnet wurden, sowie anhand von Simulationen wurde schließlich die Leistungsfähigkeit des entwickelten adaptiven Filter- und Detektionsverfahrens mit Adaptionskontrolle beim Einsatz in einem Nahbereichsradarnetz gezeigt.

The objective of this thesis consists in developing systematic event-triggered control designs for specified event generators, which is an important alternative to the traditional periodic sampling control. Sporadic sampling inherently arising in event-triggered control is determined by the event-triggering conditions. This feature invokes the desire of finding new control theory as the traditional sampled-data theory in computer control. Developing controller coupling with the applied event-triggering condition to maximize the control performance is the essence for event-triggered control design. In the design the stability of the control system needs to be ensured with the first priority. Concerning variant control aims they should be clearly incorporated in the design procedures. Considering applications in embedded control systems efficient implementation requires a low complexity of embedded software architectures. The thesis targets at offering such a design to further complete the theory of event-triggered control designs.

In DS-CDMA, spreading sequences are allocated to users to separate different links namely, the base-station to user in the downlink or the user to base station in the uplink. These sequences are designed for optimum periodic correlation properties. Sequences with good periodic auto-correlation properties help in frame synchronisation at the receiver while sequences with good periodic cross- correlation property reduce cross-talk among users and hence reduce the interference among them. In addition, they are designed to have reduced implementation complexity so that they are easy to generate. In current systems, spreading sequences are allocated to users irrespective of their channel condition. In this thesis, the method of allocating spreading sequences based on users’ channel condition is investigated in order to improve the performance of the downlink. Different methods of dynamically allocating the sequences are investigated including; optimum allocation through a simulation model, fast sub-optimum allocation through a mathematical model, and a proof-of-concept model using real-world channel measurements. Each model is evaluated to validate, improvements in the gain achieved per link, computational complexity of the allocation scheme, and its impact on the capacity of the network. In cryptography, secret keys are used to ensure confidentiality of communication between the legitimate nodes of a network. In a wireless ad-hoc network, the broadcast nature of the channel necessitates robust key management systems for secure functioning of the network. Physical layer security is a novel method of profitably utilising the random and reciprocal variations of the wireless channel to extract secret key. By measuring the characteristics of the wireless channel within its coherence time, reciprocal variations of the channel can be observed between a pair of nodes. Using these reciprocal characteristics of common shared secret key is extracted between a pair of the nodes. The process of key extraction consists of four steps namely; channel measurement, quantisation, information reconciliation, and privacy amplification. The reciprocal channel variations are measured and quantised to obtain a preliminary key of vector bits (0; 1). Due to errors in measurement, quantisation, and additive Gaussian noise, disagreement in the bits of preliminary keys exists. These errors are corrected by using, error detection and correction methods to obtain a synchronised key at both the nodes. Further, by the method of secure hashing, the entropy of the key is enhanced in the privacy amplification stage. The efficiency of the key generation process depends on the method of channel measurement and quantisation. Instead of quantising the channel measurements directly, if their reciprocity is enhanced and then quantised appropriately, the key generation process can be made efficient and fast. In this thesis, four methods of enhancing reciprocity are presented namely; l1-norm minimisation, Hierarchical clustering, Kalman filtering, and Polynomial regression. They are appropriately quantised by binary and adaptive quantisation. Then, the entire process of key generation, from measuring the channel profile to obtaining a secure key is validated by using real-world channel measurements. The performance evaluation is done by comparing their performance in terms of bit disagreement rate, key generation rate, test of randomness, robustness test, and eavesdropper test. An architecture, KeyBunch, for effectively deploying the physical layer security in mobile and vehicular ad-hoc networks is also proposed. Finally, as an use-case, KeyBunch is deployed in a secure vehicular communication architecture, to highlight the advantages offered by physical layer security.

In current practices of system-on-chip (SoC) design a trend can be observed to integrate more and more low-level software components into the system hardware at different levels of granularity. The implementation of important control functions and communication structures is frequently shifted from the SoC’s hardware into its firmware. As a result, the tight coupling of hardware and software at a low level of granularity raises substantial verification challenges since the conventional practice of verifying hardware and software independently is no longer sufficient. This calls for new methods for verification based on a joint analysis of hardware and software. This thesis proposes hardware-dependent models of low-level software for performing formal verification. The proposed models are conceived to represent the software integrated with its hardware environment according to the current SoC design practices. Two hardware/software integration scenarios are addressed in this thesis, namely, speed-independent communication of the processor with its hardware periphery and cycle-accurate integration of firmware into an SoC module. For speed-independent hardware/software integration an approach for equivalence checking of hardware-dependent software is proposed and an evaluated. For the case of cycle-accurate hardware/software integration, a model for hardware/software co-verification has been developed and experimentally evaluated by applying it to property checking.

While the computing industry has shifted from single-core to multi-core processors for performance gain, safety-critical systems (SCSs) still require solutions that enable their transition while guaranteeing safety, requiring no source-code modifications and substantially reducing re-development and re-certification costs, especially for legacy applications that are typically substantial. This dissertation considers the problem of worst-case execution time (WCET) analysis under contentions when deadline-constrained tasks in independent partitioned task set execute on a homogeneous multi-core processor with dynamic time-triggered shared memory bandwidth partitioning in SCSs. Memory bandwidth in multi-core processors is shared across cores and is a significant cause of performance bottleneck and temporal variability of multiple-orders in task’s execution times due to contentions in memory sub-system. Further, the circular dependency is not only between WCET and CPU scheduling of others cores, but also between WCET and memory bandwidth assignments over time to cores. Thus, there is need of solutions that allow tailoring memory bandwidth assignments to workloads over time and computing safe WCET. It is pragmatically infeasible to obtain WCET estimates from static WCET analysis tools for multi-core processors due to the sheer computational complexity involved. We use synchronized periodic memory servers on all cores that regulate each core’s maximum memory bandwidth based on allocated bandwidth over time. First, we present a workload schedulability test for known even-memory-bandwidth-assignment-to-active-cores over time, where the number of active cores represents the cores with non-zero memory bandwidth assignment. Its computational complexity is similar to merge-sort. Second, we demonstrate using a real avionics certified safety-critical application how our method’s use can preserve an existing application’s single-core CPU schedule under contentions on a multi-core processor. It enables incremental certification using composability and requires no-source code modification. Next, we provide a general framework to perform WCET analysis under dynamic memory bandwidth partitioning when changes in memory bandwidth to cores assignment are time-triggered and known. It provides a stall maximization algorithm that has a complexity similar to a concave optimization problem and efficiently implements the WCET analysis. Last, we demonstrate dynamic memory assignments and WCET analysis using our method significantly improves schedulability compared to the stateof-the-art using an Integrated Modular Avionics scenario.

Nach einer Einführung in die zur Erfassung inkorporaler Meßgrößen und zur Meßdatenübertragung verwendeten Verfahren wird in dieser Arbeit ein Konzept vorgestellt, das die Entwicklung implantierbarer Meßsysteme in den ersten Entwurfsphasen unterstützt. Im Anschluß wird die mit dem Konzept durchgeführte Entwicklung eines multisensorischen Meß- und Überwachungssystems beschrieben. Zur Ableitung des Entwurfskonzepts werden die an implantierbare Meßsysteme gestellten Anforderungen analysiert. Dabei findet eine Unterteilung in klassenspezifische und applikationsspezifische Anforderungen statt. Aus den klassenspezifischen Anforderungen dieser Aufstellung wird ein für die hier untersuchten Meßsysteme allgemein gültiges, in Funktionsblöcke und Funktionsgruppen untergliedertes, Strukturmodell erstellt. Zum Entwurf der untereinander in Verbindung stehenden Komponenten dieses Strukturmodells wird eine Reihenfolge vorgegeben, die vorhandene Abhängigkeiten zwischen den Funktionseinheiten berücksichtigt. Anschließend werden in der Entwurfsreihenfolge und unter Berücksichtigung der applikationsspezifischen Anforderungen die einzelnen Funktionsblöcke im Detail spezifiziert und für jeden der Funktionsblöcke eine Anforderungsliste erstellt. Unter Verwendung der Anforderungslisten werden die Funktionsgruppen bestimmt. Eine dieser Funktionsgruppen ist die drahtlose Energieversorgung. Zu deren Entwurf wird ein Verfahren vorgestellt, mit dem induktive Übertragungsstrecken berechnet werden können. Mit der Verwendung des beschriebenen Konzepts wird der Entwickler eines implantierbaren Meßsystems insbesondere in der Systemspezifikation und der Systempartitionierung unterstützt. Der aufgestellte Anforderungskatalog erleichtert ihm die Spezifikation des Meßsystems. Zu jedem der Funktionsblöcke des allgemein geltenden Strukturmodells erhält der Entwickler eine applikationsabhängige Detailspezifikation, die ihm die Bestimmung der zum Aufbau der Funktionsblöcke erforderlichen Funktionsgruppen ermöglicht. So entsteht eine detaillierte Aufbaustruktur des zu entwerfenden Meßsystems, in der alle an das System gestellten Anforderungen berücksichtigt sind. Damit steht eine fundierte Ausgangsbasis zur Entwicklung der Funktionsgruppen zur Verfügung. Das Verfahren zum Entwurf induktiver Energieübertragungsstrecken unterstützt die Entwicklung drahtlos gespeister Meßsysteme. Der Entwurf der restlichen Funktionsgruppen wird mit bereits etablierten Methoden und Werkzeugen durchgeführt. Die Verifikation des gesamten Meßsystems erfolgt mit einem aus den Funktionsgruppen aufgebauten Prototypen. Unter Verwendung des Entwurfskonzepts wurde ein implantierbares Meßsystem für eine neue Osteosyntheseplatte entwickelt, die zur Versorgung von Knochenfrakturen verwendet wird. Die Platte verfügt über besondere mechanische Eigenschaften, die eine verbesserte Frakturheilung versprechen. Zur Beobachtung der Knochenheilung werden bislang Röntgenaufnahmen eingesetzt. Das in die neue Osteosyntheseplatte integrierte Meßsystem hingegen ermöglicht die Erfassung mehrerer Meßwerte direkt am Knochen. Damit ergibt sich eine erheblich verbesserte Diagnostik ohne Strahlenbelastung des Patienten. Neben der Erforschung des Verbundes Knochen-Implantat erlauben die verbesserten Diagnosemöglichkeiten die Einleitung gezielterer Rehabilitations-Maßnahmen. In Verbindung mit der verbesserten Frakturheilung sollen so optimale Behandlungsergebnisse erzielt und die Behandlungszeiten verkürzt werden.

Eine signifikante Steigerung der Leistungsfähigkeit von Mobilfunksystemen und die damit verbundene Erhöhung des mit begrenzten Frequenzspektrumsressourcen erzielbaren ökonomischen Gewinns erfordert eine Interferenzreduktion. Da der von einem empfangenen Interferenzsignal erzeugte Störeffekt sowohl von der Leistung des Interferenzsignals als auch von der Struktur des Interferenzsignals im Vergleich zur Struktur des Nutzsignals abhängt, ergeben sich zwei prinzipielle Ansätze zur Reduktion der Interferenz. Bei den Interferenzreduktionsverfahren auf der Systemebene wird die Leistung der empfangenen Interferenzsignale zum Beispiel durch geschickte Regelung der Sendeleistungen oder durch Einstellen der Richtcharakteristiken von Antennen reduziert. Interferenzreduktionsverfahren auf der Systemebene sind relativ einfach realisierbar und können bereits in heutigen Mobilfunksystemen erfolgreich eingesetzt werden. Interferenzreduktionsverfahren auf der Verbindungsebene zielen auf eine vorteilhafte Beeinflussung oder Berücksichtigung der Signalstrukturen. Ausgehend von allgemeingültigen Eigenschaften des Mobilfunkkanals wie Linearität kann man Signalstrukturen finden, die a priori zu wenig oder sogar keiner schädlichen Interferenz führen. Solche einfachste, vom aktuellen Zustand des Mobilfunkkanals unabhängigen Interferenzreduktionsverfahren auf der Verbindungsebene sind beispielsweise die Vielfachzugriffsverfahren, die in jedem Mobilfunksystem eingesetzt werden. In letzter Zeit werden auch vermehrt Interferenzreduktionsverfahren auf der Verbindungsebene untersucht, die die Kenntnis des aktuellen Kanalzustands ausnutzen. Solche Interferenzreduktionsverfahren erfordern komplizierte Berechnungen in Sender oder Empfänger, in die die einzelnen Signalabtastwerte und die schnell zeitvarianten Kanalimpulsantworten eingehen. Der daraus resultierende hohe Rechenaufwand verhinderte bis vor kurzem eine Realisierung in kommerziellen Produkten. Interferenzreduktionsverfahren auf der Verbindungsebene kann man in senderseitige Verfahren und empfängerseitige Verfahren unterteilen. Die senderseitigen Verfahren versuchen, durch geschickte Gestaltung der Sendesignale schädliche Interferenzen zu vermeiden. Ein Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Schrift ist das Untersuchen empfängerseitiger Interferenzreduktionsverfahren auf der Verbindungsebene. Hier interessiert neben der gemeinsamen Kanalschätzung insbesondere die gemeinsame Datenschätzung. Ein wesentliches Problem bei der empfängerseitigen Interferenzreduktion auf der Verbindungsebene ist die erhöhte Anzahl zu berücksichtigender Mobilstationen bei der gemeinsamen Datenschätzung. Im Vergleich zu Empfängern ohne Interferenzreduktion müssen mehr Daten aus einer unveränderten Anzahl an verfügbaren Empfangswerten geschätzt werden, was zu einem verminderten Mehrteilnehmercodierungsgewinn des Datenschätzers führt. Verfahren der gemeinsamen Datenschätzung können nur dann gewinnbringend eingesetzt werden, wenn der negative Effekt des verminderten Mehrteilnehmercodierungsgewinns durch den positiven Effekt der reduzierten Interferenz mindestens kompensiert wird. Diese Forderung ist bei der Interzellinterferenzreduktion besonders kritisch, da die einzelnen Interzellinterferer häufig nur mit geringer Leistung empfangen werden, das heißt der positive Effekt der reduzierten Interferenz bei Berücksichtigen eines Interzellinterferers relativ gering ausfällt. Eine Voraussetzung zur erfolgreichen Interferenzreduktion und insbesondere zur Interzellinterferenzreduktion sind folglich Datenschätzer mit hohem Mehrteilnehmercodierungsgewinn. Die bekannten linearen gemeinsamen Datenschätzer wie der Zero-Forcing-Schätzer können diese Forderung nach hohem Mehrteilnehmercodierungsgewinn bei größeren Anzahlen gemeinsam detektierter Mobilstationen nicht erfüllen. Ein mögliche Lösung zum Erzielen hoher Mehrteilnehmercodierungsgewinne mit moderaten Rechenaufwänden sind die in der vorliegenden Schrift untersuchten, auf dem Turbo-Prinzip basierenden iterativen gemeinsamen Datenschätzer. Prinzipiell handelt es sich bei den hier untersuchten Datenschätzern um iterative Versionen der bekannten linearen gemeinsamen Datenschätzer, die um einen nichtlinearen Schätzwertverbesserer erweitert werden. Der nichtlineare Schätzwertverbesserer nutzt die Kenntnis des Modulationsalphabets und optional des eingesetzten Fehlerschutzcodes zum Verbessern der Schätzergebnisse. Die vielen vorgestellten Varianten der iterativen gemeinsamen Datenschätzer und die verschiedenen Schätzwertverbesserer bilden eine Art Baukastensystem, das es erlaubt, für jeden Anwendungsfall einen maßgeschneiderten gemeinsamen Datenschätzer zu konstruieren.

Chisel (Constructing Hardware in a Scala embedded language) is a new programming language, which embedded in Scala, used for hardware synthesis. It aims to increase productivity when creating hardware by enabling designers to use features present in higher level programming languages to build complex hardware blocks. In this paper, the most advertised features of Chisel are investigated and compared to their VHDL counterparts, if present. Afterwards, the authors’ opinion if a switch to Chisel is worth considering is presented. Additionally, results from a related case study on Chisel are briefly summarized. The author concludes that, while Chisel has promising features, it is not yet ready for use in the industry.

Der zunehmende Ausbau dezentraler Erzeugungsanlagen sowie die steigende Anzahl an Elektrofahrzeugen stellen die Niederspannungsnetze vor neue Herausforderungen. Neben der Einhaltung des zulässigen Spannungsbands führen Erzeugungsanlagen und neue Lasten zu einer zunehmenden thermischen Auslastung der Leitungen. Einfache, konventionelle Maßnahmen wie Topologieänderungen zu vermascht betriebenen Niederspannungsnetzen sind ein erster hilfreicher und kostengünstiger Ansatz, bieten aber keinen grundsätzlichen Schutz vor einer thermischen Überlastung der Betriebsmittel. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Konzeption eines Spannungs- und Wirkleistungsreglers für vermaschte Niederspannungsnetze. Durch den Regler erfolgt eine messtechnische Erfassung der Spannungen und Ströme in einzelnen Messpunkten des Niederspannungsnetzes. Mit Hilfe eines speziellen Kennlinienverfahrens kann eine Leistungsverschiebung in einzelnen Netzmaschen hervorgerufen und vorgegebene Soll- oder Grenzwerte eingehalten werden. In vorliegender Arbeit werden die analytischen Grundlagen des Reglers, seine Hardware sowie das Kennlinienverfahren zusammen mit den realisierbaren Regelkonzepten vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse aus Simulationsstudien, Labor- und Feldtests stellen die Effektivität des Reglers eindeutig dar und werden diskutiert.

In dem Bericht geht es um die Messung von Laufzeiten in einfachen Netzwerken, die auf MICA-Knoten basieren. Vorangestellt ist eine Übersicht über die Installation und Programmierung.

The high demanded data throughput of data communication between units in the system can be covered by short-haul optical communication and high speed serial data communication. In these data communication schemes, the receiver has to extract the corresponding clock from serial data stream by a clock and data recovery circuit (CDR). Data transceiver nodes have their own local reference clocks for their data transmission and data processing units. The reference clocks are normally slightly different even if they are specified to have the same frequency. Therefore, the data communication transceivers always work in a plesiochronous condition, an operation with slightly different reference frequencies. The difference of the data rates is covered by an elastic buffer. In a data readout system in the experiment in particle physics, such as a particle detector, the data of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) in all detector nodes are transmitted over the networks. The plesiochronous condition in these networks are non-preferable because it causes the difficulty in the time stamping, which is used to indicate the relative time between events. The separated clock distribution network is normally required to overcome this problem. If the existing data communication networks can support the clock distribution function, the system complexity can be largely reduced. The CDRs on all detector nodes have to operate without a local reference clock and provide the recovered clocks, which have sufficiently good quality, for using as the reference timing for their local data processing units. In this thesis, a low jitter clock and data recovery circuit for large synchronous networks is presented. It possesses a 2-loop topology. They are clock and data recovery loop and clock jitter filter loop. In CDR loop, the CDR with rotational frequency detector is applied to increase its frequency capture range, therefore the operation without local reference clock is possible. Its loop bandwidth can be freely adjusted to meet the specified jitter tolerance. The 1/4-rate time-interleaving architecture is used to reduce the operation frequency and optimize the power consumption. The clock-jitter-filter loop is applied to improve the jitter of the recovered clock. It uses a low jitter LC voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The loop bandwidth of the clock-jitter-filter is minimized to suppress the jitter of the recovered clock. The 1/4-rate CDR with frequency detector and clock-jitter-filter with LC-VCO were implemented in 0.18µm CMOS Technology. Both circuits occupy an area of 1.61mm2 and consume 170mW from 1.8V supply. The CDR can cover data rate from 1 to 2Gb/s. Its loop bandwidth is configurable from 700kHz to 4MHz. Its jitter tolerance can comply to SONET standard. The clock-jitter-filter has the configurable input/output frequencies from 9.191 to 78.125MHz. Its loop bandwidth is adjustable from 100kHz to 3MHz. The high frequency clock is also available for a serial data transmitter. The CDR with clock-jitter-filter can generate clock with jitter of 4.2ps rms from the incoming serial data with inter-symbol-interference jitter of 150ps peak-to-peak.

This work shall provide a foundation for the cross-design of wireless networked control systems with limited resources. A cross-design methodology is devised, which includes principles for the modeling, analysis, design, and realization of low cost but high performance and intelligent wireless networked control systems. To this end, a framework is developed in which control algorithms and communication protocols are jointly designed, implemented, and optimized taking into consideration the limited communication, computing, memory, and energy resources of the low performance, low power, and low cost wireless nodes used. A special focus of the proposed methodology is on the prediction and minimization of the total energy consumption of the wireless network (i.e. maximization of the lifetime of wireless nodes) under control performance constraints (e.g. stability and robustness) in dynamic environments with uncertainty in resource availability, through the joint (offline/online) adaptation of communication protocol parameters and control algorithm parameters according to the traffic and channel conditions. Appropriate optimization approaches that exploit the structure of the optimization problems to be solved (e.g. linearity, affinity, convexity) and which are based on Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs), Dynamic Programming (DP), and Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are investigated. The proposed cross-design approach is evaluated on a testbed consisting of a real lab plant equipped with wireless nodes. Obtained results show the advantages of the proposed cross-design approach compared to standard approaches which are less flexible.

The work presented in this thesis discusses the model-based fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control with application to a nonlinear electro-hydraulic system. High performance control with guaranteed safety and reliability for electro-hydraulic systems is a challenging task due to the high nonlinearity and system uncertainties. This thesis developed a diagnosis integrated fault-tolerant control (FTC) strategy for the electro-hydraulic system. In fault free case the nominal controller is in operation for achieving the best performance. If the fault occurs, the controller will be automatically reconfigured based on the fault information provided by the diagnosis system. Fault diagnosis and reconfigurable controller are the key parts for the proposed methodology. The system and sensor faults both are studied in the thesis. Fault diagnosis consists of fault detection and isolation (FDI). A model-base residual generating is realized by calculating the redundant information from the system model and available signal. In this thesis differential-geometric approach is employed, which gives a general formulation of FDI problem and is more compact and transparent among various model-based approaches. The principle of residual construction with differential-geometric method is to find an unobservable distribution. It indicates the existence of a system transformation, with which the unknown system disturbance can be decoupled. With the observability codistribution algorithm the local weak observability of transformed system is ensured. A Fault detection observer for the transformed system can be constructed to generate the residual. This method cannot isolated sensor faults. In the thesis the special decision making logic (DML) is designed based on the individual signal analysis of the residuals to isolate the fault. The reconfigurable controller is designed with the backstepping technique. Backstepping method is a recursive Lyapunov-based approach and can deal with nonlinear systems. Some system variables are considered as ``virtual controls'' during the design procedure. Then the feedback control laws and the associate Lyapunov function can be constructed by following step-by-step routine. For the electro-hydraulic system adaptive backstepping controller is employed for compensate the impact of the unknown external load in the fault free case. As soon as the fault is identified, the controller can be reconfigured according to the new modeling of faulty system. The system fault is modeled as the uncertainty of system and can be tolerated by parameter adaption. The senor fault acts to the system via controller. It can be modeled as parameter uncertainty of controller. All parameters coupled with the faulty measurement are replaced by its approximation. After the reconfiguration the pre-specified control performance can be recovered. FDI integrated FTC based on backstepping technique is implemented successfully on the electro-hydraulic testbed. The on-line robust FDI and controller reconfiguration can be achieved. The tracking performance of the controlled system is guaranteed and the considered faults can be tolerated. But the problem of theoretical robustness analysis for the time delay caused by the fault diagnosis is still open.

Die fortschreitende Verbreitung von Ethernet-basierten Strukturen mit dezentralen und verteilten Anwendungen in der Automatisierung führt zu den so genannten netzbasier-ten Automatisierungssystemen (NAS). Diese sind zwar in Anschaffung und Betrieb kostengünstiger, moderner und flexibler als herkömmliche Strukturen, weisen jedoch nicht-deterministische Verzögerungen auf. Die genaue Analyse der resultierenden Antwortzeiten ist somit nicht nur Voraussetzung für den verantwortungsbewussten Einsatz dieser Technologie sondern ermöglicht es auch, bereits im Vorfeld von Umstrukturierungen oder Erweiterungen, Fragen der Verlässlichkeit zu klären. In diesem ersten von zwei Beiträgen wird hierfür zunächst die für die speziellen Bedürfnisse der Strukturbeschreibung von netzbasierten Automatisierungssystemen entwickelte Modellierungssprache DesLaNAS vorgestellt und auf ein einführendes Beispiel angewendet. Im zweiten Beitrag wird darauf aufbauend gezeigt, welchen Einfluss die einzelnen System-komponenten (SPS, Netzwerk, I/O-Karten) sowie netzbedingte Verhaltensmodi wie Synchronisation und die gemeinsame Nutzung von Ressourcen auf die Antwortzeiten des Gesamtsystems haben. Zur Analyse selbst wird die wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Modellverifikation (PMC) angewendet.

The current procedures for achieving industrial process surveillance, waste reduction, and prognosis of critical process states are still insufficient in some parts of the manufacturing industry. Increasing competitive pressure, falling margins, increasing cost, just-in-time production, environmental protection requirements, and guidelines concerning energy savings pose new challenges to manufacturing companies, from the semiconductor to the pharmaceutical industry. New, more intelligent technologies adapted to the current technical standards provide companies with improved options to tackle these situations. Here, knowledge-based approaches open up pathways that have not yet been exploited to their full extent. The Knowledge-Discovery-Process for knowledge generation describes such a concept. Based on an understanding of the problems arising during production, it derives conclusions from real data, processes these data, transfers them into evaluated models and, by this open-loop approach, reiteratively reflects the results in order to resolve the production problems. Here, the generation of data through control units, their transfer via field bus for storage in database systems, their formatting, and the immediate querying of these data, their analysis and their subsequent presentation with its ensuing benefits play a decisive role. The aims of this work result from the lack of systematic approaches to the above-mentioned issues, such as process visualization, the generation of recommendations, the prediction of unknown sensor und production states, and statements on energy cost. Both science and commerce offer mature statistical tools for data preprocessing, analysis and modeling, and for the final reporting step. Since their creation, the insurance business, the world of banking, market analysis, and marketing have been the application fields of these software types; they are now expanding to the production environment. Appropriate modeling can be achieved via specific machine learning procedures, which have been established in various industrial areas, e.g., in process surveillance by optical control systems. Here, State-of-the-art classification methods are used, with multiple applications comprising sensor technology, process areas, and production site data. Manufacturing companies now intend to establish a more holistic surveillance of process data, such as, e.g., sensor failures or process deviations, to identify dependencies. The causes of quality problems must be recognized and selected in real time from about 500 attributes of a highly complex production machine. Based on these identified causes, recommendations for improvement must then be generated for the operator at the machine, in order to enable timely measures to avoid these quality deviations. Unfortunately, the ability to meet the required increases in efficiency – with simultaneous consumption and waste minimization – still depends on data that are, for the most part, not available. There is an overrepresentation of positive examples whereas the number of definite negative examples is too low. The acquired information can be influenced by sensor drift effects and the occurrence of quality degradation may not be adequately recognized. Sensorless diagnostic procedures with dual use of actuators can be of help here. Moreover, in the course of a process, critical states with sometimes unexplained behavior can occur. Also in these cases, deviations could be reduced by early countermeasures. The generation of data models using appropriate statistical methods is of advantage here. Conventional classification methods sometimes reach their limits. Supervised learning methods are mostly used in areas of high information density with sufficient data available for the classes under examination. However, there is a growing trend (e.g., spam filtering) to apply supervised learning methods to underrepresented classes, the datasets of which are, at best, outliers or not at all existent. The application field of One-Class Classification (OCC) deals with this issue. Standard classification procedures (e.g., k-nearest-neighbor classifier, support vector machines) can be modified in adjustment to such problems. Thereby, a control system is able to classify statements on changing process states or sensor deviations. The above-described knowledge discovery process was employed in a case study from the polymer film industry, at the Mondi Gronau GmbH, taken as an example, and accomplished by a real-data survey at the production site and subsequent data preprocessing, modeling, evaluation, and deployment as a system for the generation of recommendations. To this end, questions regarding the following topics had to be clarified: data sources, datasets and their formatting, transfer pathways, storage media, query sequences, the employed methods of classification, their adjustment to the problems at hand, evaluation of the results, construction of a dynamic cycle, and the final implementation in the production process, along with its surplus value for the company. Pivotal options for optimization with respect to ecological and economical aspects can be found here. Capacity for improvement is given in the reduction of energy consumption, CO\(_2\) emissions, and waste at all machines. At this one site, savings of several million euros per month can be achieved. One major difficulty so far has been hardly accessible process data which, distributed on various data sources and unconnected, in some areas led to an increased analysis effort and a lack of holistic real-time quality surveillance. Monitoring of specifications and the thus obtained support for the operator at the installation resulted in a clear disadvantage with regard to cost minimization. The data of the case study, captured according to their purposes and in coordination with process experts, amounted to 21,900 process datasets from cast film extrusion during 2 years’ time, including sensor data from dosing facilities and 300 site-specific energy datasets from the years 2002–2014. In the following, the investigation sequence is displayed: 1. In the first step, industrial approaches according to Industrie 4.0 and related to Big Data were investigated. The applied statistical software suites and their functions were compared with a focus on real-time data acquisition from database systems, different data formats, their sensor locations at the machines, and the data processing part. The linkage of datasets from various data sources for, e.g., labeling and downstream exploration according to the knowledge discovery process is of high importance for polymer manufacturing applications. 2. In the second step, the aims were defined according to the industrial requirements, i.e. the critical production problem called “cut-off” as the main selection, and with regard to their investigation with machine learning methods. Therefore, a system architecture corresponding to the polymer industry was developed, containing the following processing steps: data acquisition, monitoring \& recommendation, and self-configuration. 3. The novel sensor datasets, with 160–2,500 real and synthetic attributes, were acquired within 1-min intervals via PLC and field bus from an Oracle database. The 160 features were reduced to 6 dimensions with feature reduction methods. Due to underrepresentation of the critical class, the learning approaches had to be modified and optimized for one-class classification, which achieved 99% accuracy after training, testing and evaluation with real datasets. 4. In the next step, the 6-dimensional dataset was scaled into lower 1-, 2-, or 3-dimensional space with classical and non-classical mapping approaches for downstream visualization. The mapped view was separated into zones of normal and abnormal process conditions by threshold setting. 5. Afterwards, the boundary zone was investigated and an approach for trajectory extraction consisting of condition points in sequence was developed, to optimize the prediction behavior of the model. The extracted trajectories were trained, tested and evaluated by State-of-the-art classification methods, achieving a 99% recognition ratio. 6. In the last step, the best methods and processing parts were converted into a specifically developed domain-specific graphical user interface for real-time visualization of process condition changes. The requirements of such an interface were discussed with the operators with regard to intuitive handling, interactive visualization and recommendations (as e.g., messaging and traffic lights), and implemented. The software prototype was tested at a laboratory machine. Correct recognition of abnormal process problems was achieved at a 90\% ratio. The software was afterwards transferred to a group of on-line production machines. As demonstrated, the monthly amount of waste arising at machine M150 could be decreased from 20.96% to 12.44% during the application time. The frequency of occurrence of the specific problem was reduced by 30% related to monthly savings of 50,000 EUR. In the approach pertaining to the energy prognosis of load profiles, monthly energy data from 2002 to 2014 (about 36 trajectories with three to eight real parameters each) were used as the basis, analyzed and modeled systematically. The prognosis quality increased with approaching target date. Thereby, the site-specific load profile for 2014 could be predicted with an accuracy of 99%. The achievement of sustained cost reductions of several 100,000 euros, combined with additional savings of EUR 2.8 million, could be demonstrated. The process improvements achieved while pursuing scientific targets could be successfully and permanently integrated at the case study plant. The increase in methodical and experimental knowledge was reflected by first economical results and could be verified numerically. The expectations of the company were more than fulfilled and further developments based on the new findings were initiated. Among the new finding are the transfer of the scientific findings onto more machines and even the initiation of further studies expanding into the diagnostics area. Considering the size of the enterprise, future enhanced success should also be possible for other locations. In the course of the grid charge exemption according to EEG, the energy savings at further German locations can amount to 4–11% on a monetary basis and at least 5% based on energy. Up to 10% of materials and cost can be saved with regard to waste reduction related to specific problems. According to projections, material savings of 5–10 t per month and time savings of up to 50 person-hours are achievable. Important synergy effects can be created by the knowledge transfer.

The present thesis deals with a novel approach to increase the resource usage in digital communications. In digital communication systems, each information bearing data symbol is associated to a waveform which is transmitted over a physical medium. The time or frequency separations among the waveforms associated to the information data have always been chosen to avoid or limit the interference among them. By doing so, n the presence of a distortionless ideal channel, a single receive waveform is affected as little as possible by the presence of the other waveforms. The conditions necessary to meet the absence of any interference among the waveforms are well known and consist of a relationship between the minimum time separation among the waveforms and their bandwidth occupation or, equivalently, the minimum frequency separation and their time occupation. These conditions are referred to as Nyquist assumptions. The key idea of this work is to relax the Nyquist assumptions and to transmit with a time and/or frequency separation between the waveforms smaller than the minimum required to avoid interference. The reduction of the time and/or frequency separation generates not only an increment of the resource usage, but also a degradation in the quality of the received data. Therefore, to maintain a certain quality in the received signal, we have to increase the amount of transmitted power. We investigate the trade-off between the increment of the resource usage and the correspondent performance degradation in three different cases. The first case is the single carrier case in which all waveforms have the same spectrum, but have different temporal locations. The second one is the multi carrier case in which each waveform has its distinct spectrum and occupies all the available time. Finally, the hybrid case when each waveform has its unique time and frequency location. These different cases are framed within the general system modelling developed in the thesis so that they can be easily compared. We evaluate the potential of the key idea of the thesis by choosing a set of four possible waveforms with different characteristics. By doing so, we study the influence of the waveform characteristics in the three system configurations. We propose an interpretation of the results by modifying the well-known Shannon capacity formula and by explicitly expressing its dependency on the increment of resource usage and on the performance degradation. The results are very promising. We show that both in the case of a single carrier system with a time limited waveform and in the case of a multi-carrier system with a frequency limited waveform, the reduction of the time or frequency separation, respectively, has a positive effect on the channel capacity. The latter, depending on the actual SNR, can double or increase even more significantly.

Die systemtheoretische Begründung für die Einführung des Zustandsbegriffs findet man im Mosaik-stein "Der Zustandsbegriff in der Systemtheorie". Während sich die dortige Betrachtung sowohl mitkontinuierlichen als auch mit diskreten Systemen befaßt, wird hier die Betrachtung auf diskrete Sy-steme beschränkt.

Dieses Szenario ist eine Erweiterung eines Teilszenarios von Human Centered Manufacturing. Dabei geht es um die Montage der Energieelektrik für industrielle Anlagen. Im Jahr 2015 enthält die Ausrüstung eines Elektromonteurs bei der Verdrahtung von Schaltschränken u.a. einen Schutzhelm mit integrierter Farbkamera, integriertem Mikrofon und einem Lautsprecher im Ohrbereich sowie einen automatisch gesteuerten Laserpointer. Auf der Baustelle sind keine Pläne mehr erforderlich. Der Monteur benötigt keinen Plan während der Montage.

The present thesis deals with multi-user mobile radio systems, and more specifically, the downlinks (DL) of such systems. As a key demand on future mobile radio systems, they should enable highest possible spectrum and energy efficiency. It is well known that, in principle, the utilization of multi-antennas in the form of MIMO systems, offers considerable potential to meet this demand. Concerning the energy issue, the DL is more critical than the uplink. This is due to the growing importance of wireless Internet applications, in which the DL data rates and, consequently, the radiated DL energies tend to be substantially higher than the corresponding uplink quantities. In this thesis, precoding schemes for MIMO multi-user mobile radio DLs are considered, where, in order to keep the complexity of the mobile terminals as low as possible, the rationale receiver orientation (RO) is adopted, with the main focus to further reduce the required transmit energy in such systems. Unfortunately, besides the mentioned low receiver complexity, conventional RO schemes, such as Transmit Zero Forcing (TxZF), do not offer any transmit energy reductions as compared to conventional transmitter oriented schemes. Therefore, the main goal of this thesis is the design and analysis of precoding schemes in which such transmit energy reductions become feasible - under virtually maintaining the low receiver complexity - by means of replacing the conventional unique mappings by the selectable representations of the data. Concerning the channel access scheme, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) is presently being favored as the most promising candidate in the standardization process of the enhanced 3G and forthcoming 4G systems, because it allows a very flexible resource allocation and low receiver complexity. Receiver oriented MIMO OFDM multi-user downlink transmission, in which channel equalization is already performed in the transmitter of the access point, further contributes to low receiver complexity in the mobile terminals. For these reasons, OFDM is adopted in the target system of the considered receiver oriented precoding schemes. In the precoding schemes considered the knowledge of channel state information (CSI) in the access point in the form of the channel matrix is essential. Independently of the applied duplexing schemes FDD or TDD, the provision of this information to the access point is always erroneous. However, it is shown that the impact of such deviations not only scales with the variance of the channel estimation errors, but also with the required transmit energies. Accordingly, the reduced transmit energies of the precoding schemes with selectable data representation also have the advantage of a reduced sensitivity to imperfect knowledge of CSI. In fact, these two advantages are coupled with each other.

Safety-related Systems (SRS) protect from the unacceptable risk resulting from failures of technical systems. The average probability of dangerous failure on demand (PFD) of these SRS in low demand mode is limited by standards. Probabilistic models are applied to determine the average PFD and verify the specified limits. In this thesis an effective framework for probabilistic modeling of complex SRS is provided. This framework enables to compute the average, instantaneous, and maximum PFD. In SRS, preventive maintenance (PM) is essential to achieve an average PFD in compliance with specified limits. PM intends to reveal dangerous undetected failures and provides repair if necessary. The introduced framework pays special attention to the precise and detailed modeling of PM. Multiple so far neglected degrees of freedom of the PM are considered, such as two types of elementwise PM at arbitrarily variable times. As shown by analyses, these degrees of freedom have a significant impact on the average, instantaneous, and maximum PFD. The PM is optimized to improve the average or maximum PFD or both. A well-known heuristic nonlinear optimization method (Nelder-Mead method) is applied to minimize the average or maximum PFD or a weighted trade-off. A significant improvement of the objectives and an improved protection are achieved. These improvements are achieved via the available degrees of freedom of the PM and without additional effort. Moreover, a set of rules is presented to decide for a given SRS if significant improvements will be achieved by optimization of the PM. These rules are based on the well-known characteristics of the SRS, e.g. redundancy or no redundancy, complete or incomplete coverage of PM. The presented rules aim to support the decision whether the optimization is advantageous for a given SRS and if it should be applied or not.