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The level-set method has been recently introduced in the field of shape optimization, enabling a smooth representation of the boundaries on a fixed mesh and therefore leading to fast numerical algorithms. However, most of these algorithms use a Hamilton-Jacobi equation to connect the evolution of the level-set function with the deformation of the contours, and consequently they cannot create any new holes in the domain (at least in 2D). In this work, we propose an evolution equation for the level-set function based on a generalization of the concept of topological gradient. This results in a new algorithm allowing for all kinds of topology changes.
We give an analytical and geometrical treatment of what it means to sepa rate a Gaussian kernel along arbitrary axes in Rn, and we present a separation scheme that allows to efficiently implement anisotropic Gaussian convolution filters in arbitrary dimension. Based on our previous analysis we show that this scheme is optimal with regard to the number of memory accesses and nterpolation operations needed. Our method relies on non-orthogonal convolution axes and works com- pletely in image space. Thus, it avoids the need for an FFT-subroutine. Depending on the accuracy and speed requirements, different interpolation schemes and methods to implement the one-dimensional Gaussian (FIR, IIR) can be integrated. The algorithm is also feasible for hardware that does not contain a floating-point unit. Special emphasis is laid on analyzing the performance and accuracy of our method. In particular, we show that withot any special optimization of the source code, our method can perform anisotropic Gaussian filtering faster than methods relyin on the Fast Fourier Transform.
In order to optimize the acoustic properties of a stacked fiber non-woven, the microstructure of the non-woven is modeled by a macroscopically homogeneous random system of straight cylinders (tubes). That is, the fibers are modeled by a spatially stationary random system of lines (Poisson line process), dilated by a sphere. Pressing the non-woven causes anisotropy. In our model, this anisotropy is described by a one parametric distribution of the direction of the fibers. In the present application, the anisotropy parameter has to be estimated from 2d reflected light microscopic images of microsections of the non-woven. After fitting the model, the flow is computed in digitized realizations of the stochastic geometric model using the lattice Boltzmann method. Based on the flow resistivity, the formulas of Delany and Bazley predict the frequency-dependent acoustic absorption of the non-woven in the impedance tube. Using the geometric model, the description of a non-woven with improved acoustic absorption properties is obtained in the following way: First, the fiber thicknesses, porosity and anisotropy of the fiber system are modified. Then the flow and acoustics simulations are performed in the new sample. These two steps are repeatedc for various sets of parameters. Finally, the set of parameters for the geometric model leading to the best acoustic absorption is chosen.
Im diesem Dokument werden Aspekte der formalen zeitlichen Planung bzw. des Scheduling für Bauprojekte anhand ausgewählter Literatur diskutiert. Auf allgemeine Aspekte des Scheduling soll dabei nicht eingegangen werden. Hierzu seien als Standard-Referenzen nur Brucker (2004) und Pinedo (1995) genannt. Zu allgemeinen Fragen des Projekt-Managements sei auf Kerzner (2003) verwiesen. Im Abschnitt 1 werden einige Anforderungen und Besonderheiten der Planung von Baustellen diskutiert. Diese treten allerdings auch in zahlreichen anderen Bereichen der Produktionsplanung und des Projektmanagements auf. In Abschnitt 2 werden dann Aspekte zur Formalisierung von Scheduling-Problemen in der Bauwirtschaft diskutiert, insbesondere Ziele und zu berücksichtigende Restriktionen. Auf eine mathematische Formalisierung wird dabei allerdings verzichtet. Abschnitt 3 bietet eine Übersicht über Verfahren und grundlegende Techniken für die Berechnung von Schedules. In Abschnitt 4 wird ein Überblick über vorhandene Software, zum einen verbreitete Internationale Software, zum anderen deutschsprachige Branchenlösungen, gegeben. Anschließend werden Schlussfolgerungen gezogen und es erfolgt eine Auflistung der Literaturquellen.
Virtual material design is the microscopic variation of materials in the computer, followed by the numerical evaluation of the effect of this variation on the material‘s macroscopic properties. The goal of this procedure is an in some sense improved material. Here, we give examples regarding the dependence of the effective elastic moduli of a composite material on the geometry of the shape of an inclusion. A new approach on how to solve such interface problems avoids mesh generation and gives second order accurate results even in the vicinity of the interface. The Explicit Jump Immersed Interface Method is a finite difference method for elliptic partial differential equations that works on an equidistant Cartesian grid in spite of non-grid aligned discontinuities in equation parameters and solution. Near discontinuities, the standard finite difference approximations are modified by adding correction terms that involve jumps in the function and its derivatives. This work derives the correction terms for two dimensional linear elasticity with piecewise constant coefficients, i.e. for composite materials. It demonstrates numerically convergence and approximation properties of the method.
Fiber Dynamics in Turbulent Flows -Part I: General Modeling Framework -Part II: Specific Taylor Drag
(2005)
Part I: General Modeling Framework The paper at hand deals with the modeling of turbulence effects on the dynamics of a long slender elastic fiber. Independent of the choice of the drag model, a general aerodynamic force concept is derived on the basis of the velocity field for the randomly fluctuating component of the flow. Its construction as centered differentiable Gaussian field complies thereby with the requirements of the stochastic k-turbulence model and Kolmogorov’s universal equilibrium theory on local isotropy. Part II: Specific Taylor Drag In [12], an aerodynamic force concept for a general air drag model is derived on top of a stochastic k-epsilon description for a turbulent flow field. The turbulence effects on the dynamics of a long slender elastic fiber are particularly modeled by a correlated random Gaussian force and in its asymptotic limit on a macroscopic fiber scale by Gaussian white noise with flow - dependent amplitude. The paper at hand now presents quantitative similarity estimates and numerical comparisons for the concrete choice of a Taylor drag model in a given application.
Traditional methods fail for the purpose of simulating the complete flow process in urban areas as a consequence of heavy rainfall and as required by the European Standard EN-752 since the bi-directional coupling between sewer and surface is not properly handled. The methodology, developed in the BMBF/ EUREKA-project RisUrSim, solves this problem by carrying out the runoff on the basis of shallow water equations solved on high-resolution surface grids. Exchange nodes between the sewer and the surface, like inlets and manholes, are located in the computational grid and water leaving the sewer in case of surcharge is further distributed on the surface. So far, it has been a problem to get the dense topographical information needed to build models suitable for hydrodynamic runoff calculation in urban areas. Recent airborne data collection methods like laser scanning, however, offer a great chance to economically gather densely sampled input data. This paper studies the potential of such laser-scan data sets for urban water hydrodynamics.
Inverse treatment planning of intensity modulated radiothrapy is a multicriteria optimization problem: planners have to find optimal compromises between a sufficiently high dose in tumor tissue that garantuee a high tumor control, and, dangerous overdosing of critical structures, in order to avoid high normal tissue complcication problems. The approach presented in this work demonstrates how to state a flexible generic multicriteria model of the IMRT planning problem and how to produce clinically highly relevant Pareto-solutions. The model is imbedded in a principal concept of Reverse Engineering, a general optimization paradigm for design problems. Relevant parts of the Pareto-set are approximated by using extreme compromises as cornerstone solutions, a concept that is always feasible if box constraints for objective funtions are available. A major practical drawback of generic multicriteria concepts trying to compute or approximate parts of the Pareto-set is the high computational effort. This problem can be overcome by exploitation of an inherent asymmetry of the IMRT planning problem and an adaptive approximation scheme for optimal solutions based on an adaptive clustering preprocessing technique. Finally, a coherent approach for calculating and selecting solutions in a real-timeinteractive decision-making process is presented. The paper is concluded with clinical examples and a discussion of ongoing research topics.
Flow of non-Newtonian fluid in saturated porous media can be described by the continuity equation and the generalized Darcy law. Efficient solution of the resulting second order nonlinear elliptic equation is discussed here. The equation is discretized by a finite volume method on a cell-centered grid. Local adaptive refinement of the grid is introduced in order to reduce the number of unknowns. A special implementation approach is used, which allows us to perform unstructured local refinement in conjunction with the finite volume discretization. Two residual based error indicators are exploited in the adaptive refinement criterion. Second order accurate discretization of the fluxes on the interfaces between refined and non-refined subdomains, as well as on the boundaries with Dirichlet boundary condition, are presented here, as an essential part of the accurate and efficient algorithm. A nonlinear full approximation storage multigrid algorithm is developed especially for the above described composite (coarse plus locally refined) grid approach. In particular, second order approximation of the fluxes around interfaces is a result of a quadratic approximation of slave nodes in the multigrid - adaptive refinement (MG-AR) algorithm. Results from numerical solution of various academic and practice-induced problems are presented and the performance of the solver is discussed.
Im vorliegenden Bericht werden die Erfahrungen und Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt OptCast zusammengestellt. Das Ziel dieses Projekts bestand (a) in der Anpassung der Methodik der automatischen Strukturoptimierung für Gussteile und (b) in der Entwicklung und Bereitstellung von gießereispezifischen Optimierungstools für Gießereien und Ingenieurbüros. Gießtechnische Restriktionen lassen sich nicht vollständig auf geometrische Restriktionen reduzieren, da die lokalen Eigenschaften nicht nur von der geometrischen Form des Gussteils, sondern auch vom verwendeten Material abhängen. Sie sind jedoch über eine Gießsimulation (Erstarrungssimulation und Eigenspannungsanalyse) adäquat erfassbar. Wegen dieser Erkenntnis wurde ein neuartiges Topologieoptimierungsverfahren unter Verwendung der Level-Set-Technik entwickelt, bei dem keine variable Dichte des Materials eingeführt wird. In jeder Iteration wird ein scharfer Rand des Bauteils berechnet. Somit ist die Gießsimulation in den iterativen Optimierungsprozess integrierbar.