Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Mathematik
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Faculty / Organisational entity
The main purpose of the study was to improve the physical properties of the modelling of compressed materials, especially fibrous materials. Fibrous materials are finding increasing application in the industries. And most of the materials are compressed for different applications. For such situation, we are interested in how the fibre arranged, e.g. with which distribution. For given materials it is possible to obtain a three-dimensional image via micro computed tomography. Since some physical parameters, e.g. the fibre lengths or the directions for points in the fibre, can be checked under some other methods from image, it is beneficial to improve the physical properties by changing the parameters in the image.
In this thesis, we present a new maximum-likelihood approach for the estimation of parameters of a parametric distribution on the unit sphere, which is various as some well known distributions, e.g. the von-Mises Fisher distribution or the Watson distribution, and for some models better fit. The consistency and asymptotic normality of the maximum-likelihood estimator are proven. As the second main part of this thesis, a general model of mixtures of these distributions on a hypersphere is discussed. We derive numerical approximations of the parameters in an Expectation Maximization setting. Furthermore we introduce a non-parametric estimation of the EM algorithm for the mixture model. Finally, we present some applications to the statistical analysis of fibre composites.
This thesis is devoted to deal with the stochastic optimization problems in various situations with the aid of the Martingale method. Chapter 2 discusses the Martingale method and its applications to the basic optimization problems, which are well addressed in the literature (for example, [15], [23] and [24]). In Chapter 3, we study the problem of maximizing expected utility of real terminal wealth in the presence of an index bond. Chapter 4, which is a modification of the original research paper joint with Korn and Ewald [39], investigates an optimization problem faced by a DC pension fund manager under inflationary risk. Although the problem is addressed in the context of a pension fund, it presents a way of how to deal with the optimization problem, in the case there is a (positive) endowment. In Chapter 5, we turn to a situation where the additional income, other than the income from returns on investment, is gained by supplying labor. Chapter 6 concerns a situation where the market considered is incomplete. A trick of completing an incomplete market is presented there. The general theory which supports the discussion followed is summarized in the first chapter.
Estimation and Portfolio Optimization with Expert Opinions in Discrete-time Financial Markets
(2021)
In this thesis, we mainly discuss the problem of parameter estimation and
portfolio optimization with partial information in discrete-time. In the portfolio optimization problem, we specifically aim at maximizing the utility of
terminal wealth. We focus on the logarithmic and power utility functions. We consider expert opinions as another observation in addition to stock returns to improve estimation of drift and volatility parameters at different times and for the purpose of asset optimization.
In the first part, we assume that the drift term has a fixed distribution, and
the volatility term is constant. We use the Kalman filter to combine the two
types of observations. Moreover, we discuss how to transform this problem
into a non-linear problem of Gaussian noise when the expert opinion is uniformly distributed. The generalized Kalman filter is used to estimate the parameters in this problem.
In the second part, we assume that drift and volatility of asset returns are both driven by a Markov chain. We mainly use the change-of-measure technique to estimate various values required by the EM algorithm. In addition,
we focus on different ways to combine the two observations, expert opinions and asset returns. First, we use the linear combination method. At the same time, we discuss how to use a logistic regression model to quantify expert
opinions. Second, we consider that expert opinions follow a mixed Dirichlet distribution. Under this assumption, we use another probability measure to
estimate the unnormalized filters, needed for the EM algorithm.
In the third part, we assume that expert opinions follow a mixed Dirichlet distribution and focus on how we can obtain approximate optimal portfolio
strategies in different observation settings. We claim the approximate strategies from the dynamic programming equations in different settings and analyze the dependence on the discretization step. Finally we compute different
observation settings in a simulation study.
In this thesis, a new concept to prove Mosco convergence of gradient-type Dirichlet forms within the \(L^2\)-framework of K.~Kuwae and T.~Shioya for varying reference measures is developed.
The goal is, to impose as little additional conditions as possible on the sequence of reference measure \({(\mu_N)}_{N\in \mathbb N}\), apart from weak convergence of measures.
Our approach combines the method of Finite Elements from numerical analysis with the topic of Mosco convergence.
We tackle the problem first on a finite-dimensional substructure of the \(L^2\)-framework, which is induced by finitely many basis functions on the state space \(\mathbb R^d\).
These are shifted and rescaled versions of the archetype tent function \(\chi^{(d)}\).
For \(d=1\) the archetype tent function is given by
\[\chi^{(1)}(x):=\big((-x+1)\land(x+1)\big)\lor 0,\quad x\in\mathbb R.\]
For \(d\geq 2\) we define a natural generalization of \(\chi^{(1)}\) as
\[\chi^{(d)}(x):=\Big(\min_{i,j\in\{1,\dots,d\}}\big(\big\{1+x_i-x_j,1+x_i,1-x_i\big\}\big)\Big)_+,\quad x\in\mathbb R^d.\]
Our strategy to obtain Mosco convergence of
\(\mathcal E^N(u,v)=\int_{\mathbb R^d}\langle\nabla u,\nabla v\rangle_\text{euc}d\mu_N\) towards \(\mathcal E(u,v)=\int_{\mathbb R^d}\langle\nabla u,\nabla v\rangle_\text{euc}d\mu\) for \(N\to\infty\)
involves as a preliminary step to restrict those bilinear forms to arguments \(u,v\) from the vector space spanned by the finite family \(\{\chi^{(d)}(\frac{\,\cdot\,}{r}-\alpha)\) \(|\alpha\in Z\}\) for
a finite index set \(Z\subset\mathbb Z^d\) and a scaling parameter \(r\in(0,\infty)\).
In a diagonal procedure, we consider a zero-sequence of scaling parameters and a sequence of index sets exhausting \(\mathbb Z^d\).
The original problem of Mosco convergence, \(\mathcal E^N\) towards \(\mathcal E\) w.r.t.~arguments \(u,v\) form the respective minimal closed form domains extending the pre-domain \(C_b^1(\mathbb R^d)\), can be solved
by such a diagonal procedure if we ask for some additional conditions on the Radon-Nikodym derivatives \(\rho_N(x)=\frac{d\mu_N(x)}{d x}\), \(N\in\mathbb N\). The essential requirement reads
\[\frac{1}{(2r)^d}\int_{[-r,r]^d}|\rho_N(x)- \rho_N(x+y)|d y \quad \overset{r\to 0}{\longrightarrow} \quad 0 \quad \text{in } L^1(d x),\,
\text{uniformly in } N\in\mathbb N.\]
As an intermediate step towards a setting with an infinite-dimensional state space, we let $E$ be a Suslin space and analyse the Mosco convergence of
\(\mathcal E^N(u,v)=\int_E\int_{\mathbb R^d}\langle\nabla_x u(z,x),\nabla_x v(z,x)\rangle_\text{euc}d\mu_N(z,x)\) with reference measure \(\mu_N\) on \(E\times\mathbb R^d\) for \(N\in\mathbb N\).
The form \(\mathcal E^N\) can be seen as a superposition of gradient-type forms on \(\mathbb R^d\).
Subsequently, we derive an abstract result on Mosco convergence for classical gradient-type Dirichlet forms
\(\mathcal E^N(u,v)=\int_E\langle \nabla u,\nabla v\rangle_Hd\mu_N\) with reference measure \(\mu_N\) on a Suslin space $E$ and a tangential Hilbert space \(H\subseteq E\).
The preceding analysis of superposed gradient-type forms can be used on the component forms \(\mathcal E^{N}_k\), which provide the decomposition
\(\mathcal E^{N}=\sum_k\mathcal E^{N}_k\). The index of the component \(k\) runs over a suitable orthonormal basis of admissible elements in \(H\).
For the asymptotic form \(\mathcal E\) and its component forms \(\mathcal E^k\), we have to assume \(D(\mathcal E)=\bigcap_kD(\mathcal E^k)\) regarding their domains, which is equivalent to the Markov uniqueness of \(\mathcal E\).
The abstract results are tested on an example from statistical mechanics.
Under a scaling limit, tightness of the family of laws for a microscopic dynamical stochastic interface model over \((0,1)^d\) is shown and its asymptotic Dirichlet form identified.
The considered model is based on a sequence of weakly converging Gaussian measures \({(\mu_N)}_{N\in\mathbb N}\) on \(L^2((0,1)^d)\), which are
perturbed by a class of physically relevant non-log-concave densities.
The thesis at hand deals with the numerical solution of multiscale problems arising in the modeling of processes in fluid and thermo dynamics. Many of these processes, governed by partial differential equations, are relevant in engineering, geoscience, and environmental studies. More precisely, this thesis discusses the efficient numerical computation of effective macroscopic thermal conductivity tensors of high-contrast composite materials. The term "high-contrast" refers to large variations in the conductivities of the constituents of the composite. Additionally, this thesis deals with the numerical solution of Brinkman's equations. This system of equations adequately models viscous flows in (highly) permeable media. It was introduced by Brinkman in 1947 to reduce the deviations between the measurements for flows in such media and the predictions according to Darcy's model.
In the first part of the thesis we develop the theory of standard bases in free modules over (localized) polynomial rings. Given that linear equations are solvable in the coefficients of the polynomials, we introduce an algorithm to compute standard bases with respect to arbitrary (module) monomial orderings. Moreover, we take special care to principal ideal rings, allowing zero divisors. For these rings we design modified algorithms which are new and much faster than the general ones. These algorithms were motivated by current limitations in formal verification of microelectronic System-on-Chip designs. We show that our novel approach using computational algebra is able to overcome these limitations in important classes of applications coming from industrial challenges.
The second part is based on research in collaboration with Jason Morton, Bernd Sturmfels and Anne Shiu. We devise a general method to describe and compute a certain class of rank tests motivated by statistics. The class of rank tests may loosely be described as being based on computing the number of linear extensions to given partial orders. In order to apply these tests to actual data we developed two algorithms and used our implementations to apply the methodology to gene expression data created at the Stowers Institute for Medical Research. The dataset is concerned with the development of the vertebra. Our rankings proved valuable to the biologists.
Model uncertainty is a challenge that is inherent in many applications of mathematical models in various areas, for instance in mathematical finance and stochastic control. Optimization procedures in general take place under a particular model. This model, however, might be misspecified due to statistical estimation errors and incomplete information. In that sense, any specified model must be understood as an approximation of the unknown "true" model. Difficulties arise since a strategy which is optimal under the approximating model might perform rather bad in the true model. A natural way to deal with model uncertainty is to consider worst-case optimization.
The optimization problems that we are interested in are utility maximization problems in continuous-time financial markets. It is well known that drift parameters in such markets are notoriously difficult to estimate. To obtain strategies that are robust with respect to a possible misspecification of the drift we consider a worst-case utility maximization problem with ellipsoidal uncertainty sets for the drift parameter and with a constraint on the strategies that prevents a pure bond investment.
By a dual approach we derive an explicit representation of the optimal strategy and prove a minimax theorem. This enables us to show that the optimal strategy converges to a generalized uniform diversification strategy as uncertainty increases.
To come up with a reasonable uncertainty set, investors can use filtering techniques to estimate the drift of asset returns based on return observations as well as external sources of information, so-called expert opinions. In a Black-Scholes type financial market with a Gaussian drift process we investigate the asymptotic behavior of the filter as the frequency of expert opinions tends to infinity. We derive limit theorems stating that the information obtained from observing the discrete-time expert opinions is asymptotically the same as that from observing a certain diffusion process which can be interpreted as a continuous-time expert. Our convergence results carry over to convergence of the value function in a portfolio optimization problem with logarithmic utility.
Lastly, we use our observations about how expert opinions improve drift estimates for our robust utility maximization problem. We show that our duality approach carries over to a financial market with non-constant drift and time-dependence in the uncertainty set. A time-dependent uncertainty set can then be defined based on a generic filter. We apply this to various investor filtrations and investigate which effect expert opinions have on the robust strategies.
In this dissertation we consider complex, projective hypersurfaces with many isolated singularities. The leading questions concern the maximal number of prescribed singularities of such hypersurfaces in a given linear system, and geometric properties of the equisingular stratum. In the first part a systematic introduction to the theory of equianalytic families of hypersurfaces is given. Furthermore, the patchworking method for constructing hypersurfaces with singularities of prescribed types is described. In the second part we present new existence results for hypersurfaces with many singularities. Using the patchworking method, we show asymptotically proper results for hypersurfaces in P^n with singularities of corank less than two. In the case of simple singularities, the results are even asymptotically optimal. These statements improve all previous general existence results for hypersurfaces with these singularities. Moreover, the results are also transferred to hypersurfaces defined over the real numbers. The last part of the dissertation deals with the Castelnuovo function for studying the cohomology of ideal sheaves of zero-dimensional schemes. Parts of the theory of this function for schemes in P^2 are generalized to the case of schemes on general surfaces in P^3. As an application we show an H^1-vanishing theorem for such schemes.
In this thesis we present a new method for nonlinear frequency response analysis of mechanical vibrations.
For an efficient spatial discretization of nonlinear partial differential equations of continuum mechanics we employ the concept of isogeometric analysis. Isogeometric finite element methods have already been shown to possess advantages over classical finite element discretizations in terms of exact geometry representation and higher accuracy of numerical approximations using spline functions.
For computing nonlinear frequency response to periodic external excitations, we rely on the well-established harmonic balance method. It expands the solution of the nonlinear ordinary differential equation system resulting from spatial discretization as a truncated Fourier series in the frequency domain.
A fundamental aspect for enabling large-scale and industrial application of the method is model order reduction of the spatial discretization of the equation of motion. Therefore we propose the utilization of a modal projection method enhanced with modal derivatives, providing second-order information. We investigate the concept of modal derivatives theoretically and using computational examples we demonstrate the applicability and accuracy of the reduction method for nonlinear static computations and vibration analysis.
Furthermore, we extend nonlinear vibration analysis to incompressible elasticity using isogeometric mixed finite element methods.
This thesis consists of two parts, i.e. the theoretical background of (R)ABSDE including basic theorems, theoretical proofs and properties (Chapter 2-4), as well as numerical algorithms and simulations for (R)ABSDES (Chapter 5). For the theoretical part, we study ABSDEs (Chapter 2), RABSDEs with one obstacle (Chapter 3)and RABSDEs with two obstacles (Chapter 4) in the defaultable setting respectively, including the existence and uniqueness theorems, applications, the comparison theorem for ABSDEs, their relations with PDEs and stochastic differential delay equations (SDDE). The numerical algorithm part (Chapter 5) introduces two main algorithms, a discrete penalization scheme and a discrete reflected scheme based on a random walk approximation of the Brownian motion as well as a discrete approximation of the default martingale; we give the convergence results of the algorithms, provide a numerical example and an application in American game options in order to illustrate the performance of the algorithms.
In this text we survey some large deviation results for diffusion processes. The first chapters present results from the literature such as the Freidlin-Wentzell theorem for diffusions with small noise. We use these results to prove a new large deviation theorem about diffusion processes with strong drift. This is the main result of the thesis. In the later chapters we give another application of large deviation results, namely to determine the exponential decay rate for the Bayes risk when separating two different processes. The final chapter presents techniques which help to experiment with rare events for diffusion processes by means of computer simulations.
In this thesis we explicitly solve several portfolio optimization problems in a very realistic setting. The fundamental assumptions on the market setting are motivated by practical experience and the resulting optimal strategies are challenged in numerical simulations.
We consider an investor who wants to maximize expected utility of terminal wealth by trading in a high-dimensional financial market with one riskless asset and several stocks.
The stock returns are driven by a Brownian motion and their drift is modelled by a Gaussian random variable. We consider a partial information setting, where the drift is unknown to the investor and has to be estimated from the observable stock prices in addition to some analyst’s opinion as proposed in [CLMZ06]. The best estimate given these observations is the well known Kalman-Bucy-Filter. We then consider an innovations process to transform the partial information setting into a market with complete information and an observable Gaussian drift process.
The investor is restricted to portfolio strategies satisfying several convex constraints.
These constraints can be due to legal restrictions, due to fund design or due to client's specifications. We cover in particular no-short-selling and no-borrowing constraints.
One popular approach to constrained portfolio optimization is the convex duality approach of Cvitanic and Karatzas. In [CK92] they introduce auxiliary stock markets with shifted market parameters and obtain a dual problem to the original portfolio optimization problem that can be better solvable than the primal problem.
Hence we consider this duality approach and using stochastic control methods we first solve the dual problems in the cases of logarithmic and power utility.
Here we apply a reverse separation approach in order to obtain areas where the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman differential equation can be solved. It turns out that these areas have a straightforward interpretation in terms of the resulting portfolio strategy. The areas differ between active and passive stocks, where active stocks are invested in, while passive stocks are not.
Afterwards we solve the auxiliary market given the optimal dual processes in a more general setting, allowing for various market settings and various dual processes.
We obtain explicit analytical formulas for the optimal portfolio policies and provide an algorithm that determines the correct formula for the optimal strategy in any case.
We also show optimality of our resulting portfolio strategies in different verification theorems.
Subsequently we challenge our theoretical results in a historical and an artificial simulation that are even closer to the real world market than the setting we used to derive our theoretical results. However, we still obtain compelling results indicating that our optimal strategies can outperform any benchmark in a real market in general.
In group theory, a big and important family of infinite groups is given by the algebraic groups. These groups and their structures are already well-understood. In representation theory, the study of the unipotent variety in algebraic groups - and by extension the study of the nilpotent variety in the associated Lie algebra - is of particular interest.
Let \( G \) be a connected reductive algebraic group over an algebraically closed field \(\mathbf{k}\), and let \(\operatorname{Lie}(G)\) be its associated Lie algebra. By now, the orbits in the nilpotent and unipotent variety under the action of \(G\) are completely known and can be found for example in a book of Liebeck and Seitz. There exists, however, no uniform description of these orbits that holds in both good and bad characteristic. With this in mind, Lusztig defined a partition of the unipotent variety of \(G\) in 2011. Equivalently, one can consider certain subsets of the nilpotent variety of \(\operatorname{Lie}(G)\) called the nilpotent pieces. This approach appears in the same paper by Lusztig in which he explicitly determines the nilpotent pieces for simple algebraic groups of classical type.
The nilpotent pieces for the exceptional groups of type \(G_2, F_4, E_6, E_7,\) and \(E_8\) in bad characteristic have not yet been determined.
This thesis gives an introduction to the definition of the nilpotent pieces and presents a solution to this problem for groups of type \(G_2, F_4, E_6\), and partly for \(E_7\). The solution relies heavily on computational work which we elaborate on in later chapters.
Die vorliegende Dissertation besteht aus zwei Hauptteilen: Neue Ergebnisse aus der Gaußchen Analysis und ihre Anwendung auf die Theorie der Pfadintegrale. Das zentrale Resultat des ersten Teils ist die Charakterisierung aller regulären Distributionen die man mit Donsker's Delta multiplizieren kann. Dabei wird eine explizite Formel für solche Produkte, die sogenannte Wick-Formel, angegeben. Im Anwendungsteil dieser Arbeit wird zunächst eine komplex skalierte Feynman-Kac-Formel und ihre zugehörigen Kerne mit Hilfe dieser Wick-Formel gezeigt. Desweiteren werden Feynman Integranden für neue Klassen von Potentialen als White Noise Distributionen konstruiert.
Cell migration is essential for embryogenesis, wound healing, immune surveillance, and
progression of diseases, such as cancer metastasis. For the migration to occur, cellular
structures such as actomyosin cables and cell-substrate adhesion clusters must interact.
As cell trajectories exhibit a random character, so must such interactions. Furthermore,
migration often occurs in a crowded environment, where the collision outcome is deter-
mined by altered regulation of the aforementioned structures. In this work, guided by a
few fundamental attributes of cell motility, we construct a minimal stochastic cell migration
model from ground-up. The resulting model couples a deterministic actomyosin contrac-
tility mechanism with stochastic cell-substrate adhesion kinetics, and yields a well-defined
piecewise deterministic process. The signaling pathways regulating the contractility and
adhesion are considered as well. The model is extended to include cell collectives. Numer-
ical simulations of single cell migration reproduce several experimentally observed results,
including anomalous diffusion, tactic migration, and contact guidance. The simulations
of colliding cells explain the observed outcomes in terms of contact induced modification
of contractility and adhesion dynamics. These explained outcomes include modulation
of collision response and group behavior in the presence of an external signal, as well as
invasive and dispersive migration. Moreover, from the single cell model we deduce a pop-
ulation scale formulation for the migration of non-interacting cells. In this formulation,
the relationships concerning actomyosin contractility and adhesion clusters are maintained.
Thus, we construct a multiscale description of cell migration, whereby single, collective,
and population scale formulations are deduced from the relationships on the subcellular
level in a mathematically consistent way.
This thesis focuses on dealing with some new aspects of continuous time portfolio optimization by using the stochastic control method.
First, we extend the Busch-Korn-Seifried model for a large investor by using the Vasicek model for the short rate, and that problem is solved explicitly for two types of intensity functions.
Next, we justify the existence of the constant proportion portfolio insurance (CPPI) strategy in a framework containing a stochastic short rate and a Markov switching parameter. The effect of Vasicek short rate on the CPPI strategy has been studied by Horsky (2012). This part of the thesis extends his research by including a Markov switching parameter, and the generalization is based on the B\"{a}uerle-Rieder investment problem. The explicit solutions are obtained for the portfolio problem without the Money Market Account as well as the portfolio problem with the Money Market Account.
Finally, we apply the method used in Busch-Korn-Seifried investment problem to explicitly solve the portfolio optimization with a stochastic benchmark.
In this thesis we address two instances of duality in commutative algebra.
In the first part, we consider value semigroups of non irreducible singular algebraic curves
and their fractional ideals. These are submonoids of Z^n closed under minima, with a conductor and which fulfill special compatibility properties on their elements. Subsets of Z^n
fulfilling these three conditions are known in the literature as good semigroups and their ideals, and their class strictly contains the class of value semigroup ideals. We examine
good semigroups both independently and in relation with their algebraic counterpart. In the combinatoric setting, we define the concept of good system of generators, and we
show that minimal good systems of generators are unique. In relation with the algebra side, we give an intrinsic definition of canonical semigroup ideals, which yields a duality
on good semigroup ideals. We prove that this semigroup duality is compatible with the Cohen-Macaulay duality under taking values. Finally, using the duality on good semigroup ideals, we show a symmetry of the Poincaré series of good semigroups with special properties.
In the second part, we treat Macaulay’s inverse system, a one-to-one correspondence
which is a particular case of Matlis duality and an effective method to construct Artinian k-algebras with chosen socle type. Recently, Elias and Rossi gave the structure of the inverse system of positive dimensional Gorenstein k-algebras. We extend their result by establishing a one-to-one correspondence between positive dimensional level k-algebras and certain submodules of the divided power ring. We give several examples to illustrate
our result.
The thesis discusses discrete-time dynamic flows over a finite time horizon T. These flows take time, called travel time, to pass an arc of the network. Travel times, as well as other network attributes, such as, costs, arc and node capacities, and supply at the source node, can be constant or time-dependent. Here we review results on discrete-time dynamic flow problems (DTDNFP) with constant attributes and develop new algorithms to solve several DTDNFPs with time-dependent attributes. Several dynamic network flow problems are discussed: maximum dynamic flow, earliest arrival flow, and quickest flow problems. We generalize the hybrid capacity scaling and shortest augmenting path algorithmic of the static network flow problem to consider the time dependency of the network attributes. The result is used to solve the maximum dynamic flow problem with time-dependent travel times and capacities. We also develop a new algorithm to solve earliest arrival flow problems with the same assumptions on the network attributes. The possibility to wait (or park) at a node before departing on outgoing arc is also taken into account. We prove that the complexity of new algorithm is reduced when infinite waiting is considered. We also report the computational analysis of this algorithm. The results are then used to solve quickest flow problems. Additionally, we discuss time-dependent bicriteria shortest path problems. Here we generalize the classical shortest path problems in two ways. We consider two - in general contradicting - objective functions and introduce a time dependency of the cost which is caused by a travel time on each arc. These problems have several interesting practical applications, but have not attained much attention in the literature. Here we develop two new algorithms in which one of them requires weaker assumptions as in previous research on the subject. Numerical tests show the superiority of the new algorithms. We then apply dynamic network flow models and their associated solution algorithms to determine lower bounds of the evacuation time, evacuation routes, and maximum capacities of inhabited areas with respect to safety requirements. As a macroscopic approach, our dynamic network flow models are mainly used to produce good lower bounds for the evacuation time and do not consider any individual behavior during the emergency situation. These bounds can be used to analyze existing buildings or help in the design phase of planning a building.
Diversification is one of the main pillars of investment strategies. The prominent 1/N portfolio, which puts equal weight on each asset is, apart from its simplicity, a method which is hard to outperform in realistic settings, as many studies have shown. However, depending on the number of considered assets, this method can lead to very large portfolios. On the other hand, optimization methods like the mean-variance portfolio suffer from estimation errors, which often destroy the theoretical benefits. We investigate the performance of the equal weight portfolio when using fewer assets. For this we explore different naive portfolios, from selecting the best Sharpe ratio assets to exploiting knowledge about correlation structures using clustering methods. The clustering techniques separate the possible assets into non-overlapping clusters and the assets within a cluster are ordered by their Sharpe ratio. Then the best asset of each portfolio is chosen to be a member of the new portfolio with equal weights, the cluster portfolio. We show that this portfolio inherits the advantages of the 1/N portfolio and can even outperform it empirically. For this we use real data and several simulation models. We prove these findings from a statistical point of view using the framework by DeMiguel, Garlappi and Uppal (2009). Moreover, we show the superiority regarding the Sharpe ratio in a setting, where in each cluster the assets are comonotonic. In addition, we recommend the consideration of a diversification-risk ratio to evaluate the performance of different portfolios.
Image restoration and enhancement methods that respect important features such as edges play a fundamental role in digital image processing. In the last decades a large
variety of methods have been proposed. Nevertheless, the correct restoration and
preservation of, e.g., sharp corners, crossings or texture in images is still a challenge, in particular in the presence of severe distortions. Moreover, in the context of image denoising many methods are designed for the removal of additive Gaussian noise and their adaptation for other types of noise occurring in practice requires usually additional efforts.
The aim of this thesis is to contribute to these topics and to develop and analyze new
methods for restoring images corrupted by different types of noise:
First, we present variational models and diffusion methods which are particularly well
suited for the restoration of sharp corners and X junctions in images corrupted by
strong additive Gaussian noise. For their deduction we present and analyze different
tensor based methods for locally estimating orientations in images and show how to
successfully incorporate the obtained information in the denoising process. The advantageous
properties of the obtained methods are shown theoretically as well as by
numerical experiments. Moreover, the potential of the proposed methods is demonstrated
for applications beyond image denoising.
Afterwards, we focus on variational methods for the restoration of images corrupted
by Poisson and multiplicative Gamma noise. Here, different methods from the literature
are compared and the surprising equivalence between a standard model for
the removal of Poisson noise and a recently introduced approach for multiplicative
Gamma noise is proven. Since this Poisson model has not been considered for multiplicative
Gamma noise before, we investigate its properties further for more general
regularizers including also nonlocal ones. Moreover, an efficient algorithm for solving
the involved minimization problems is proposed, which can also handle an additional
linear transformation of the data. The good performance of this algorithm is demonstrated
experimentally and different examples with images corrupted by Poisson and
multiplicative Gamma noise are presented.
In the final part of this thesis new nonlocal filters for images corrupted by multiplicative
noise are presented. These filters are deduced in a weighted maximum likelihood
estimation framework and for the definition of the involved weights a new similarity measure for the comparison of data corrupted by multiplicative noise is applied. The
advantageous properties of the new measure are demonstrated theoretically and by
numerical examples. Besides, denoising results for images corrupted by multiplicative
Gamma and Rayleigh noise show the very good performance of the new filters.
We present a new efficient and robust algorithm for topology optimization of 3D cast parts. Special constraints are fulfilled to make possible the incorporation of a simulation of the casting process into the optimization: In order to keep track of the exact position of the boundary and to provide a full finite element model of the structure in each iteration, we use a twofold approach for the structural update. A level set function technique for boundary representation is combined with a new tetrahedral mesh generator for geometries specified by implicit boundary descriptions. Boundary conditions are mapped automatically onto the updated mesh. For sensitivity analysis, we employ the concept of the topological gradient. Modification of the level set function is reduced to efficient summation of several level set functions, and the finite element mesh is adapted to the modified structure in each iteration of the optimization process. We show that the resulting meshes are of high quality. A domain decomposition technique is used to keep the computational costs of remeshing low. The capabilities of our algorithm are demonstrated by industrial-scale optimization examples.
Lithium-ion batteries are broadly used nowadays in all kinds of portable electronics, such as laptops, cell phones, tablets, e-book readers, digital cameras, etc. They are preferred to other types of rechargeable batteries due to their superior characteristics, such as light weight and high energy density, no memory effect, and a big number of charge/discharge cycles. The high demand and applicability of Li-ion batteries naturally give rise to the unceasing necessity of developing better batteries in terms of performance and lifetime. The aim of the mathematical modelling of Li-ion batteries is to help engineers test different battery configurations and electrode materials faster and cheaper. Lithium-ion batteries are multiscale systems. A typical Li-ion battery consists of multiple connected electrochemical battery cells. Each cell has two electrodes - anode and cathode, as well as a separator between them that prevents a short circuit.
Both electrodes have porous structure composed of two phases - solid and electrolyte. We call macroscale the lengthscale of the whole electrode and microscale - the lengthscale at which we can distinguish the complex porous structure of the electrodes. We start from a Li-ion battery model derived on the microscale. The model is based on nonlinear diffusion type of equations for the transport of Lithium ions and charges in the electrolyte and in the active material. Electrochemical reactions on the solid-electrolyte interface couple the two phases. The interface kinetics is modelled by the highly nonlinear Butler-Volmer interface conditions. Direct numerical simulations with standard methods, such as the Finite Element Method or Finite Volume Method, lead to ill-conditioned problems with a huge number of degrees of freedom which are difficult to solve. Therefore, the aim of this work is to derive upscaled models on the lengthscale of the whole electrode so that we do not have to resolve all the small-scale features of the porous microstructure thus reducing the computational time and cost. We do this by applying two different upscaling techniques - the Asymptotic Homogenization Method and the Multiscale Finite Element Method (MsFEM). We consider the electrolyte and the solid as two self-complementary perforated domains and we exploit this idea with both upscaling methods. The first method is restricted only to periodic media and periodically oscillating solutions while the second method can be applied to randomly oscillating solutions and is based on the Finite Element Method framework. We apply the Asymptotic Homogenization Method to derive a coupled macro-micro upscaled model under the assumption of periodic electrode microstructure. A crucial step in the homogenization procedure is the upscaling of the Butler-Volmer interface conditions. We rigorously determine the asymptotic order of the interface exchange current densities and we perform a comprehensive numerical study in order to validate the derived homogenized Li-ion battery model. In order to upscale the microscale battery problem in the case of random electrode microstructure we apply the MsFEM, extended to problems in perforated domains with Neumann boundary conditions on the holes. We conduct a detailed numerical investigation of the proposed algorithm and we show numerical convergence of the method that we design. We also apply the developed technique to a simplified two-dimensional Li-ion battery problem and we show numerical convergence of the solution obtained with the MsFEM to the reference microscale one.
Lithium-ion batteries are increasingly becoming an ubiquitous part of our everyday life - they are present in mobile phones, laptops, tools, cars, etc. However, there are still many concerns about their longevity and their safety. In this work we focus on the simulation of several degradation mechanisms on the microscopic scale, where one can resolve the active materials inside the electrodes of the lithium-ion batteries as porous structures. We mainly study two aspects - heat generation and mechanical stress. For the former we consider an electrochemical non-isothermal model on the spatially resolved porous scale to observe the temperature increase inside a battery cell, as well as to observe the individual heat sources to assess their contributions to the total heat generation. As a result from our experiments, we determined that the temperature has very small spatial variance for our test cases and thus allows for an ODE formulation of the heat equation.
The second aspect that we consider is the generation of mechanical stress as a result of the insertion of lithium ions in the electrode materials. We study two approaches - using small strain models and finite strain models. For the small strain models, the initial geometry and the current geometry coincide. The model considers a diffusion equation for the lithium ions and equilibrium equation for the mechanical stress. First, we test a single perforated cylindrical particle using different boundary conditions for the displacement and with Neumann boundary conditions for the diffusion equation. We also test for cylindrical particles, but with boundary conditions for the diffusion equation in the electrodes coming from an isothermal electrochemical model for the whole battery cell. For the finite strain models we take in consideration the deformation of the initial geometry as a result of the intercalation and the mechanical stress. We compare two elastic models to study the sensitivity of the predicted elastic behavior on the specific model used. We also consider a softening of the active material dependent on the concentration of the lithium ions and using data for silicon electrodes. We recover the general behavior of the stress from known physical experiments.
Some models, like the mechanical models we use, depend on the local values of the concentration to predict the mechanical stress. In that sense we perform a short comparative study between the Finite Element Method with tetrahedral elements and the Finite Volume Method with voxel volumes for an isothermal electrochemical model.
The spatial discretizations of the PDEs are done using the Finite Element Method. For some models we have discontinuous quantities where we adapt the FEM accordingly. The time derivatives are discretized using the implicit Backward Euler method. The nonlinear systems are linearized using the Newton method. All of the discretized models are implemented in a C++ framework developed during the thesis.
In this dissertation, we discuss how to price American-style options. Our aim is to study and improve the regression-based Monte Carlo methods. In order to have good benchmarks to compare with them, we also study the tree methods.
In the second chapter, we investigate the tree methods specifically. We do research firstly within the Black-Scholes model and then within the Heston model. In the Black-Scholes model, based on Müller's work, we illustrate how to price one dimensional and multidimensional American options, American Asian options, American lookback options, American barrier options and so on. In the Heston model, based on Sayer's research, we implement his algorithm to price one dimensional American options. In this way, we have good benchmarks of various American-style options and put them all in the appendix.
In the third chapter, we focus on the regression-based Monte Carlo methods theoretically and numerically. Firstly, we introduce two variations, the so called "Tsitsiklis-Roy method" and the "Longstaff-Schwartz method". Secondly, we illustrate the approximation of American option by its Bermudan counterpart. Thirdly we explain the source of low bias and high bias. Fourthly we compare these two methods using in-the-money paths and all paths. Fifthly, we examine the effect using different number and form of basis functions. Finally, we study the Andersen-Broadie method and present the lower and upper bounds.
In the fourth chapter, we study two machine learning techniques to improve the regression part of the Monte Carlo methods: Gaussian kernel method and kernel-based support vector machine. In order to choose a proper smooth parameter, we compare fixed bandwidth, global optimum and suboptimum from a finite set. We also point out that scaling the training data to [0,1] can avoid numerical difficulty. When out-of-sample paths of stock prices are simulated, the kernel method is robust and even performs better in several cases than the Tsitsiklis-Roy method and the Longstaff-Schwartz method. The support vector machine can keep on improving the kernel method and needs less representations of old stock prices during prediction of option continuation value for a new stock price.
In the fifth chapter, we switch to the hardware (FGPA) implementation of the Longstaff-Schwartz method and propose novel reversion formulas for the stock price and volatility within the Black-Scholes and Heston models. The test for this formula within the Black-Scholes model shows that the storage of data is reduced and also the corresponding energy consumption.
Competing Neural Networks as Models for Non Stationary Financial Time Series -Changepoint Analysis-
(2005)
The problem of structural changes (variations) play a central role in many scientific fields. One of the most current debates is about climatic changes. Further, politicians, environmentalists, scientists, etc. are involved in this debate and almost everyone is concerned with the consequences of climatic changes. However, in this thesis we will not move into the latter direction, i.e. the study of climatic changes. Instead, we consider models for analyzing changes in the dynamics of observed time series assuming these changes are driven by a non-observable stochastic process. To this end, we consider a first order stationary Markov Chain as hidden process and define the Generalized Mixture of AR-ARCH model(GMAR-ARCH) which is an extension of the classical ARCH model to suit to model with dynamical changes. For this model we provide sufficient conditions that ensure its geometric ergodic property. Further, we define a conditional likelihood given the hidden process and a pseudo conditional likelihood in turn. For the pseudo conditional likelihood we assume that at each time instant the autoregressive and volatility functions can be suitably approximated by given Feedfoward Networks. Under this setting the consistency of the parameter estimates is derived and versions of the well-known Expectation Maximization algorithm and Viterbi Algorithm are designed to solve the problem numerically. Moreover, considering the volatility functions to be constants, we establish the consistency of the autoregressive functions estimates given some parametric classes of functions in general and some classes of single layer Feedfoward Networks in particular. Beside this hidden Markov Driven model, we define as alternative a Weighted Least Squares for estimating the time of change and the autoregressive functions. For the latter formulation, we consider a mixture of independent nonlinear autoregressive processes and assume once more that the autoregressive functions can be approximated by given single layer Feedfoward Networks. We derive the consistency and asymptotic normality of the parameter estimates. Further, we prove the convergence of Backpropagation for this setting under some regularity assumptions. Last but not least, we consider a Mixture of Nonlinear autoregressive processes with only one abrupt unknown changepoint and design a statistical test that can validate such changes.
The topic of this thesis is the coupling of an atomistic and a coarse scale region in molecular dynamics simulations with the focus on the reflection of waves at the interface between the two scales and the velocity of waves in the coarse scale region for a non-equilibrium process. First, two models from the literature for such a coupling, the concurrent coupling of length scales and the bridging scales method are investigated for a one dimensional system with harmonic interaction. It turns out that the concurrent coupling of length scales method leads to the reflection of fine scale waves at the interface, while the bridging scales method gives an approximated system that is not energy conserving. The velocity of waves in the coarse scale region is in both models not correct. To circumvent this problems, we present a coupling based on the displacement splitting of the bridging scales method together with choosing appropriate variables in orthogonal subspaces. This coupling allows the derivation of evolution equations of fine and coarse scale degrees of freedom together with a reflectionless boundary condition at the interface directly from the Lagrangian of the system. This leads to an energy conserving approximated system with a clear separation between modeling errors an errors due to the numerical solution. Possible approximations in the Lagrangian and the numerical computation of the memory integral and other numerical errors are discussed. We further present a method to choose the interpolation from coarse to atomistic scale in such a way, that the fine scale degrees of freedom in the coarse scale region can be neglected. The interpolation weights are computed by comparing the dispersion relations of the coarse scale equations and the fully atomistic system. With this new interpolation weights, the number of degrees of freedom can be drastically reduced without creating an error in the velocity of the waves in the coarse scale region. We give an alternative derivation of the new coupling with the Mori-Zwanzig projection operator formalism, and explain how the method can be extended to non-zero temperature simulations. For the comparison of the results of the approximated with the fully atomistic system, we use a local stress tensor and the energy in the atomistic region. Examples for the numerical solution of the approximated system for harmonic potentials are given in one and two dimensions.
Dealing with uncertain structures or data has lately been getting much attention in discrete optimization. This thesis addresses two different areas in discrete optimization: Connectivity and covering.
When discussing uncertain structures in networks it is often of interest to determine how many vertices or edges may fail in order for the network to stay connected.
Connectivity is a broad, well studied topic in graph theory. One of the most important results in this area is Menger's Theorem which states that the minimum number of vertices needed to separate two non-adjacent vertices equals the maximum number of internally vertex-disjoint paths between these vertices. Here, we discuss mixed forms of connectivity in which both vertices and edges are removed from a graph at the same time. The Beineke Harary Conjecture states that for any two distinct vertices that can be separated with k vertices and l edges but not with k-1 vertices and l edges or k vertices and l-1 edges there exist k+l edge-disjoint paths between them of which k+1 are internally vertex-disjoint. In contrast to Menger's Theorem, the existence of the paths is not sufficient for the connectivity statement to hold. Our main contribution is the proof of the Beineke Harary Conjecture for the case that l equals 2.
We also consider different problems from the area of facility location and covering. We regard problems in which we are given sets of locations and regions, where each region has an assigned number of clients. We are now looking for an allocation of suppliers into the locations, such that each client is served by some supplier. The notable difference to other covering problems is that we assume that each supplier may only serve a fixed number of clients which is not part of the input. We discuss the complexity and solution approaches of three such problems which vary in the way the clients are assigned to the suppliers.
In this dissertation we consider mesoscale based models for flow driven fibre orientation dynamics in suspensions. Models for fibre orientation dynamics are derived for two classes of suspensions. For concentrated suspensions of rigid fibres the Folgar-Tucker model is generalized by incorporating the excluded volume effect. For dilute semi-flexible fibre suspensions a novel moments based description of fibre orientation state is introduced and a model for the flow-driven evolution of the corresponding variables is derived together with several closure approximations. The equation system describing fibre suspension flows, consisting of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation with an orientation state dependent non-Newtonian constitutive relation and a linear first order hyperbolic system for the fibre orientation variables, has been analyzed, allowing rather general fibre orientation evolution models and constitutive relations. The existence and uniqueness of a solution has been demonstrated locally in time for sufficiently small data. The closure relations for the semiflexible fibre suspension model are studied numerically. A finite volume based discretization of the suspension flow is given and the numerical results for several two and three dimensional domains with different parameter values are presented and discussed.
In this work two main approaches for the evaluation of credit derivatives are analyzed: the copula based approach and the Markov Chain based approach. This work gives the opportunity to use the advantages and avoid disadvantages of both approaches. For example, modeling of contagion effects, i.e. modeling dependencies between counterparty defaults, is complicated under the copula approach. One remedy is to use Markov Chain, where it can be done directly. The work consists of five chapters. The first chapter of this work extends the model for the pricing of CDS contracts presented in the paper by Kraft and Steffensen (2007). In the widely used models for CDS pricing it is assumed that only borrower can default. In our model we assume that each of the counterparties involved in the contract may default. Calculated contract prices are compared with those calculated under usual assumptions. All results are summarized in the form of numerical examples and plots. In the second chapter the copula and its main properties are described. The methods of constructing copulas as well as most common copulas families and its properties are introduced. In the third chapter the method of constructing a copula for the existing Markov Chain is introduced. The cases with two and three counterparties are considered. Necessary relations between the transition intensities are derived to directly find some copula functions. The formulae for default dependencies like Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau for defined copulas are derived. Several numerical examples are presented in which the copulas are built for given Markov Chains. The fourth chapter deals with the approximation of copulas if for a given Markov Chain a copula cannot be provided explicitly. The fifth chapter concludes this thesis.
The goal of this thesis is to find ways to improve the analysis of hyperspectral Terahertz images. Although it would be desirable to have methods that can be applied on all spectral areas, this is impossible. Depending on the spectroscopic technique, the way the data is acquired differs as well as the characteristics that are to be detected. For these reasons, methods have to be developed or adapted to be especially suitable for the THz range and its applications. Among those are particularly the security sector and the pharmaceutical industry.
Due to the fact that in many applications the volume of spectra to be organized is high, manual data processing is difficult. Especially in hyperspectral imaging, the literature is concerned with various forms of data organization such as feature reduction and classification. In all these methods, the amount of necessary influence of the user should be minimized on the one hand and on the other hand the adaption to the specific application should be maximized.
Therefore, this work aims at automatically segmenting or clustering THz-TDS data. To achieve this, we propose a course of action that makes the methods adaptable to different kinds of measurements and applications. State of the art methods will be analyzed and supplemented where necessary, improvements and new methods will be proposed. This course of action includes preprocessing methods to make the data comparable. Furthermore, feature reduction that represents chemical content in about 20 channels instead of the initial hundreds will be presented. Finally the data will be segmented by efficient hierarchical clustering schemes. Various application examples will be shown.
Further work should include a final classification of the detected segments. It is not discussed here as it strongly depends on specific applications.
Numerical Godeaux surfaces are minimal surfaces of general type with the smallest possible numerical invariants. It is known that the torsion group of a numerical Godeaux surface is cyclic of order \(m\leq 5\). A full classification has been given for the cases \(m=3,4,5\) by the work of Reid and Miyaoka. In each case, the corresponding moduli space is 8-dimensional and irreducible.
There exist explicit examples of numerical Godeaux surfaces for the orders \(m=1,2\), but a complete classification for these surfaces is still missing.
In this thesis we present a construction method for numerical Godeaux surfaces which is based on homological algebra and computer algebra and which arises from an experimental approach by Schreyer. The main idea is to consider the canonical ring \(R(X)\) of a numerical Godeaux surface \(X\) as a module over some graded polynomial ring \(S\). The ring \(S\) is chosen so that \(R(X)\) is finitely generated as an \(S\)-module and a Gorenstein \(S\)-algebra of codimension 3. We prove that the canonical ring of any numerical Godeaux surface, considered as an \(S\)-module, admits a minimal free resolution whose middle map is alternating. Moreover, we show that a partial converse of this statement is true under some additional conditions.
Afterwards we use these results to construct (canonical rings of) numerical Godeaux surfaces. Hereby, we restrict our study to surfaces whose bicanonical system has no fixed component but 4 distinct base points, in the following referred to as marked numerical Godeaux surfaces.
The particular interest of this thesis lies on marked numerical Godeaux surfaces whose torsion group is trivial. For these surfaces we study the fibration of genus 4 over \(\mathbb{P}^1\) induced by the bicanonical system. Catanese and Pignatelli showed that the general fibre is non-hyperelliptic and that the number \(\tilde{h}\) of hyperelliptic fibres is bounded by 3. The two explicit constructions of numerical Godeaux surfaces with a trivial torsion group due to Barlow and Craighero-Gattazzo, respectively, satisfy \(\tilde{h} = 2\).
With the method from this thesis, we construct an 8-dimensional family of numerical Godeaux surfaces with a trivial torsion group and whose general element satisfy \(\tilde{h}=0\).
Furthermore, we establish a criterion for the existence of hyperelliptic fibres in terms of a minimal free resolution of \(R(X)\). Using this criterion, we verify experimentally the
existence of a numerical Godeaux surface with \(\tilde{h}=1\).
This thesis, whose subject is located in the field of algorithmic commutative algebra and algebraic geometry, consists of three parts.
The first part is devoted to parallelization, a technique which allows us to take advantage of the computational power of modern multicore processors. First, we present parallel algorithms for the normalization of a reduced affine algebra A over a perfect field. Starting from the algorithm of Greuel, Laplagne, and Seelisch, we propose two approaches. For the local-to-global approach, we stratify the singular locus Sing(A) of A, compute the normalization locally at each stratum and finally reconstruct the normalization of A from the local results. For the second approach, we apply modular methods to both the global and the local-to-global normalization algorithm.
Second, we propose a parallel version of the algorithm of Gianni, Trager, and Zacharias for primary decomposition. For the parallelization of this algorithm, we use modular methods for the computationally hardest steps, such as for the computation of the associated prime ideals in the zero-dimensional case and for the standard bases computations. We then apply an innovative fast method to verify that the result is indeed a primary decomposition of the input ideal. This allows us to skip the verification step at each of the intermediate modular computations.
The proposed parallel algorithms are implemented in the open-source computer algebra system SINGULAR. The implementation is based on SINGULAR's new parallel framework which has been developed as part of this thesis and which is specifically designed for applications in mathematical research.
In the second part, we propose new algorithms for the computation of syzygies, based on an in-depth analysis of Schreyer's algorithm. Here, the main ideas are that we may leave out so-called "lower order terms" which do not contribute to the result of the algorithm, that we do not need to order the terms of certain module elements which occur at intermediate steps, and that some partial results can be cached and reused.
Finally, the third part deals with the algorithmic classification of singularities over the real numbers. First, we present a real version of the Splitting Lemma and, based on the classification theorems of Arnold, algorithms for the classification of the simple real singularities. In addition to the algorithms, we also provide insights into how real and complex singularities are related geometrically. Second, we explicitly describe the structure of the equivalence classes of the unimodal real singularities of corank 2. We prove that the equivalences are given by automorphisms of a certain shape. Based on this theorem, we explain in detail how the structure of the equivalence classes can be computed using SINGULAR and present the results in concise form. The probably most surprising outcome is that the real singularity type \(J_{10}^-\) is actually redundant.
This thesis deals with generalized inverses, multivariate polynomial interpolation and approximation of scattered data. Moreover, it covers the lifting scheme, which basically links the aforementioned topics. For instance, determining filters for the lifting scheme is connected to multivariate polynomial interpolation. More precisely, sets of interpolation sites are required that can be interpolated by a unique polynomial of a certain degree. In this thesis a new class of such sets is introduced and elements from this class are used to construct new and computationally more efficient filters for the lifting scheme.
Furthermore, a method to approximate multidimensional scattered data is introduced which is based on the lifting scheme. A major task in this method is to solve an ordinary linear least squares problem which possesses a special structure. Exploiting this structure yields better approximations and therefore this particular least squares problem is analyzed in detail. This leads to a characterization of special generalized inverses with partially prescribed image spaces.
Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Charakteren des Normalisators und des Zentralisators eines Sylowtorus. Dabei wird jede Gruppe G vom Lie-Typ als Fixpunktgruppe einer einfach-zusammenhängenden einfachen Gruppe unter einer Frobeniusabbildung aufgefaßt. Für jeden Sylowtorus S der algebraischen Gruppe wird gezeigt, dass die irreduziblen Charaktere des Zentralisators von S in G sich auf ihre Trägheitsgruppe im Normalisator von S fortsetzen. Diese Fragestellung entsteht aus dem Studium der Höhe 0 Charaktere bei endlichen reduktiven Gruppen vom Lie-Typ im Zusammenhang mit der McKay-Vermutung. Neuere Resultate von Isaacs, Malle und Navarro führen diese Vermutung auf eine Eigenschaft von einfachen Gruppen zurück, die sie dann für eine Primzahl gut nennen. Bei Gruppen vom Lie-Typ zeigt das obige Resultat zusammen mit einer aktuellen Arbeit von Malle einige dabei wichtige und notwendige Eigenschaften. Anhand der Steinberg-Präsentation werden vor allem bei den klassischen Gruppen genauere Aussagen über die Struktur des Zentralisators und des Normalisators eines Sylowtorus bewiesen. Wichtig dabei ist die von Tits eingeführte erweiterte Weylgruppe, die starke Verbindungen zu Zopfgruppen besitzt. Das Resultat wird in zahlreichen Einzelfallbetrachtungen gezeigt, bei denen in dieser Arbeit bewiesene Vererbungsregeln von Fortsetzbarkeitseigenschaften benutzt werden.
In this thesis we consider the directional analysis of stationary point processes. We focus on three non-parametric methods based on second order analysis which we have defined as Integral method, Ellipsoid method, and Projection method. We present the methods in a general setting and then focus on their application in the 2D and 3D case of a particular type of anisotropy mechanism called geometric anisotropy. We mainly consider regular point patterns motivated by our application to real 3D data coming from glaciology. Note that directional analysis of 3D data is not so prominent in the literature.
We compare the performance of the methods, which depends on the relative parameters, in a simulation study both in 2D and 3D. Based on the results we give recommendations on how to choose the methods´ parameters in practice.
We apply the directional analysis to the 3D data coming from glaciology, which consist in the locations of air-bubbles in polar ice cores. The aim of this study is to provide information about the deformation rate in the ice and the corresponding thinning of ice layers at different depths. This information is substantial for the glaciologists in order to build ice dating models and consequently to give a correct interpretation of the climate information which can be found by analyzing ice cores. In this thesis we consider data coming from three different ice cores: the Talos Dome core, the EDML core and the Renland core.
Motivated by the ice application, we study how isotropic and stationary noise influences the directional analysis. In fact, due to the relaxation of the ice after drilling, noise bubbles can form within the ice samples. In this context we take two classification algorithms into consideration, which aim to classify points in a superposition of a regular isotropic and stationary point process with Poisson noise.
We introduce two methods to visualize anisotropy, which are particularly useful in 3D and apply them to the ice data. Finally, we consider the problem of testing anisotropy and the limiting behavior of the geometric anisotropy transform.
This thesis deals with the relationship between no-arbitrage and (strictly) consistent price processes for a financial market with proportional transaction costs
in a discrete time model. The exact mathematical statement behind this relationship is formulated in the so-called Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing (FTAP). Among the many proofs of the FTAP without transaction costs there
is also an economic intuitive utility-based approach. It relies on the economic
intuitive fact that the investor can maximize his expected utility from terminal
wealth. This approach is rather constructive since the equivalent martingale measure is then given by the marginal utility evaluated at the optimal terminal payoff.
However, in the presence of proportional transaction costs such a utility-based approach for the existence of consistent price processes is missing in the literature. So far, rather deep methods from functional analysis or from the theory of random sets have been used to show the FTAP under proportional transaction costs.
For the sake of existence of a utility-maximizing payoff we first concentrate on a generic single-period model with only one risky asset. The marignal utility evaluated at the optimal terminal payoff yields the first component of a
consistent price process. The second component is given by the bid-ask prices
depending on the investors optimal action. Even more is true: nearby this consistent price process there are many strictly consistent price processes. Their exact structure allows us to apply this utility-maximizing argument in a multi-period model. In a backwards induction we adapt the given bid-ask prices in such a way so that the strictly consistent price processes found from maximizing utility can be extended to terminal time. In addition possible arbitrage opportunities of the 2nd kind vanish which can present for the original bid-ask process. The notion of arbitrage opportunities of the 2nd kind has been so
far investigated only in models with strict costs in every state. In our model
transaction costs need not be present in every state.
For a model with finitely many risky assets a similar idea is applicable. However, in the single-period case we need to develop new methods compared
to the single-period case with only one risky asset. There are mainly two reasons
for that. Firstly, it is not at all obvious how to get a consistent price process
from the utility-maximizing payoff, since the consistent price process has to be
found for all assets simultaneously. Secondly, we need to show directly that the
so-called vector space property for null payoffs implies the robust no-arbitrage condition. Once this step is accomplished we can à priori use prices with a
smaller spread than the original ones so that the consistent price process found
from the utility-maximizing payoff is strictly consistent for the original prices.
To make the results applicable for the multi-period case we assume that the prices are given by compact and convex random sets. Then the multi-period case is similar to the case with only one risky asset but more demanding with regard to technical questions.
The construction of number fields with given Galois group fits into the framework of the inverse Galois problem. This problem remains still unsolved, although many partial results have been obtained over the last century.
Shafarevich proved in 1954 that every solvable group is realizable as the Galois group of a number field. Unfortunately, the proof does not provide a method to explicitly find such a field.
This work aims at producing a constructive version of the theorem by solving the following task: given a solvable group $G$ and a $B\in \mathbf N$, construct all normal number fields with Galois group $G$ and absolute discriminant bounded by $B$.
Since a field with solvable Galois group can be realized as a tower of abelian extensions, the main role in our algorithm is played by class field theory, which is the subject of the first part of this work.
The second half is devoted to the study of the relation between the group structure and the field through Galois correspondence.
In particular, we study the existence of obstructions to embedding problems and some criteria to predict the Galois group of an extension.
Traffic flow on road networks has been a continuous source of challenging mathematical problems. Mathematical modelling can provide an understanding of dynamics of traffic flow and hence helpful in organizing the flow through the network. In this dissertation macroscopic models for the traffic flow in road networks are presented. The primary interest is the extension of the existing macroscopic road network models based on partial differential equations (PDE model). In order to overcome the difficulty of high computational costs of PDE model an ODE model has been introduced. In addition, steady state traffic flow model named as RSA model on road networks has been dicsussed. To obtain the optimal flow through the network cost functionals and corresponding optimal control problems are defined. The solution of these optimization problems provides an information of shortest path through the network subject to road conditions. The resulting constrained optimization problem is solved approximately by solving unconstrained problem invovling exact penalty functions and the penalty parameter. A good estimate of the threshold of the penalty parameter is defined. A well defined algorithm for solving a nonlinear, nonconvex equality and bound constrained optimization problem is introduced. The numerical results on the convergence history of the algorithm support the theoretical results. In addition to this, bottleneck situations in the traffic flow have been treated using a domain decomposition method (DDM). In particular this method could be used to solve the scalar conservation laws with the discontinuous flux functions corresponding to other physical problems too. This method is effective even when the flux function presents more than one discontinuity within the same spatial domain. It is found in the numerical results that the DDM is superior to other schemes and demonstrates good shock resolution.
Inflation modeling is a very important tool for conducting an efficient monetary policy. This doctoral thesis reviewed inflation models, in particular the Phillips curve models of inflation dynamics. We focused on a well known and widely used model, the so-called three equation new Keynesian model which is a system of equations consisting of a new Keynesian Phillips curve (NKPC), an investment and saving (IS) curve and an interest rate rule.
We gave a detailed derivation of these equations. The interest rate rule used in this model is normally determined by using a Lagrangian method to solve an optimal control problem constrained by a standard discrete time NKPC which describes the inflation dynamics and an IS curve that represents the output gaps dynamics. In contrast to the real world, this method assumes that the policy makers intervene continuously. This means that the costs resulting from the change in the interest rates are ignored. We showed also that there are approximation errors made, when one log-linearizes non linear equations, by doing the derivation of the standard discrete time NKPC.
We agreed with other researchers as mentioned in this thesis, that errors which result from ignoring such log-linear approximation errors and the costs of altering interest rates by determining interest rate rule, can lead to a suboptimal interest rate rule and hence to non-optimal paths of output gaps and inflation rate.
To overcome such a problem, we proposed a stochastic optimal impulse control method. We formulated the problem as a stochastic optimal impulse control problem by considering the costs of change in interest rates and the approximation error terms. In order to formulate this problem, we first transform the standard discrete time NKPC and the IS curve into their high-frequency versions and hence into their continuous time versions where error terms are described by a zero mean Gaussian white noise with a finite and constant variance. After formulating this problem, we use the quasi-variational inequality approach to solve analytically a special case of the central bank problem, where an inflation rate is supposed to be on target and a central bank has to optimally control output gap dynamics. This method gives an optimal control band in which output gap process has to be maintained and an optimal control strategy, which includes the optimal size of intervention and optimal intervention time, that can be used to keep the process into the optimal control band.
Finally, using a numerical example, we examined the impact of some model parameters on optimal control strategy. The results show that an increase in the output gap volatility as well as in the fixed and proportional costs of the change in interest rate lead to an increase in the width of the optimal control band. In this case, the optimal intervention requires the central bank to wait longer before undertaking another control action.
On the complexity and approximability of optimization problems with Minimum Quantity Constraints
(2020)
During the last couple of years, there has been a variety of publications on the topic of
minimum quantity constraints. In general, a minimum quantity constraint is a lower bound
constraint on an entity of an optimization problem that only has to be fulfilled if the entity is
“used” in the respective solution. For example, if a minimum quantity \(q_e\) is defined on an
edge \(e\) of a flow network, the edge flow on \(e\) may either be \(0\) or at least \(q_e\) units of flow.
Minimum quantity constraints have already been applied to problem classes such as flow, bin
packing, assignment, scheduling and matching problems. A result that is common to all these
problem classes is that in the majority of cases problems with minimum quantity constraints
are NP-hard, even if the problem without minimum quantity constraints but with fixed lower
bounds can be solved in polynomial time. For instance, the maximum flow problem is known
to be solvable in polynomial time, but becomes NP-hard once minimum quantity constraints
are added.
In this thesis we consider flow, bin packing, scheduling and matching problems with minimum
quantity constraints. For each of these problem classes we provide a summary of the
definitions and results that exist to date. In addition, we define new problems by applying
minimum quantity constraints to the maximum-weight b-matching problem and to open
shop scheduling problems. We contribute results to each of the four problem classes: We
show NP-hardness for a variety of problems with minimum quantity constraints that have
not been considered so far. If possible, we restrict NP-hard problems to special cases that
can be solved in polynomial time. In addition, we consider approximability of the problems:
For most problems it turns out that, unless P=NP, there cannot be any polynomial-time
approximation algorithm. Hence, we consider bicriteria approximation algorithms that allow
the constraints of the problem to be violated up to a certain degree. This approach proves to
be very helpful and we provide a polynomial-time bicriteria approximation algorithm for at
least one problem of each of the four problem classes we consider. For problems defined on
graphs, the class of series parallel graphs supports this approach very well.
We end the thesis with a summary of the results and several suggestions for future research
on minimum quantity constraints.
We construct and study two surface measures on the space C([0,1],M) of paths in a compact Riemannian manifold M embedded into the Euclidean space R^n. The first one is induced by conditioning the usual Wiener measure on C([0,T],R^n) to the event that the Brownian particle does not leave the tubular epsilon-neighborhood of M up to time T, and passing to the limit. The second one is defined as the limit of the laws of reflected Brownian motions with reflection on the boundaries of the tubular epsilon-neighborhoods of M. We prove that the both surface measures exist and compare them with the Wiener measure W_M on C([0,T],M). We show that the first one is equivalent to W_M and compute the corresponding density explicitly in terms of the scalar curvature and the mean curvature vector of M. Further, we show that the second surface measure coincides with W_M. Finally, we study the limit behavior of the both surface measures as T tends to infinity.
We present a numerical scheme to simulate a moving rigid body with arbitrary shape suspended in a rarefied gas micro flows, in view of applications to complex computations of moving structures in micro or vacuum systems. The rarefied gas is simulated by solving the Boltzmann equation using a DSMC particle method. The motion of the rigid body is governed by the Newton-Euler equations, where the force and the torque on the rigid body is computed from the momentum transfer of the gas molecules colliding with the body. The resulting motion of the rigid body affects in turn again the gas flow in the surroundings. This means that a two-way coupling has been modeled. We validate the scheme by performing various numerical experiments in 1-, 2- and 3-dimensional computational domains. We have presented 1-dimensional actuator problem, 2-dimensional cavity driven flow problem, Brownian diffusion of a spherical particle both with translational and rotational motions, and finally thermophoresis on a spherical particles. We compare the numerical results obtained from the numerical simulations with the existing theories in each test examples.
The work consists of two parts.
In the first part an optimization problem of structures of linear elastic material with contact modeled by Robin-type boundary conditions is considered. The structures model textile-like materials and possess certain quasiperiodicity properties. The homogenization method is used to represent the structures by homogeneous elastic bodies and is essential for formulations of the effective stress and Poisson's ratio optimization problems. At the micro-level, the classical one-dimensional Euler-Bernoulli beam model extended with jump conditions at contact interfaces is used. The stress optimization problem is of a PDE-constrained optimization type, and the adjoint approach is exploited. Several numerical results are provided.
In the second part a non-linear model for simulation of textiles is proposed. The yarns are modeled by hyperelastic law and have no bending stiffness. The friction is modeled by the Capstan equation. The model is formulated as a problem with the rate-independent dissipation, and the basic continuity and convexity properties are investigated. The part ends with numerical experiments and a comparison of the results to a real measurement.
Mechanistic disease spread models for different vector borne diseases have been studied from the 19th century. The relevance of mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of disease spread is increasing nowadays. This thesis focuses on the compartmental models of the vector-borne diseases that are also transmitted directly among humans. An example of such an arboviral disease that falls under this category is the Zika Virus disease. The study begins with a compartmental SIRUV model and its mathematical analysis. The non-trivial relationship between the basic reproduction number obtained through two methods have been discussed. The analytical results that are mathematically proven for this model are numerically verified. Another SIRUV model is presented by considering a different formulation of the model parameters and the newly obtained model is shown to be clearly incorporating the dependence on the ratio of mosquito population size to human population size in the disease spread. In order to incorporate the spatial as well as temporal dynamics of the disease spread, a meta-population model based on the SIRUV model was developed. The space domain under consideration are divided into patches which may denote mutually exclusive spatial entities like administrative areas, districts, provinces, cities, states or even countries. The research focused only on the short term movements or commuting behavior of humans across the patches. This is incorportated in the multi-patch meta-population model using a matrix of residence time fractions of humans in each patches. Mathematically simplified analytical results are deduced by which it is shown that, for an exemplary scenario that is numerically studied, the multi-patch model also admits the threshold properties that the single patch SIRUV model holds. The relevance of commuting behavior of humans in the disease spread has been presented using the numerical results from this model. The local and non-local commuting are incorporated into the meta-population model in a numerical example. Later, a PDE model is developed from the multi-patch model.
A Multi-Phase Flow Model Incorporated with Population Balance Equation in a Meshfree Framework
(2011)
This study deals with the numerical solution of a meshfree coupled model of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Population Balance Equation (PBE) for liquid-liquid extraction columns. In modeling the coupled hydrodynamics and mass transfer in liquid extraction columns one encounters multidimensional population balance equation that could not be fully resolved numerically within a reasonable time necessary for steady state or dynamic simulations. For this reason, there is an obvious need for a new liquid extraction model that captures all the essential physical phenomena and still tractable from computational point of view. This thesis discusses a new model which focuses on discretization of the external (spatial) and internal coordinates such that the computational time is drastically reduced. For the internal coordinates, the concept of the multi-primary particle method; as a special case of the Sectional Quadrature Method of Moments (SQMOM) is used to represent the droplet internal properties. This model is capable of conserving the most important integral properties of the distribution; namely: the total number, solute and volume concentrations and reduces the computational time when compared to the classical finite difference methods, which require many grid points to conserve the desired physical quantities. On the other hand, due to the discrete nature of the dispersed phase, a meshfree Lagrangian particle method is used to discretize the spatial domain (extraction column height) using the Finite Pointset Method (FPM). This method avoids the extremely difficult convective term discretization using the classical finite volume methods, which require a lot of grid points to capture the moving fronts propagating along column height.
This thesis introduces a novel deformation method for computational meshes. It is based on the numerical path following for the equations of nonlinear elasticity. By employing a logarithmic variation of the neo-Hookean hyperelastic material law, the method guarantees that the mesh elements do not become inverted and remain well-shaped. In order to demonstrate the performance of the method, this thesis addresses two areas of active research in isogeometric analysis: volumetric domain parametrization and fluid-structure interaction. The former concerns itself with the construction of a parametrization for a given computational domain provided only a parametrization of the domain’s boundary. The proposed mesh deformation method gives rise to a novel solution approach to this problem. Within it, the domain parametrization is constructed as a deformed configuration of a simplified domain. In order to obtain the simplified domain, the boundary of the target domain is projected in the \(L^2\)-sense onto a coarse NURBS basis. Then, the Coons patch is applied to parametrize the simplified domain. As a range of 2D and 3D examples demonstrates, the mesh deformation approach is able to produce high-quality parametrizations for complex domains where many state-of-the-art methods either fail or become unstable and inefficient. In the context of fluid-structure interaction, the proposed mesh deformation method is applied to robustly update the computational mesh in situations when the fluid domain undergoes large deformations. In comparison to the state-of-the-art mesh update methods, it is able to handle larger deformations and does not result in an eventual reduction of mesh quality. The performance of the method is demonstrated on a classic 2D fluid-structure interaction benchmark reproduced by using an isogeometric partitioned solver with strong coupling.
This thesis is divided into two parts. Both cope with multi-class image segmentation and utilize
non-smooth optimization algorithms.
The topic of the first part, namely unsupervised segmentation, is the application of clustering
to image pixels. Therefore, we start with an introduction of the biconvex center-based clustering
algorithms c-means and fuzzy c-means, where c denotes the number of classes. We show that
fuzzy c-means can be seen as an approximation of c-means in terms of power means.
Since noise is omnipresent in our image data, these simple clustering models are not suitable
for its segmentation. To this end, we introduce a general and finite dimensional segmentation
model that consists of a data term stemming from the aforementioned clustering models plus a
continuous regularization term. We tackle this optimization model via an alternating minimiza-
tion approach called regularized c-centers (RcC). Thereby, we fix the centers and optimize the
segment membership of the pixels and vice versa. In this general setting, we prove convergence
in the sense of set-valued algorithms using Zangwill’s Theory [172].
Further, we present a segmentation model with a total variation regularizer. While updating
the cluster centers is straightforward for fixed segment memberships of the pixels, updating the
segment membership can be solved iteratively via non-smooth, convex optimization. Thereby,
we do not iterate a convex optimization algorithm until convergence. Instead, we stop as soon as
we have a certain amount of decrease in the objective functional to increase the efficiency. This
algorithm is a particular implementation of RcC providing also the corresponding convergence
theory. Moreover, we show the good performance of our method in various examples such as
simulated 2d images of brain tissue and 3d volumes of two materials, namely a multi-filament
composite superconductor and a carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide ceramics. Thereby, we
exploit the property of the latter material that two components have no common boundary in
our adapted model.
The second part of the thesis is concerned with supervised segmentation. We leave the area
of center based models and investigate convex approaches related to graph p-Laplacians and
reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHSs). We study the effect of different weights used to
construct the graph. In practical experiments we show on the one hand image types that
are better segmented by the p-Laplacian model and on the other hand images that are better
segmented by the RKHS-based approach. This is due to the fact that the p-Laplacian approach
provides smoother results, while the RKHS approach provides often more accurate and detailed
segmentations. Finally, we propose a novel combination of both approaches to benefit from the
advantages of both models and study the performance on challenging medical image data.
This thesis deals with 3 important aspects of optimal investment in real-world financial markets: taxes, crashes, and illiquidity. An introductory chapter reviews the portfolio problem in its historical context and motivates the theme of this work: We extend the standard modelling framework to include specific real-world features and evaluate their significance. In the first chapter, we analyze the optimal portfolio problem with capital gains taxes, assuming that taxes are deferred until the end of the investment horizon. The problem is solved with the help of a modification of the classical martingale method. The second chapter is concerned with optimal asset allocation under the threat of a financial market crash. The investor takes a worst-case attitude towards the crash, so her investment objective is to be best off in the most adverse crash scenario. We first survey the existing literature on the worst-case approach to optimal investment and then present in detail the novel martingale approach to worst-case portfolio optimization. The first part of this chapter is based on joint work with Ralf Korn. In the last chapter, we investigate optimal portfolio decisions in the presence of illiquidity. Illiquidity is understood as a period in which it is impossible to trade on financial markets. We use dynamic programming techniques in combination with abstract convergence results to solve the corresponding optimal investment problem. This chapter is based on joint work with Holger Kraft and Peter Diesinger.