Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Physik
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Matter-wave Optics of Dark-state Polaritons: Applications to Interferometry and Quantum Information
(2006)
The present work "Materwave Optics with Dark-state Polaritons: Applications to Interferometry and Quantum Information" deals in a broad sense with the subject of dark-states and in particular with the so-called dark-state polaritons introduced by M. Fleischhauer and M. D. Lukin. The dark-state polaritons can be regarded as a combined excitation of electromagnetic fields and spin/matter-waves. Within the framework of this thesis the special optical properties of the combined excitation are studied. On one hand a new procedure to spatially manipulate and to increase the excitation density of stored photons is described and on the other hand the properties are used to construct a new type of Sagnac Hybrid interferometer. The thesis is devided into four parts. In the introduction all notions necessary to understand the work are described, e.g.: electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), dark-state polaritons and the Sagnac effect. The second chapter considers the method developed by A. Andre and M. D. Lukin to create stationary light pulses in specially dressed EIT-media. In a first step a set of field equations is derived and simplified by introducing a new set of normal modes. The absorption of one of the normal modes leads to the phenomenon of pulse-matching for the other mode and thereby to a diffusive spreading of its field envelope. All these considerations are based on a homogeneous field setup of the EIT preparation laser. If this restriction is dismissed one finds that a drift motion is superimposed to the diffusive spreading. By choosing a special laser configuration the drift motion can be tailored such that an effective force is created that counteracts the spreading. Moreover, the force can not only be strong enough to compensate the diffusive spreading but also to exceed this dynamics and hence to compress the field envelope of the excitation. The compression can be discribed using a Fokker-Planck equation of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type. The investigations show that the compression leads to an excitation of higher-order modes which decay very fast. In the last section of the chapter this exciation will be discussed in more detail and conditions will be given how the excitation of higher-order modes can be avoided or even suppressed. All results given in the chapter are supported by numerical simulatons. In the third chapter the matterwave optical properties of the dark-state polaritons will be studied. They will be used to construct a light-matterwave hybrid Sagnac interferometer. First the principle setup of such an interferometer will be sketched and the relevant equations of motion of light-matter interaction in a rotating frame will be derived. These form the basis of the following considerations of the dark-state polariton dynamics with and without the influence of external trapping potentials on the matterwave part of the polariton. It will be shown that a sensitivity enhancement compared to a passive laser gyroscope can be anticipated if the gaseous medium is initially in a superfluid quantum state in a ring-trap configuration. To achieve this enhancement a simultaneous coherence and momentum transfer is furthermore necessary. In the last part of the chapter the quantum sensitivity limit of the hybrid interferometer is derived using the one-particle density matrix equations incorporating the motion of the particles. To this end the Maxwell-Bloch equations are considered perturbatively in the rotation rate of the noninertial frame of reference and the susceptibility of the considered 3-level \(\Lambda\)-type system is derived in arbitrary order of the probe-field. This is done to determine the optimum operation point. With its help the anticipated quantum sensitivity of the light-matterwave hybrid Sagnac interferometer is calculated at the shot-noise limit and the results are compared to state-of-the-art laser and matterwave Sagnac interferometers. The last chapter of the thesis originates from a joint theoretical and experimental project with the AG Bergmann. This chapter does no longer consider the dark-state polaritons of the last two chapters but deals with the more general concept of dark states and in particular with the transient velocity selective dark states as introduced by E. Arimondo et al. In the experiment we could for the first time measure these states. The chapter starts with an introduction into the concept of velocity selective dark states as they occur in a \(\Lambda\)-configuration. Then we introduce the transient velocity selective dark-states as they occur in an particular extension of the \(\Lambda\)-system. For later use in the simulations the relevant equations of motion are derived in detail. The simulations are based on the solution of the generalized optical Bloch equations. Finally the experimental setup and procedure are explained and the theoretical and experimental results are compared.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Laserlicht-Gewebe-Wechselwirkung für unterschiedliche biologische Materialien und Lasersysteme. Zum einen wurde die Ablationsdynamik bei Femtosekunden-Pulsen und Hartgewebe untersucht. Hierzu wurden Laserpulse der Wellenlänge 800 nm mit einer Pulsenergie bis 1,6 mJ und einer Pulslänge von 45 fs auf Knochengewebe fokussiert und somit eine Ablation induziert. Die Dynamik dieses Vorgangs wurde mit Kurzzeitfotografie über eine ns-Blitzlampe und einer Kamera dargestellt, analysiert und so das Risiko einer Schädigung bei Mittelohroperationen durch einzelne Ablationsschritte abgeschätzt. Die ermittelten Werte für einen äquivalenten Schalldruck von 122 dB liegen dabei im Bereich einer möglichen Schädigung für das Innenohr. Die theoretisch zu erwartende Luftionisation vor dem Laserfokus wurde experimentell bestätigt und stellt ebenfalls eine Gefahr für die Umgebung des Operationsfeldes dar. Zum anderen erfolgte eine Charakterisierung der Wechselwirkung von Hochleistungs-Diodenlaserstrahlung mit Weichgewebe an unterschiedlichen Modellsystemen. Für diese Untersuchungen wurde ein in-vivo Lungen-Perfusionssystem aufgebaut, wodurch erstmals Messungen an durchblutetem Lungengewebe in einem Modellsystem verwirklicht wurden. Die vom Lasersystem simultan emittierten Wellenlängen lagen bei 804 nm und 930 nm; die Leistungsdichten wurden, bei Pulsdauern im Bereich von 500 ms, zwischen 7,1*10^4 W/cm^2 und 2,5*10^5 W/cm^2 variiert. Die erreichten Ablationstiefen von einem bis vier mm und die erreichte Dichtheit des Operationsfeldes gegenüber Luft- und Blutaustritt lassen einen Einsatz des Systems in der Lungenchirurgie zu. Untersuchungen zur Wechselwirkung mit einzelnen Blutgefäßen erfolgten an der Chorioallantoismembran eine Hühnereies (das sogenannte Hühnerei-Modell) und damit erstmals in-vivo ohne Tierversuch. Die Leistungsdichte lag bei diesen Untersuchungen zwischen 37,7 W/cm^2 und 44 W/cm^2 bei Bestrahlungszeiten um 10 ms. Dabei wurden Blutgefäße bis etwa 1 mm Durchmesser wahlweise vollständig oder zum Teil verschlossen.