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Patterns are considered as normalized measures and distances between them are defined as distances of the corresponding measures using metrics in measure spaces. This idea can be applied for pattern recognition if smeared patterns have to be compared with given ideal patterns. Different metrics are sensitive to different characteristics of the patterns - this is demonstrated in discussing examples. Particular attention is paid to a problem of Quality Control for an artificial fabric, where the distance to uniformity is defined and evaluated; the results are now used in industry.
Particle methods to simulate rarefied gas flows have found an increasing interest in Computational Fluid Dynamics during the last decade, see for example [1], [2], [3] and [4]. The general goal is to develop numerical schemes which are reliable enough to substitute real windtunnel experiments, needed for example in space research, by computer experiments. In order to achieve this goal one needs numerical methods solving the Boltzmann equation including all important physical effects. In general this means 3D computations for a chemically reacting rarefied gas. With codes of this kind at hand, Boltzmann simulation becomes a powerful tool in studying rarefied gas phenomena.
Particle Methods
(1994)
In these lectures we will mainly treat a billard game. Our particles will be hard spheres. Not always: We will also touch cases, where particles have interior energies due to rotation or vibration, which they exchange in a collision, and we will talk about chemical reactions happening during a collision. But many essential aspects occur already in the billard case which will be therefore paradigmatic. I do not know enough about semiconductors to handle collisions there - the Boltzmann case is certainly different but may give some idea even for the other cases.