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Annual Report 2005
(2006)
Annual Report, Jahrbuch AG Magnetismus
Biological Soil Crusts (BSCs), composed of lichens, mosses, green algae, microfungi and cyanobacteria are an ecological important part of the perennial landcover of many arid and semiarid regions (Belnap et al. 2001a), (Büdel 2002). In many arid and hyperarid areas BSCs form the only perennial "vegetation cover" largely due to their extensive resistance to drought (Lange et al. 1975). For the Central Namib Desert (Namibia), BSCs consisting of extraordinary vast lichen communities were recently mapped and classified into six morphological classes for a coastal area of 350 km x 60 km. Embedded into the project "BIOTA" (www.biota-africa.org) financed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research the study was undertaken in the framework of the PhD thesis by Christoph Schultz. Some of these lichen communities grouped together in so called "lichen fields" have already been studied concerning their ecology and diversity in the past (Lange et al. 1994), (Loris & Schieferstein 1992), (Loris et al. 2004), (Ullmann & Büdel 2001a), (Wessels 1989). Multispectral LANDSAT 7 ETM+ and LANDSAT 5 TM satellite imagery was utilized for an unitemporal supervised classification as well as for the establishment of a monitoring based on a combined retrospective supervised classification and change detection approach (Bock 2003), (Weiers et al. 2003). Results comprise the analysis of the mapped distribution of lichen communities for the Central Namib Desert as of 2003 as well as reconstructed distributions for the years 2000, 1999, 1992 and 1991 derived from retrospective supervised classification. This allows a first monitoring of the disturbance, destruction and recovery of the lichen communities in these arid environments including the analysis of the major abiotic processes involved. Further analysis of these abiotic processes is key for understanding the influence of Namib lichen communities on overall aeolian and water induced erosion rates, nutrient cycles, water balance and pedogenic processes (Belnap & Gillette 1998), (Belnap et al. 2001b), (Belnap 2001c), (Evans & Lange 2001), (McKenna Neumann & Maxwell 1999). In order to aid the understanding of these processes SRTM digital elevation model data as well as climate data sets were used as reference. Good correlation between geomorphological form elements as well as hydrological drainage system and the disturbance patterns derived from individual post classification change comparisons between the timeframes could be observed. Conjoined with the climate data sets sporadic foehn-like windstorms as well as extraordinary precipitation events were identified to largely affect the distribution patterns of lichen communities. Therefore the analysis and monitoring of the diversity, distribution and spatiotemporal change of Central Namib BSCs with the means of Remote Sensing and GIS applications proof to be important tools to create further understanding of desertification and degradation processes in these arid regions.
The paper at hand presents a slender body theory for the dynamics of a curved inertial viscous Newtonian ber. Neglecting surface tension and temperature dependence, the ber ow is modeled as a three-dimensional free boundary value problem via instationary incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. From regular asymptotic expansions in powers of the slenderness parameter leading-order balance laws for mass (cross-section) and momentum are derived that combine the unrestricted motion of the ber center-line with the inner viscous transport. The physically reasonable form of the one-dimensional ber model results thereby from the introduction of the intrinsic velocity that characterizes the convective terms.
On a multigrid solver for the threedimensional Biot poroelasticity system in multilayered domains
(2006)
In this paper, we present problem–dependent prolongation and problem–dependent restriction for a multigrid solver for the three-dimensional Biot poroelasticity system, which is solved in a multilayered domain. The system is discretized on a staggered grid using the finite volume method. During the discretization, special care is taken of the discontinuous coefficients. For the efficient multigrid solver, a need in operator-dependent restriction and/or prolongation arises. We derive these operators so that they are consistent with the discretization. They account for the discontinuities of the coefficients, as well as for the coupling of the unknowns within the Biot system. A set of numerical experiments shows necessity of use of the operator-dependent restriction and prolongation in the multigrid solver for the considered class of problems.
In this paper we address the improvement of transfer quality in public mass transit networks. Generally there are several transit operators offering service and our work is motivated by the question how their timetables can be altered to yield optimized transfer possibilities in the overall network. To achieve this, only small changes to the timetables are allowed. The set-up makes it possible to use a quadratic semi-assignment model to solve the optimization problem. We apply this model, equipped with a new way to assess transfer quality, to the solution of four real-world examples. It turns out that improvements in overall transfer quality can be determined by such optimization-based techniques. Therefore they can serve as a first step towards a decision support tool for planners of regional transit networks.
This report discusses two approaches for a posteriori error indication in the linear elasticity solver DDFEM: An indicator based on the Richardson extrapolation and Zienkiewicz-Zhu-type indicator. The solver handles 3D linear elasticity steady-state problems. It uses own input language to describe the mesh and the boundary conditions. Finite element discretization over tetrahedral meshes with first or second order shape functions (hierarchical basis) has been used to resolve the model. The parallelization of the numerical method is based on the domain decomposition approach. DDFEM is highly portable over a set of parallel computer architectures supporting the MPI-standard.
Entwicklung eines Freilandtests zur Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit von Pheromonanwendungen im Weinbau
(2006)
Bei der Insektenbekämpfung durch die Paarungsstörung wird das synthetisch hergestellte Pheromon des Schädlings durch Dispenser in größeren Mengen im Freiland ausgebracht, wodurch die Paarung der Falter gestört wird. Zur Optimierung dieser Methode ist es entscheidend, die für einen wirksamen Effekt notwendigen Pheromonkonzentrationen im Freiland zu kennen. In-situ Messungen der Pheromonkonzentrationen mit gleichzeitiger Erhebung des Schadens scheiden als Methode aus, da die Messmethoden für die Pheromonkonzentration im Freiland sehr aufwendig und nicht ausreichend genau sind. Somit ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit alternative Methoden zu entwickeln, mit denen die Wirksamkeit einer bestimmten Dispenserbehandlung abschätzbar wird. Generell sind die bisher üblichen Nachweismethoden für die Wirksamkeit einer Pheromonanwendung mit großen Unsicherheiten und Kosten behaftet. In dieser Arbeit wird ein neu entwickeltes System beschrieben, mit dem es möglich ist in sehr kurzer Zeit und mit vertretbarem Aufwand die Wirksamkeit einer Pheromonanwendung abzuschätzen. Hierbei wird ein Käfig mit 8,5 m3 Volumen in einem pheromonbehandelten Weinberg aufgestellt und im Zentrum mit einer mit Weibchen der entsprechenden Art bestückten Lockfalle versehen. In diesen Käfig werden genau definierte Anzahlen von Männchen freigelassen und die in der Weibchenfalle gefangenen Männchen über mehrere Tage registriert. Ein identischer Käfig mit gleichem Männchenbesatz und Weibchenfalle in einem unbehandelten Weinberg dient als Kontrolle. Aus den Unterschieden in den Rückfangergebnissen lässt sich die Wirksamkeit einer Pheromonbehandlung bestimmen. Das Mess-System wurde mit unterschiedlichen Methoden auf seine Tauglichkeit für die angestrebten Fragestellungen überprüft. Hierbei ergab sich, dass über die Fragen der Paarungsstörung hinaus eine Vielzahl anderer Verhaltensuntersuchungen möglich wird. Erste Ergebnisse liefern unter anderem eine Dosis-Wirkungskurve für Lobesia botrana und Eupoecilia ambiguella mit der abgeschätzt werden kann, welche Abgaberate die Dispenser haben müssen um eine wirksame Paarungsstörung zu gewährleisten.
Die Verwendung organischer Moleküle in der nichtlinearen Optik (NLO) ist seit mehr als 20 Jahren Gegenstand intensiver Forschung. Man verspricht sich davon wesentliche Vorteile gegenüber den in der Anwendung weit verbreiteten anorganischen Kristallen. Diese zeigen gegenüber organischen Materialien ein wesentlich langsameres Antwortverhalten und gerin-gere nichtlinear-optische Effizienz. Als Wirtssysteme für organische Farbstoffe dienen vor allem Polymere, die mit geeigneten Methoden gepolt werden müssen. Die Weiterverarbeitung solcher Polymere zu elektrooptischen- oder nichtlinear-optischen Bauteilen ist dabei beson-ders einfach. Man kann sie in jede gewünschte Form bringen und vor allem dünne Filme ho-her Effizienz herstellen. Dies eröffnet neue interessante Perspektiven für die Anwendung in der Optoelektronik. In dieser Arbeit wurden eine Reihe interessanter neuer Chromophore für die NLO un-tersucht. Es handelt sich dabei sowohl um einfache eindimensionale Strukturen, als auch um hoch effiziente mehrdimensionale Farbstoffe. Die untersuchten ionischen Chromophore bie-ten die Möglichkeit zur einfachen Herstellung kristalliner Phasen, welche direkt in optoe-lektronische Bauteile eingesetzt werden können. Als Abschluss wurden CT-Komplexe, als Systeme niedriger nichtlinear-optischer Effizienz untersucht. Der NLO-Effekt entsteht in die-sem Fall durch intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen und nicht durch den internen Ladungs-transfer von der Donor- zur Akzeptor-Einheit des Moleküls. Die Moleküle wurden mittels polarisationsabhängiger feldinduzierter Frequenzverdoppe-lung (EFISHG) und Hyper Rayleigh-Streuung (HRS) untersucht. Die Apparatur zur Beobach-tung dieser NLO-Prozesse wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit neu aufgebaut und mit Erfolg wieder in den Messbetrieb überführt. Grundlegende Synthesekonzepte zur Optimierung von NLO-Chromophoren (NLOphoren) konnten mit den vorliegenden Messungen bestätigt wer-den. Die Gültigkeit des Zwei-Niveau-Modells für eindimensionale NLOphore wurde bestätigt und der Einfluss der Donor/Akzeptor-Stärke, sowie der Konjugationslänge auf die NLO-Effizienz untersucht. Für den nichtdipolaren Chromophor mit größter Konjugationslänge zeigt eine der größten für diese Art von Chromophoren je ermittelten Polarisierbarkeiten zweiter Ordnung.
In contrast to the spatial motion setting, the material motion setting of continuum mechanics is concerned with the response to variations of material placements of particles with respect to the ambient material. The material motion point of view is thus extremely prominent when dealing with defect mechanics to which it has originally been introduced by Eshelby more than half a century ago. Its primary unknown, the material deformation map is governed by the material motion balance of momentum, i.e. the balance of material forces on the material manifold in the sense of Eshelby. Material (configurational) forces are concerned with the response to variations of material placements of 'physical particles' with respect to the ambient material. Opposed to that, the common spatial (mechanical) forces in the sense of Newton are considered as the response to variations of spatial placements of 'physical particles' with respect to the ambient space. Material forces as advocated by Maugin are especially suited for the assessment of general defects as inhomogeneities, interfaces, dislocations and cracks, where the material forces are directly related to the classical J-Integral in fracture mechanics, see also Gross & Seelig. Another classical example of a material - or rather configurational - force is emblematized by the celebrated Peach-Koehler force, see e.g. the discussion in Steinmann. The present work is mainly divided in four parts. In the first part we will introduce the basic notions of the mechanics and numerics of material forces for a quasi-static conservative mechanical system. In this case the internal potential energy density per unit volume characterizes a hyperelastic material behaviour. In the first numerical example we discuss the reliability of the material force method to calculate the vectorial J-integral of a crack in a Ramberg-Osgood type material under mode I loading and superimposed T-stresses. Secondly, we study the direction of the single material force acting as the driving force of a kinked crack in a geometrically nonlinear hyperelastic Neo-Hooke material. In the second part we focus on material forces in the case of geometrically nonlinear thermo-hyperelastic material behaviour. Therefore we adapt the theory and numerics to a transient coupled problem, and elaborate the format of the Eshelby stress tensor as well as the internal material volume forces induced by the gradient of the temperature field. We study numerically the material forces in a bimaterial bar under tension load and the time dependent evolution of material forces in a cracked specimen. The third part discusses the material force method in the case of geometrically nonlinear isotropic continuum damage. The basic equations are similar to those of the thermo-hyperelastic problem but we introduce an alternative numerical scheme, namely an active set search algorithm, to calculate the damage field as an additional degree of freedom. With this at hand, it is an easy task to obtain the gradient of the damage field which induces the internal material volume forces. Numeric examples in this part are a specimen with an elliptic hole with different semi-axis, a center cracked specimen and a cracked disc under pure mode I loading. In the fourth part of this work we elaborate the format of the Eshelby stress tensor and the internal material volume forces for geometrically nonlinear multiplicative elasto-plasticity. Concerning the numerical implementation we restrict ourselves to the case of geometrically linear single slip crystal plasticity and compare here two different numerical methods to calculate the gradient of the internal variable which enters the format of the internal material volume forces. The two numerical methods are firstly, a node point based approach, where the internal variable is addressed as an additional degree of freedom, and secondly, a standard approach where the internal variable is only available at the integration points level. Here a least square projection scheme is enforced to calculate the necessary gradients of this internal variable. As numerical examples we discuss a specimen with an elliptic inclusion and an elliptic hole respectively and, in addition, a crack under pure mode I loading in a material with different slip angles. Here we focus on the comparison of the two different methods to calculate the gradient of the internal variable. As a second class of numerical problems we elaborate and implement a geometrically linear von Mises plasticity with isotropic hardening. Here the necessary gradients of the internal variables are calculated by the already mentioned projection scheme. The results of a crack in a material with different hardening behaviour under various additional T-stresses are given.