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- Bemessung (3)
- Homogene Katalyse (3)
- Palladium (3)
- Acrylamid (2)
- Biaryle (2)
- Carbonsäuren (2)
- Datenbank (2)
- Erwarteter Nutzen (2)
- Glycidamid (2)
- Katalyse (2)
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- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Chemie (13)
- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik (12)
- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich ARUBI (11)
- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Mathematik (10)
- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Biologie (7)
- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik (4)
- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Informatik (4)
In Zeiten rasant ansteigender Energiepreise wird die Energieeinsparung durch Gewichtsreduzierung
bewegter Massen, z. B. im Automobilbau, zunehmend wichtiger. In immer mehr Bereichen des
Automobilbaues werden Faser-Kunststoff- Verbunde (FKV) aufgrund ihrer geringen Dichte eingesetzt.
Positive Aspekte einer Faserverstärkung von Kunststoffen sind Verbesserungen der Steifigkeit und
der Festigkeit. Negativ wirkt sich die Faserverstärkung hingegen auf die Bruchdehnung aus. Je nach
eingesetztem FKV kann durch die geringe Bruchdehnung bei einem Crash nur wenig Energie absorbiert
werden und es kommt zum strukturellen Versagen. Wegen der günstigen Material- und
Verarbeitungskosten werden im Auto- mobilbau häufig langglasfaserverstärkte Thermoplaste (LFT)
verwendet. Diese können allerdings aufgrund ihrer suboptimalen Crasheigenschaften in vielen
Bereichen des Fahrzeugbaues nicht eingesetzt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich daher mit
der Verbesserung der Crasheigenschaften von LFT durch eine Verstärkung mit Metalltextilien. Ziel
ist es, den Anwendungsbereich von LFT im Auto- mobilbau zu erweitern. Aufgrund der Erfahrungen in
vorangegangenen Arbeiten liegt der Fokus der vorliegenden Arbeit auf den Eigenschaften eines mit
Edelstahl- schweißgitter (ESG) verstärkten LFT. Das Material wurde mit einer Vielzahl an Versuchen
einer eingehenden mechanischen Charakterisierung unterzogen. Vor der Probenentnahme wurde die
herstellungsbedingte Faserorientierung in Plattenebene untersucht. Dies geschah durch die
Auswertung von Röntgen- und Durchlicht- aufnahmen. Es wurde eine hochgradige Faserausrichtung in
Fließrichtung fest- gestellt. Mit Hilfe der Computertomographie war eine qualitative Untersuchung
der lokalen Faserorientierung möglich. Weiterhin konnte die Beeinflussung der Faser- orientierung
durch die Metalltextilverstärkung beobachtet werden. Aufgrund der Be- deutung der
Interfaceeigenschaften zwischen Stahl und LFT für den ESG-LFT- Verbund wurden die Scher- und
Normalfestigkeit mit Hilfe von Drahtauszug- und Stirnabzugversuchen bestimmt. Die
Interfaceeigenschaften wurden für verschiedene Vorbehandlungsmethoden der metallischen Oberfläche
untersucht. Eine Vorbehand- lung durch Druckluftstrahlen der Oberfläche führte zu den besten
Haftungs- eigenschaften. Als Strahlmittel wurden Korundpartikel eingesetzt. Neben metall-
textilverstärkten LFT-Proben wurden auch unverstärkte LFT-Proben als Referenzuntersucht. Es wurden quasistatische Versuche unter Zug- und Schubbelastung
durchgeführt. Wegen der Crashanwendung wurden die Zugversuche auch unter
kurzzeitdynamischer Belastung durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurden Durchstoßversuche
durchgeführt, um den Einfluss auf die Energieabsorption beobachten zu können. Um
die Verbesserung der strukturellen Integrität zu demonstrieren, wurden einfache
Demonstratorbauteile unter Zugbelastung getestet. Dabei konnte neben einer
Bestimmung wichtiger Materialparameter eine erhöhte Energieaufnahme und eine
verbesserte strukturelle Integrität nachgewiesen werden. Zur Erweiterung der
experimentellen Erkenntnisse wurde ein parametrisiertes Simulationsmodell auf
Mikroebene entwickelt. Anhand des Mikromodells gelang es, einen detaillierten
Einblick in den Spannungszustand und das Versagensverhalten von ESG-LFT zu
erhalten. Des Weiteren war es damit möglich, den Einfluss verschiedener Geometrieund
Haftungsparameter auf die Verbundeigenschaften zu untersuchen. Die
vorliegenden Erkenntnisse wurden zur Programmierung eines makromechanischen
Simulationsmodells genutzt. Dieses zeigte, trotz der vorgenommenen
Vereinfachungen, bereits gute Übereinstimmungen von Simulation und Experiment
und konnte Hinweise für weiterführende Arbeiten liefern. Das entwickelte makromechanische
Modell kann damit als Basis für die Weiterentwicklung dieses Materialmodells genutzt werden.
Fiber-reinforced plastics are hybrid materials designed for the needs of the 21st century.
With their capability to form low weight structures, while preserving high stiffness
and excellent damping, these composites provide solutions for a broad range of markets.
Unfortunately, some of these advantages are not used in practice because there exist
no fast and automated manufacturing processes for efficient production. In the research
field of continuous-reinforced thermoplastic composites, industry is facing a
challenge of high viscose polymer melt and thereby an imperfect fiber wet-out. As a
result, synergy effects of fibers within a polymer could not be fully exploited.
The topic of this work is to adapt new processing technologies for reactive thermoplastic
polymers. On one hand, fast heating and cooling options offer processes with
shorter cycle time, and on the other hand, low viscosity of reactive polymers impregnates
the textile structures faster. This results in faster and cheaper manufacturing of
composites that are yet to be realized for the market.
All FRPCs were produced on a continuous compression molding press. As a noncontinuous
technology, an inductive heated CageSystem® from RocTool has been
selected. Entropically driven ring-opening cyclic oligomers form Cyclics with waterlike
melt viscosities are chosen as reactive matrix.
The viscosity of Cyclic Butylene Terephthalate (CBT*) was measured using a rheometer.
The rheological behavior is determined under isothermal conditions for various
temperatures. The chemical transformation from oligomer to macromolecule pCBT1
was assessed by size exclusion chromatography. Based on these studies, a kinetic
polymerization model was constructed which involved an Arrhenius-type equation. By
using the activation energy and pre-exponential factor, it was possible to offer an
exact mathematical solution for the prediction of isothermal conversion. A numerical
solution of the Arrhenius equation helped to predict the polymerization for any timetemperature
conditions. Furthermore, the polymerization model was extended to describe
the chemo-rheology. Inserting specific material parameters, the bipartite model
was able to provide a numerical prognosis for the viscosity with the input parameters
time-temperature. All models were calibrated and validated with the experimental
data. The continuous compression molding press was used to consolidate CBT-prepregs
and PBT-prepregs. As reinforcing phase, a multiaxial non-crimp-fabric from Ahlstrom
was used. This fabric contained glass fibers with a “CBT*-compatible” sizing. The
design of experiments was mainly focusing on the variation in the temperature distribution
in process direction with respect to process speeds. An extensive analysis,
from optical to energy absorption, was performed on the resulting FRPC-product,
called organic sheet. All test results showed a better performance for GF-pCBT
compared to GF-PBT. Even for much higher process speed, the material properties
of GF-pCBT did not deteriorate strongly in contrast to GF-PBT. The enhancement
was traced to a better fiber-matrix interface (e.g., ILSS values) and to an excellent
fiber wet-out with pCBT (e.g., SEM pictures).
Viscosity and impregnation are the main factors behind the transversal visco-elastic
impregnation model that was deduced. An arithmetic function that tracks the impregnation
process for the classical thermoplastic PBT and its reactive pendant CBT*
was derived. This was based on the dimensionless B-factor which was considered as
technology independent performance indicator. The model was able to link the fast
impregnation with CBT* - the viscosity of which is 10-5 magnitude lower than PBT - to
all temperature-time-conditions. An optimization method was used to find process
parameters to realize a minimum cycle time for the continuous process. This model
was adapted to the non-continuous pressing technology to find the minimum cycle
time.
To evaluate the economic potential, a transparent process analysis was set up in
form of a static cost calculation. In a first step, all monetary activities from each technology
were identified and rated. The cycle time - as main capacity indicator - was
based on the chemo-rheological model introduced above. Different break-even
analyses and production costs highlighted the techno-economic potential of the related
process-material-combination. A synergistic effect between innovative process
technologies and reactive thermoplastic polymer was found.
Faster and more efficient technologies for the production of fiber-reinforced plastics
have been systematically developed and evaluated. The results were achieved with
an intelligent combination of manufacturing technology and modern reactive thermoplastic
polymers. Moreover, the approach of this work can be transferred to the other
reactive thermoplastic matrix-based composites.
The aim of this study is to describe the consolidation in thermoplastic tape placement
process to obtain high quality structure, making the process viable for automotive
and aerospace industrial applications. The major barrier in this technique is very
short residence time of material under the consolidation roller to accomplished complete
polymer diffusion in the bonded region. Hence investigation is performed to find
out the optimize manufacturing parameters by extensive material, process, product
testing and through process simulation.
Temperature distribution and convective heat transfer under the hot gas torch is experimentally
mapped out. Bonding process inside the laminate is the combine effect
of layers (tapes) intimate contact Dic development and resulting polymer diffusion Dh
at these contacted sections. Three energy levels are identified based on the process
velocity and hot gas flow combinations. For the low energy parameter combinations,
the energy input to the incoming tape and substrate material is limited and result in
incomplete intimate contact which restricts the bonding process. On other hand high
energy input although could increase the bonding degree Db even up to the 97%, but
also activate the thermal degradation phenomena. It is found out that the rate of polymer
healing (diffusion) and polymer crosslinking follows the Arrhenius laws with the
activation energies of 43 KJ/mol and 276 KJ/mol. The polymer crosslinking at high
temperature exposure hinder the polymer diffusion process and reduces the strength
development. So the parameters combination at intermediate energy level provides
the opportunity of continuous interlaminar strength improvement through out the layup
process.
Deformation of tape edges is identified as the dictating factor for the laminate’s transverse
strength. Tape placement with slight overlap reinforced the transverse joint by
more 10 % as compared to pure matrix joint. Finally the simulation tool developed in
this research work is used for identifying the existing limitation to achieve full consolidation.
A parameter study shows that extended consolidation either by mean of additional
pass or by increasing consolidation length widens the high strength (over 90%)
bonding degree Db contour. Thus high lay-up velocity (up to 7 m/min) is viable for industrial
production rate.
In recent years the consumption of polymer based composites in many engineering
fields where friction and wear are critical issues has increased enormously. Satisfying
the growing industrial needs can be successful only if the costly, labor-intensive and
time-consuming cycle of manufacturing, followed by testing, and additionally followed
by further trial-and-error compounding is reduced or even avoided. Therefore, the
objective is to get in advance as much fundamental understanding as possible of the
interaction between various composite components and that of the composite against
its counterface. Sliding wear of polymers and polymer composites involves very
complex and highly nonlinear processes. Consequently, to develop analytical models
for the simulation of the sliding wear behavior of these materials is extremely difficult
or even impossible. It necessitates simplifying hypotheses and thus compromising
accuracy. An alternative way, discussed in this work, is an artificial neural network
based modeling. The principal benefit of artificial neural networks (ANNs) is their ability
to learn patterns through a training experience from experimentally generated data
using self-organizing capabilities.
Initially, the potential of using ANNs for the prediction of friction and wear properties
of polymers and polymer composites was explored using already published friction
and wear data of 101 independent fretting wear tests of polyamide 46 (PA 46) composites.
For comparison, ANNs were also applied to model the mechanical properties
of polymer composites using a commercial data bank of 93 pairs of independent Izod
impact, tension and bending tests of polyamide 66 (PA 66) composites. Different
stages in the development of ANN models such as selection of optimum network
configuration, multi-dimensional modeling, training and testing of the network were
addressed at length. The results of neural network predictions appeared viable and
very promising for their application in the field of tribology.
A case example was subsequently presented to model the sliding friction and wear
properties of polymer composites by using newly measured datasets of polyphenylene
sulfide (PPS) matrix composites. The composites were prepared by twinscrew
extrusion and injection molding. The dataset investigated was generated from
pin-on-disc testing in dry sliding conditions under various contact pressures and sliding speeds. Initially the focus was placed on exploring the possible synergistic effects
between traditional reinforcements and particulate fillers, with special emphasis on
sub-micro TiO2 particles (300 nm average diameter) and short carbon fibers (SCFs).
Subsequently, the lubricating contributions of graphite (Gr) and polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE) in these multiphase materials were also studied. ANNs were trained
using a conjugate gradient with Powell/Beale restarts (CGB) algorithm as well as a
variable learning rate backpropagation (GDX) algorithm in order to learn compositionproperty
relationships between the inputs and outputs of the system. Likewise, the
influence of the operating parameters (contact pressure (p) and sliding speed (v))
was also examined. The incorporation of short carbon fibers and sub-micro TiO2
particles resulted in both a lower friction and a great improvement in the wear resistance
of the PPS composites within the low and medium pv-range. The mechanical
characterization and surface analysis after wear testing revealed that this beneficial
tribological performance could be explained by the following phenomena: (i)
enhanced mechanical properties through the inclusion of short carbon fibers, (ii)
favorable protection of the short carbon fibers by the sub-micro particles diminishing
fiber breakage and removal, (iii) self-repairing effects with the sub-micro particles, (iv)
formation of quasi-spherical transfer particles free to roll at the tribological contact.
Still, in the high pv-range stick-slip sliding motion was observed with these hybrid
materials. The adverse stick-slip behavior could be effectively eliminated through the
additional inclusion of solid lubricant reservoirs (Gr and PTFE), analogous to the
lubricants used in real ball bearings. Likewise, solid lubricants improved the wear resistance
of the multiphase system PPS/SCF/TiO2 in the high pv-range (≥ 9 MPa·m/s).
Yet, their positive effect, especially that of graphite, was limited up to certain volume
fraction and loading conditions. The optimum results were obtained by blending
comparatively low amounts of Gr and PTFE (≈ 5 vol.% from each additive). An introduction
of softer sub-micro particles did not bring the desired ball bearing effect and
fiber protection. The ANN prediction profiles for PPS tribo-compounds exhibited very
good or even perfect agreement with the measured results demonstrating that the
target of achieving a well trained network was reached. The results of employing a
validation test dataset indicated that the trained neural network acquired enough
generalization capability to extend what it has learned about the training patterns to
data that it has not seen before from the same knowledge domain. Optimal brain surgeon (OBS) algorithm was employed to perform pruning of the network
topology by eliminating non-useful weights and bias in order to determine if the
performance of the pruned network was better than the fully-connected network.
Pruning resulted in accuracy gains over the fully-connected network, but induced
higher computational cost in coding the data in the required format. Within an importance
analysis, the sensitivity of the network response variable (frictional coefficient
or specific wear rate) to characteristic mechanical and thermo-mechanical input variables
was examined. The goal was to study the relationships between the diverse
input variables and the characteristic tribological parameters for a better understanding
of the sliding wear process with these materials. Finally, it was demonstrated that
the well-trained networks might be applied for visualization what will happen if a certain
filler is introduced into a composite, or what the impacts of the testing conditions
on the frictional coefficient and specific wear rate are. In this way, they might be a
helpful tool for design engineers and materials experts to explore materials and to
make reasoned selection and substitution decisions early in the design phase, when
they incur least cost.
Untersuchungen zum Zugtragverhalten hochduktiler Faserbetone mit zusätzlicher Textilbewehrung
(2010)
Hochduktiler Faserbeton zeigt ein dehnungsverfestigendes Zugtragverhalten mit ausgeprägter Vielfachrissbildung und einer Bruchdehnung von bis zu 5 %. Aufgrund der sehr kleinen Rissbreiten im Gebrauchszustand von weniger als 0,1 mm können hochduktile Faserbetone als quasi-wasserundurchlässig angesehen werden. Ausgehend von diesen Materialeigenschaften entstand die Überlegung, Fugen, z.B. zwischen Betonfertigteilen im Hochbau, mit einer Abdeckung aus hochduktilem Faserbeton zu überbrücken. Hiermit könnten Bewegungen der Betonfertigteile, z.B. infolge Temperaturänderungen ausgeglichen werden, ohne dass breite Risse an der Oberseite der Abdeckung entstehen. Im Laufe vorangegangener Untersuchungen [Mechtcherine 2007/1] hat sich jedoch gezeigt, dass das Dauerstandverhalten des für die vorliegende Arbeit verwendeten hochduktilen PVA-Faserbetons unter Dauerlast unzureichend ist. Zur Verbesserung des Tragverhaltens unter Dauerlast wurde daher eine zusätzliche leichte Textilbewehrung verwendet. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Untersuchung des Zugtragverhaltens eines hochduktilen Kurzfaserbetons mit zusätzlicher Textilbewehrung unter Kurzzeit- und Langzeit-Zugbeanspruchung. Auf der Grundlage der Versuchsergebnisse wird ein einfaches empirisches Bemessungskonzept für Faserbeton mit zusätzlicher Textilbewehrung entwickelt. Auf der Grundlage dieses Bemessungskonzeptes soll in weiterführenden Arbeiten, die sich u. a. mit dem Tragverhalten unter zyklischer Beanspruchung befassen sollten, die Entwicklung einer Fugenabdeckung zwischen Betonfertigteildecken möglich sein.
In robotics, information is often regarded as a means to an end. The question of how to structure information and how to bridge the semantic gap between different levels of abstraction in a uniform way is still widely regarded as a technical issue. Ignoring these challenges appears to lead robotics into a similar stasis as experienced in the software industry of the late 1960s. From the beginning of the software crisis until today, numerous methods, techniques, and tools for managing the increasing complexity of software systems have evolved. The attempt to transfer several of these ideas towards applications in robotics yielded various control architectures, frameworks, and process models. These attempts mainly provide modularisation schemata which suggest how to decompose a complex system into less complex subsystems. The schematisation of representation and information flow however is mostly ignored. In this work, a set of design schemata is proposed which is embedded into an action/perception-oriented design methodology to promote thorough abstractions between distinct levels of control. Action-oriented design decomposes control systems top-down and sensor data is extracted from the environment as required. This comes with the problem that information is often condensed in a premature fashion. That way, sensor processing is dependent on the control system design resulting in a monolithical system structure with limited options for reusability. In contrast, perception-oriented design constructs control systems bottom-up starting with the extraction of environment information from sensor data. The extracted entities are placed into structures which evolve with the development of the sensor processing algorithms. In consequence, the control system is strictly dependent on the sensor processing algorithms which again results in a monolithic system. In their particular domain, both design approaches have great advantages but fail to create inherently modular systems. The design approach proposed in this work combines the strengths of action orientation and perception orientation into one coherent methodology without inheriting their weaknesses. More precisely, design schemata for representation, translation, and fusion of environmental information are developed which establish thorough abstraction mechanisms between components. The explicit introduction of abstractions particularly supports extensibility and scalability of robot control systems by design.
In the classical Merton investment problem of maximizing the expected utility from terminal wealth and intermediate consumption stock prices are independent of the investor who is optimizing his investment strategy. This is reasonable as long as the considered investor is small and thus does not influence the asset prices. However for an investor whose actions may affect the financial market the framework of the classical investment problem turns out to be inappropriate. In this thesis we provide a new approach to the field of large investor models. We study the optimal investment problem of a large investor in a jump-diffusion market which is in one of two states or regimes. The investor’s portfolio proportions as well as his consumption rate affect the intensity of transitions between the different regimes. Thus the investor is ’large’ in the sense that his investment decisions are interpreted by the market as signals: If, for instance, the large investor holds 25% of his wealth in a certain asset then the market may regard this as evidence for the corresponding asset to be priced incorrectly, and a regime shift becomes likely. More specifically, the large investor as modeled here may be the manager of a big mutual fund, a big insurance company or a sovereign wealth fund, or the executive of a company whose stocks are in his own portfolio. Typically, such investors have to disclose their portfolio allocations which impacts on market prices. But even if a large investor does not disclose his portfolio composition as it is the case of several hedge funds then the other market participants may speculate about the investor’s strategy which finally could influence the asset prices. Since the investor’s strategy only impacts on the regime shift intensities the asset prices do not necessarily react instantaneously. Our model is a generalization of the two-states version of the Bäuerle-Rieder model. Hence as the Bäuerle-Rieder model it is suitable for long investment periods during which market conditions could change. The fact that the investor’s influence enters the intensities of the transitions between the two states enables us to solve the investment problem of maximizing the expected utility from terminal wealth and intermediate consumption explicitly. We present the optimal investment strategy for a large investor with CRRA utility for three different kinds of strategy-dependent regime shift intensities – constant, step and affine intensity functions. In each case we derive the large investor’s optimal strategy in explicit form only dependent on the solution of a system of coupled ODEs of which we show that it admits a unique global solution. The thesis is organized as follows. In Section 2 we repeat the classical Merton investment problem of a small investor who does not influence the market. Further the Bäuerle-Rieder investment problem in which the market states follow a Markov chain with constant transition intensities is discussed. Section 3 introduces the aforementioned investment problem of a large investor. Besides the mathematical framework and the HJB-system we present a verification theorem that is necessary to verify the optimality of the solutions to the investment problem that we derive later on. The explicit derivation of the optimal investment strategy for a large investor with power utility is given in Section 4. For three kinds of intensity functions – constant, step and affine – we give the optimal solution and verify that the corresponding ODE-system admits a unique global solution. In case of the strategy-dependent intensity functions we distinguish three particular kinds of this dependency – portfolio-dependency, consumption-dependency and combined portfolio- and consumption-dependency. The corresponding results for an investor having logarithmic utility are shown in Section 5. In the subsequent Section 6 we consider the special case of a market consisting of only two correlated stocks besides the money market account. We analyze the investor’s optimal strategy when only the position in one of those two assets affects the market state whereas the position in the other asset is irrelevant for the regime switches. Various comparisons of the derived investment problems are presented in Section 7. Besides the comparisons of the particular problems with each other we also dwell on the sensitivity of the solution concerning the parameters of the intensity functions. Finally we consider the loss the large investor had to face if he neglected his influence on the market. In Section 8 we conclude the thesis.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war, die Entwicklung von übergangsmetallkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen zur Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Bindungsknüpfungen, bei denen Carbonsäuren anstelle der traditionell verwendeten, jedoch ökologisch bedenklichen Organometall-verbindungen (z. B. metallorganische Verbindungen der Elemente Bor, Zinn, Zink, Kupfer oder Magnesium) als Startmaterialien eingesetzt werden. Der wesentlich Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bestand darin, die zu diesem Zeitpunkt neu entwickelte decarboxylierende Kreuzkupplungsreaktion von aromatischen Carbonsäuren mit Arylhalogeniden zur synthetischen Reife zu führen.
Charakterisierung der DNA-schädigenden Wirkung von Acrylamid in Lebensmitteln am Modell der Ratte
(2010)
Die alpha,beta-ungesättigte Carbonylverbindung Acrylamid entsteht beim Erhitzen von kohlenhydratreichen Lebensmitteln aus der Reaktion von Aminosäuren (hauptsächlich Asparagin) und reduzierenden Zuckern als Nebenprodukt der Maillard-Reaktion. In Langzeitstudien an Ratten wurde ein kanzerogenes Potential von Acrylamid nachgewiesen, was zu seiner Klassifizierung als „wahrscheinlich kanzerogen am Menschen“ (Kategorie 2a) durch die International Agency for Research on Cancer führte. Als Auslöser der Kanzerogenität von Acrylamid wird ein genotoxischer Mechanismus vermutet, der auf der Reaktion von Glycidamid mit der DNA unter Ausbildung des Hauptadduktes N7-Glycidamid-Guanin (N7-GA-Guanin) basiert. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Untersuchung der genotoxischen Wirkung von Acrylamid in vivo anhand des modifizierten Comet Assays sowie der massenspektrometrischen Untersuchung von N7-GA-Guanin-Addukten. Die Problematik wurde in zwei Teilprojekten bearbeitet. Zum einen wurde die Auswirkung verschiedener Lebensmittelmatrices auf die genotoxische Wirkung von Acrylamid in der Ratte im Vergleich zur Acrylamid-Aufnahme über Trinkwasser per Schlundsonde untersucht. Dazu wurden jeweils drei Ratten über maximal neun Tage mit Acrylamid-Dosen von 50 µg/kg KG/d in Trinkwasser oder Brotkruste bzw. 100 µg/kg KG/d in Trinkwasser (Schlundsonde), geschnittenen und rekonstituierten Pommes Frites sowie Lebkuchen behandelt. Zusätzlich wurde jeweils drei Tiere einmalig eine Dosis von 450 µg bzw. 900 µg Acrylamid/kg KG in Trinkwasser mittels Schlundsonde verabreicht, was der maximalen Aufnahmemenge über neun Tage entspricht. Außerdem wurde zwei Tieren einmalig 10 mg Acrylamid/kg KG in Trinkwasser per Schlundsonde gegeben. Die Tötung der Tiere sowie Blut- und Organentnahme erfolgten 24 Stunden nach der letzten Acrylamid-Gabe. Die Untersuchung der Blut- und Leberzellen mittels modifiziertem Comet Assay ließ auf keine signifikante DNA-Schädigung der mit 50 oder 100 µg Acrylamid/kg KG behandelten Tiere schließen. Auch die einmalige Verabreichung von 450 µg bzw. 900 µg Acrylamid/kg KG im Trinkwasser führte zu keiner signifikanten Erhöhung der DNA-Schädigung. Lediglich nach der Gabe von 10 mg Acrylamid/kg KG wurden DNA-Schäden in Blut und Leber detektiert. In den Geweben der für maximal neun Tage mit 50 oder 100 µg Acrylamid/kg KG im Trinkwasser oder Lebensmittel behandelten Ratten wurden keine N7-GA-Guanin-Addukte detektiert und lagen somit unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze von 1 Addukt/10E8 Nukleotide. Nach einmaliger Verabreichung von 450 µg Acrylamid/kg KG wurden in allen Organen der behandelten Tiere N7-GA-Guanin-Addukte detektiert, die allerdings unterhalb der Bestimmungsgrenze von 3 Addukten/10E8 Nukleotide lagen. Die einmalige Gabe von 900 µg und 10 mg Acrylamid/kg KG führte zu quantifizierbaren Addukten in allen untersuchten Organen. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde die zeit- und dosisabhängige Bildung von N7-GA-Guanin-Addukten in der DNA aus Leber, Niere und Lunge weiblicher Sprague-Dawley Ratten untersucht. Dazu wurden die Ratten zunächst einmalig mit 1 mg oder 10 mg Acrylamid/kg KG per Schlundsonde behandelt und die Gewebeproben nach 8, 16 oder 24 Stunden entnommen und untersucht. Nach Ermittlung des Zeitpunktes der maximalen N7-GA-Guanin-Adduktbildung wurden weitere Ratten einmalig mit 0,1 mg, 0,5 mg, 3 mg oder 6 mg Acrylamid/kg KG behandelt. Neben der N7-GA-Guanin-Adduktbildung wurde die Bildung der Mercaptursäuren von Acrylamid und Glycidamid mittels HPLC-MS/MS untersucht. Die Mercaptursäuren AAMA und GAMA entstehen als Abbauprodukte der Glutathionkonjugate von Acrylamid und Glycidamid und werden über den Urin ausgeschieden. Die dosisabhängige Bildung von N7-GA-Guanin-Addukten wurde 16 Stunden nach Verabreichung von Acrylamiddosen zwischen 0,1 mg und 10 mg/kg KG untersucht. Die N7-GA-Guanin-Addukte konnten erst ab einer Dosis von 1 mg Acrylamid/kg KG in der DNA der Tiere quantifiziert werden. Die Adduktbildung in der 0,1 mg Acrylamid/kg KG-Gruppe lag unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze, während die Addukte in der 0,5 mg Acrylamid/kg KG-Gruppe zwar nachweisbar, aber nicht quantifizierbar waren. Im Bereich von 1 bis 10 mg Acrylamid/kg KG wurde ein dosisabhängiger Anstieg der N7-GA-Guanin-Addukte beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse der gemessenen Mercaptursäuren zeigen insgesamt, dass 53-55 % der Acrylamid-Dosis von 1 und 10 mg/kg KG innerhalb von 24 Stunden als Mercaptursäuren ausgeschieden werden und dadurch eine effektive Entgiftung von Acrylamid gewährleistet ist. Anhand der ausgeschiedenen GAMA-Menge lässt sich rückschließen, dass 14-18 % der verabreichten 1 und 10 mg Acrylamid/kg KG innerhalb von 24 Stunden zu Glycidamid metabolisiert werden. Die Untersuchung der Mercaptursäuren im 16-Stunden-Sammelurin nach Gabe von 0,1 bis 10 mg Acrylamid/kg KG zeigte, dass die absolute Ausscheidung von AAMA und GAMA linear mit der Dosis ansteigt.