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Mixed-mode chromatography (MMC), which combines features of ion exchange chromatography (IEC) and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), is an interesting method for protein separation and purification. The design of MMC processes is challenging as adsorption equilibria are influenced by many parameters, including ionic strength and the presence of different salts in solution. Systematic studies on the influence of those parameters in MMC are rare. Therefore, in the present work, the influence of four salts, namely, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and ammonium sulfate, on the adsorption of lysozyme on the mixed-mode resin Toyopearl MX-Trp-650M at pH 7.0 and 25°C was studied systematically in equilibrium adsorption experiments for ionic strengths between 0 mM and 3000 mM. For all salts, a noticeable adsorption strength was observed over the entire range of studied ionic strengths. An exponential decay of the loading of the resin with increasing ionic strength was found until approx. 1000 mM. For higher ionic strengths, the loading was found to be practically independent of the ionic strength. At constant ionic strength, the highest lysozyme loadings were observed for ammonium sulfate, the lowest for sodium chloride. A mathematical model was developed that correctly describes the influence of the ionic strength as well as the influence of the studied salts. The model is the first that enables the prediction of adsorption isotherms of proteins on mixed-mode resins in a wide range of technically interesting conditions, accounting for the influence of the ionic strength and four salts of practical relevance.
Electret filters are electrostatically charged nonwovens which are commonly used in aerosol filtration to remove fine particles from gases. It is known that the charge and thus also the filtration efficiency can degrade over time. Thus, many testing standards require to remove the charge by treatment with liquid isopropanol (IPA) or IPA-saturated air. However, the parameters influencing this discharge have not been completely clarified yet. The aim of this work was, on the one hand, to experimentally investigate the influence of the IPA treatment on different electret filters and, on the other hand, to show the optimization potential of electret filters with respect to efficiency and long-term stability by numerical simulations. The experiments revealed that the air permeability is a central influencing parameter. Small pores lead to a reduced discharge efficiency using liquid IPA, while both treatment methods are suitable for larger pores. The simulations showed that a homogeneous charge distribution within the filter depth is advantageous for the initial performance. In contrast, charge penetrating deeper in the filter medium delays the charge decay and thus increases the operating time, with the trade-off of a lower initial performance
Heading in Soccer: Does Kinematics of the Head‐Neck‐Torso Alignment Influence Head Acceleration?
(2021)
There is little scientific evidence regarding the cumulative effect of purposeful heading. The head-neck-torso alignment is considered to be of great importance when it comes to minimizing potential risks when heading. Therefore, this study determined the relationship between head-neck-torso alignment (cervical spine, head, thoracic spine) and the acceleration of the head, the relationship between head acceleration and maximum ball speed after head impact and differences between head accelerations throughout different heading approaches (standing, jumping, running). A total of 60 male soccer players (18.9 ± 4.0 years, 177.6 ± 14.9 cm, 73.1 ± 8.6 kg) participated in the study. Head accelerations were measured by a telemetric Noraxon DTS 3D Sensor, whereas angles for the head-neck-torso alignment and ball speed were analyzed with a Qualisys Track Manager program. No relationship at all was found for the standing, jumping and running approaches. Concerning the relationship between head acceleration and maximum ball speed after head impact only for the standing header a significant result was calculated (p = 0.024, R2 = .085). A significant difference in head acceleration (p < .001) was identified between standing, jumping and running headers. To sum up, the relationship between head acceleration and head-neck-torso alignment is more complex than initially assumed and could not be proven in this study. Furthermore first data were generated to check whether the acceleration of the head is a predictor for the resulting maximum ball speed after head impact, but further investigations have to follow. Lastly, we confirmed the results that the head acceleration differs with the approach.
#Sport #Gesundheit #Digital
(2021)
In ihrem 50. Jubiläumsjahr lud die Technische Universität Kaiserslautern am 26. und 27. November 2020 zu einem Höhepunkt ein: dem Kongress #Sport #Gesundheit #Digital. Für zwei Tage wurden im Rahmen eines Online-Forums gemeinsam die Themenfelder Sport, Gesundheit und Digitalisierung diskutiert. Wir freuen uns sehr, dass die Techniker Krankenkasse die TUK als Ausrichter der Veranstaltung besonders unterstützt hat. #SGD – Der Kongress setzte an der Schnittstelle von Sport, Gesundheit und Digitalisierung an und beleuchtete Chancen und Möglichkeiten, die durch das Zusammenspiel dieser Disziplinen entstehen können. Gleichzeitig wurden Risiken und Herausforderungen der digitalen Entwicklungen in Sport und Gesundheit betrachtet und perspektivisch mit Blick in die Zukunft analysiert. Hochkarätige Beiträge aus Wissenschaft und Praxis aus allen für das Themenspektrum relevanten Fachrichtungen sorgten für ein hohes Maß an Abwechslung und Transfer. Der Kongress richtete sich dabei nicht nur an Personen aus Wissenschaft und Praxis der Bereiche Gesundheitswesen und -management, Medizin und Psychologie. Ebenso angesprochen wurden Übungsleitende und Angehörige aus Hochschulsport und Sportwissenschaft, Studierende und Mitarbeitende aller bezogenen Fachrichtungen sowie alle allgemein interessierten Personen. Der vorliegende Kongressband stellt die Sammlung der Kongressinhalte dar. Neben den schriftlichen Beiträgen lassen sich hier auch Impressionen der Kongresstage und die Vorträge als interaktiv eingebundene Videos finden.
In diesem Text werden einige wichtige Grundlagen zusammengefasst, mit denen ein schneller Einstieg in das Arbeiten mit Arduino und Raspberry Pi möglich ist. Wir diskutieren nicht die Grundfunktionen der Geräte, weil es dafür zahlreiche Hilfestellungen im Internet gibt. Stattdessen konzentrieren wir uns vor allem auf die Steuerung von Sensoren und Aktoren und diskutieren einige Projektideen, die den MINT-interdisziplinären Projektunterricht bereichern können.
Cells depend on the continuous renewal of their proteome composition during the cell cycle and in order to replace aberrant proteins or to react to changing environmental conditions. In higher eukaryotes, protein synthesis is achieved by up to five million ribosomes per cell. With the fast kinetics of translation, the large number of newly made proteins generates a substantial burden for protein homeostasis and requires a highly orchestrated cascade of factors promoting folding, sorting and final maturation. Several of the involved factors directly bind to translating ribosomes for the early processing of emerging nascent polypeptides and the translocation of ribosome nascent chain complexes to target membranes. In plant cells, protein synthesis also occurs in chloroplasts serving the expression of a relatively small set of 60–100 protein-coding genes. However, most of these proteins, together with nucleus-derived subunits, form central complexes majorly involved in the essential processes of photosynthetic light reaction, carbon fixation, metabolism and gene expression. Biogenesis of these heterogenic complexes adds an additional level of complexity for protein biogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about co-translationally binding factors in chloroplasts and discuss their role in protein folding and ribosome translocation to thylakoid membranes.
In search of new technologies for optimizing the performance and space requirements of electronic and optical micro-circuits, the concept of spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) has come to the fore of research in recent years. Due to the ability of SSPPs to confine and guide the energy of electromagnetic waves in a subwavelength space below the diffraction limit, SSPPs deliver all the tools to implement integrated circuits with a high integration rate. However, in order to guide SSPPs in the terahertz frequency range, it is necessary to carefully design metasurfaces that allow one to manipulate the spatio-temporal and spectral properties of the SSPPs at will. Here, we propose a specifically designed cut-wire metasurface that sustains strongly confined SSPP modes at terahertz frequencies. As we show by numerical simulations and also prove in experimental measurements, the proposed metasurface can tightly guide SSPPs on straight and curved pathways while maintaining their subwavelength field confinement perpendicular to the surface. Furthermore, we investigate the dependence of the spatio-temporal and spectral properties of the SSPP modes on the width of the metasurface lanes that can be composed of one, two or three cut-wires in the transverse direction. Our investigations deliver new insights into downsizing effects of guiding structures for SSPPs.
Water quality in urban streams is highly influenced by emissions from WWTP and from sewer systems particularly by overflows from combined systems. During storm events, this causes random fluctuations in discharge and pollutant concentrations over a wide range. The aim of this study is an appraisal of the environmental impact of micropollutant loads emitted from combined sewer systems. For this purpose, high-resolution time series of river concentrations were generated by combining a detailed calibrated model of a sewer system with measured discharge of a small natural river to a virtual urban catchment. This river base flow represents the remains of the natural hydrological system in the urban catchment. River concentrations downstream of the outlets are simulated based on mixing ratios of base flow, WWTP effluent, and CSO discharge. The results show that the standard method of time proportional sampling of rivers does not capture the risk of critical stress on aquatic organisms. The ratio between average and peak concentrations and the duration of elevated concentrations strongly depends on the source and the properties of the particular substance. The design of sampling campaigns and evaluation of data should consider these characteristics and account for their effects.
Winery by-products arise in high amounts during winemaking processes. Hence, recovery alternatives are of great interest. In this study, effects of extracts from winery by-products (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling) on mitochondrial functions in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells were examined. Polyphenolic profiles of pomace (PE), stem (SE), vine leaf (VLE), and vine shoot extracts (VSE) were characterized by HPLC-UV/Vis-ESI-MS/MS. The extracts induced dose-dependent cytotoxic effects (PE > SE > VLE > VSE). VSE showed protective effects regarding modulation of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH)-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. PE, SE and VLE increased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), whereas VSE decreased it owing to mildly impaired mitochondrial respiration. Cells may try to compensate reduced respiration chain complex activities by increasing the mitochondrial mass, as indicated by enhanced citrate synthase activity and mRNA expression levels after VSE incubation. Thus, winery by-products represent interesting sources of bioactive compounds that exert positive or negative effects on mitochondrial functions.
Since plants lack specialized immune cells, each cell has to defend itself independently against a plethora of different pathogens. Therefore, successful plant defense strongly relies on precise and efficient regulation of intracellular processes in every single cell. Smooth trafficking within the plant endomembrane is a prerequisite for a diverse set of immune responses. Pathogen recognition, signaling into the nucleus, cell wall enforcement, secretion of antimicrobial proteins and compounds, as well as generation of reactive oxygen species, all heavily depend on vesicle transport. In contrast, pathogens have developed a variety of different means to manipulate vesicle trafficking to prevent detection or to inhibit specific plant responses. Intriguingly, the plant endomembrane system exhibits remarkable plasticity upon pathogen attack. Unconventional trafficking pathways such as the formation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bodies or fusion of the vacuole with the plasma membrane are initiated and enforced as the counteraction. Here, we review the recent findings on unconventional and defense-induced trafficking pathways as the plant´s measures in response to pathogen attack. In addition, we describe the endomembrane system manipulations by different pathogens, with a focus on tethering and fusion events during vesicle trafficking.
