Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Mathematik
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Faculty / Organisational entity
Mathematische Weiterbildung
(1984)
Ziel des Modellversuchs war es, zu untersuchen, welche Ergebnisse der mathematischen Forschung an Universitäten für den Praktiker besser zugänglich gemacht werden sollten und wie dies geschehen kann. Als Zielgruppen einer solchen Bildungsaufgabe waren insbesondere Ingenieure in den Forschungs- und Entwicklungsabteilungen der Industrie und Studenten der Mathematik und Technik (im Sinne einer mehr praxisbezogenen Ausbildung) vorgesehen; in organisatorischer Hinsicht war an ein Fernstudium gedacht.
Bei den bisherigen Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiet der passiven Solarnutzung mit speicherfähigen gemauerten Ziegelwänden stellte sich heraus, daß direkt im Strahlengang der Sonnenstrahlung liegende Wandbauteile keine ausreichende Speicherwirkung haben. Ausreichend heißt: Schnelle Wärmeabführung in eine Wärmesenke, ausreichende Speicherkapazität als Tagesspeicher. Abhilfe schaffen hier Latentspeicher oder großvolumige Wasserspeicher. In unserem konkreten Fall stand ein Texxor-Latentspeicher mit 2 l Inhalt und 100 Wh Kapazität bei 27oC in einem Poroton-Formstein zur Verfügung.
In diesem Projekt soll die Bildung von Wirbeln bei der Strömung eines Gases um eine Ecke numerisch untersucht werden. Dabei sollen verschiedene numerische Verfahren getestet und die Ergebnisse mit Versuchsdaten verglichen werden. Ferner soll untersucht werden, wie gut sich diese Verfahren vektorisieren lassen, da kompliziertere zweidimensionale und selbst einfache dreidimensionale Probleme der Strömungsdynamik auf den heute üblichen Universalrechnern nicht mit vertretbarem Zeitaufwand zu lösen sind, besonders, wenn, wie an der Universität Kaiserslautern, nur eine relativ langsame Anlage (Siemens 7551/7561) zur Verfügung steht. Die numerischen Rechnungen werden auf der CYBER 205 in Karlsruhe durchgeführt.
Fast reconstruction formulae in x-ray computerized tomography demand the directions, in which the measurements are taken, to be equally distributed over the whole circle. In many applications data can only be provided in a restricted range. Here the intrinsic difficulties are studied by giving a singular value decomposition of the Radon transform in a restricted range. Practical limitations are deduced.
The Trippstadt Problem
(1984)
Close to Kaiserslautern is the town of Trippstadt, which, together with five other small towns forms a local administration unit (Verbandsgemeinde) called Kaiserslautern-Süd. Trippstadt has its own beautiful public swimming pool, which causes problems though; the cost for the upkeep of the pool is higher than the income and thus has to be divided among the towns belonging to the Verbandsgemeinde. Because of this problem the administration wanted to find out which fraction of the total number of pool visitors came from the different towns. They planned to ask each pool guest where he came from. They did this for only three days though because the waiting lines at the cashiers became unbearably long and they could see that because of this the total number of guests would decrease. Then they wondered how to find a better method to get the same data and that was when I was asked to help with the solution of the problem.
Die Aufgabe dieses Projektes ist die Untersuchung des Schallfeldes, das sich in einem geschlossenen Quader bei Erregung durch eine punktförmige Schallquelle einstellt. Eine zentrale Rolle spielt hierbei die Wechselwirkung zwischen dem Schallfeld und den Quaderplatten, die zu Schwingungen angeregt werden und so dem Schallfeld Energie entziehen. Der Zweck dieser Untersuchung ist, Erkenntnisse für die Berechnung des Innendrucks zu Fahrzeugkarosserien zu gewinnen. Dies muß bei der Dimensionierung des Quaders und bei der Wahl des Plattenmaterials berücksichtigt werden. Numerische Berechnungen des Schalldrucks in einem Quader wurden beispielsweise in [1] durchgeführt. Das Ergebnis zeigt, daß zwei Arten von Resonanzen auftreten: Zum einen Strukturresonanzen, die durch Eigenschwingungen der Wände hervorgerufen werden und die von den Wandabmessungen und dem Plattenmaterial abhängen, zum anderen Hohlraumresonanzen, die auftreten, wenn die Luftwellenlänge in einem geeigneten Verhältnis zu den Abmessungen des Hohlraums steht. Es ist sehr zweifelhaft, welche Rückschlüsse gezogen werden können von den numerischen Resultaten in [1] auf kompliziertere Geometrien, wie sie bei Fahrzeugkarosserien vorliegen. Eine tiefere Einsicht in die Kopplung zwischen Schallfeld und Plattenschwingungen vor allem in den Resonanzbereichen ist nur zu erwarten, wenn die Berechnung dieser Wechselwirkung weitgehend analytisch durchgeführt wird. Eine solche analytische Berechnung ist das Ziel dieses Projektes.
In diesem Projekt soll die Bildung von Wirbeln bei der Strömung eines Gases um eine Ecke numerisch untersucht werden. Dabei sollen verschiedene numerische Verfahren getestet und die Ergebnisse mit Versuchsdaten verglichen werden. Ferner soll untersucht werden, wie gut sich diese Verfahren vektorisieren lassen, da komplizierte zweidimensionale und selbst einfache dreidimensionale Probleme der Strömungsdynamik auf den heute üblichen Universalrechnern nicht mit vertretbarem Zeitaufwand zu lösen sind. Die numerischen Berechnungen werden auf der CYBER 205 in Karlsruhe durchgeführt.
In these notes we will discuss some aspects of a problem arising in carindustry. For the sake of clarity we will set the problem into an extremely simplified scheme. Suppose that we have a body which is emitting sound, and that the sound is measured at a finite number of points around the body. We wish to determine the intensity of the sound at an observation point which is moving.
Zur Datenreduktion gemessener stochastischer Beanspruchungszeitfunktionen werden Zählverfahren eingesetzt. Mit den dabei entstehenden Beanspruchungskollektiven werden rechnerische Lebensdauerabschätzungen gemacht. Da diese mit großen Unsicherheiten behaftet sind, besteht der Wunsch, aus den Beanspruchungskollektiven on-line stochastische Beanspruchungszeitfunktionen zu rekonstruieren, damit ein experimenteller Lebensdauernachweis im Labor mit servohydraulischen Zylindern durchgeführt werden kann. In bezug auf die Lebensdauer der Bauteile unter stochastischer Beanspruchung wird heute dem zweiparametrigen Rainflow-Zählverfahren die größte Bedeutung beigemessen. Es werden ein gegenüber /1/ verbessertes Markov-Inversionsverfahren und ein Rekonstruktionsverfahren aus der symmetrischen und der unsymmetrischen Rainflow-Matrix vorgestellt. Anhand von Beispielen werden diese Inversionsverfahren, die jeweils unter allen Zeitfunktionen, die zu der betreffenden Matrix führen, mit gleicher Wahrscheinlichkeit eine auswählen, verglichen. Es zeigt sich dabei, daß im Hinblick auf die Lebensdauer von Bauteilen unter stochastischer Beanspruchung die Rainflow-Inversionen zu wesentlich besseren Ergebnissen führt als die Markov-Inversionen.
Bei einem von VDO entwickelten Navigationsgerät stehen unterschiedliche Verfahren zur Durchführung der Navigation zur Verfügung. Das Problem besteht darin, daß die von dem jeweiligen Verfahren erzielten Navigationsendpunkte von dem gewünschten Ziel mehr oder weniger stark abweichen. Diese Abweichungen hängen nicht nur von Anfangs- und Endpunkt der Testfahrt und vom Navigationsverfahren ab, sondern ändern sich auch bei der Wiederholung solcher Testfahrten. Ordnet man nun jedem Navigationsverfahren einen Parameter (vektor) zu und bezeichnet man die Menge aller betrachteten Parameter (werte) mit M (M kann zunächst endlich oder unendlich sein), so besteht das Ziel darin, den Parameter p*EM aufzufinden, für den das zugehörige Verfahren im Mittel am besten abschneidet. Hierzu ist es notwendig, zunächst ein Gütekriterium festzulegen.
Berechnung und Optimierung des Energiegewinnes bei Anlagen zur Lufterwärmung mittels Erdkanal
(1986)
Hallen wie Turnhallen oder Fabrikationshallen werden häufig mit Warmluft beheizt. Dazu steht ein Heizkessel mit Heißwasser bereit, das über einen Wärmetauscher (WT1) Luft erwärmt. Diese Warmluft wird über ein Gebläse in die Halle eingebracht. An anderer Stelle der Halle wird die Luft, die sich abgekühlt hat, wieder angesaugt. Diese wird im Wärmetauscher wieder auf Solltemperatur erwärmt und erneut eingeblasen. Aus hygienischen Gründen muß allerdings ein Teil der angesaugten Umluft ins Freie fortgeführt werden und stattdessen frische Außenluft zugeführt werden. Dies geschieht in einer Mischkammer. Diese Außenluft hat während der Heizperiode eine recht niedrige Temperatur, so daß ein beachtlicher Anteil der Heizenergie für ihre Erwärmung aufgebracht werden muß. Um Energie zu sparen, wird die Außenluft über einen Wärmetauscher WT2 durch die Fortluft vorgewärmt. Eine weitere Einsparung wäre möglich, wenn es gelänge, diese Außenluft auf irgendeine natürliche Art und Weise zusätzlich vorzuerwärmen.
Das Designproblem eines Kanals mit parallel eingeblasener Luft war der Ausgangspunkt für diese Untersuchung. Um ein Gefühl für das Verhalten von Strömungen in einem Kanal gemäß Abb. 1 zu bekommen, sollte von uns ein Verfahren entwickelt werden, welches für folgende Geometrie die relevanten strömungsdynamischen Daten liefert.; Durch die Schlitzdüsen wird Luft mit hoher Geschwindigkeit eingeblasen. Für die sich dann einstellende quasistationäre Strömung im Kanal K soll die Entwicklung der Geschwindigkeitsprofile in Abhängigkeit vom Abstand zum Schlitz berechnet und die strömungsdynamischen Größen abgeleitet werden. Von besonderem Interesse sind hier der Druckverlauf, der Impulsverlust und die Wandschubspannung sowie die sich daraus ergebende mittlere Ansauggeschwindigkeit. Dabei sollen Geometrie, Einblasgeschwindigkeit sowie die Wandrauhigkeit variabel gehalten werden. Auf Grund von Experimenten erwartet man qualitativ etwa folgende Profile: Abb. 2
Diese Arbeit entstand aus der Zusammenarbeit der Arbeitsgruppe Technomathematik der Universität Kaiserslautern mit der Firma AUDI AG in Ingolstadt. Die Hauptaufgabe bestand in der Modell-Entwicklung für das Zeitverhalten von Beanspruchungszeitfunktionen (BAZF). Daher werden auch die ursprünglichen Modellansätze, die sich aufgrund von Beobachtungen realer BAZFen als Irrwege herausstellten, und die Stufen der Anpassung an die Realität hier dargestellt. Die Überprüfung der Modelle habe ich vier Wochen lang vor Ort durchgeführt und anschließend die endgültigen entwickelt. Die bei AUDI erstellten Plots werden zur Rechtfertigung der Modelle beitragen. Das Ziel der Modell-Entwicklung war immer die praktische Anwendung, weshalb auch dieser Gesichtspunkt oft hereinspielt, besonders wenn es um die Realisierung auf dem Rechner geht. Über die Implementierung und die praktischen Ergebnisse wird in einer späteren Arbeit berichtet werden.
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Algorithmus von Kalman zur Schätzung von gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Zuständen in zeitdiskreten dynamischen Systemen. In der Literatur ist dieser Algorithmus allgemein als Kalman-Filter bekannt. Im Vordergrund der Betrachtungen stehen dabei die Schätzfehler des Kalman-Filters, insbesondere für den Fall, daß das benutzte Modell nicht mit dem realen System übereinstimmt. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Einflüsse die Modellfehler auf die Schätzfehler des Kalman-Filters haben. Dies ist ein wichtiger Gesichtspunkt, den man bei der Anwendung des Kalman-Filters beachten sollte, da man i.a. nicht davon ausgehen kann, daß Modell und reales System übereinstimmen.; Um diese Fragestellung stärker zu motivieren, werden im nächsten Abschnitt ein paar allgemeine Überlegungen zur Modellbildung angestellt. Danach werden einige Modelle zur Behandlung von Zeitreihen angesprochen. Zur Hinführung auf den Kalman-Filter wird dann in Kapital 2 das Problem des Schätzens etwas allgemeiner behandelt. In Kapitel 3 erfolgt dann eine Herleitung des Kalman-Filters und die Untersuchung der Fehlerprozesse für den Fall, daß Modell und reales System übereinstimmen. Da für die zeitliche Entwicklung der Fehlerprozesse die Stabilität des Kalman-Filters von Bedeutung ist, wird auch diese besprochen. In Kapitel 4 werden schließlich die Fehlerprozesse für den Fall behandelt, daß Modell und reales System nicht übereinstimmen.
We want to study solid objects in real three dimensional space aiming at two issues:; (i1) modelling solids subject to boolean set algebra, including wire models,; (i2) determining the behaviour of moving solids, e.g. when they collide and the resulting points of contact.; ; This research has been initiated by the FORD Motor Company, Cologne. It is motivated by the intention to provide for a model of an automatical car gear, which gives a high precision basis to the optimization of moving tolerances.
Identifikation von Amplituden und Phasensprüngen im Intensitätsverlauf eines Nd-Yag Festkörperlasers
(1987)
Estimation of P(R kl/gleich S) is considered for the simple stress-strength model of failure. Using the Pareto and Power distributions together with their combined form a useful parametric solution is obtained and is illustrated numerically. It is shown that these models are also applicable when only the tails of distributions for R and S are considered. An application to the failure study concerning the fractures is also included.
Stability and Robustness Properties of Universal Adaptive Controllers for First Order Linear Systems
(1987)
The question: What is an adaptive controller? is as old as the word adaptive control itself. In this paper we will adopt a pragmatic viewpoint which identifies adaptive controllers with nonlinear feedback controllers, designed for classes (families) of linear systems. In contrast to classical linear feedback controllers which are designed for individual systems, these non-linear controllers are required to achieve a specific design objective (such as e.g. stability, tracking or decoupling) for a whole prescribed family of linear systems.
Zeitreihen und Modalanalyse
(1987)
Die Arbeit ist zu verstehen als ein Teil im großen Projekt der Universität Kaiserslautern, das sich unter dem Namen Technomathematik um die dringend erforderliche Verständigung zwischen Technik und Mathematik bemüht.; Der große Leitfaden war das Buch von Natke: Einführung in Theorie und Praxis der Zeitreihen- und Modalanalyse, Schilderung der wesentlichen dort verwendeten Ideen der indirekten Systemidentifikation sowie des wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischen und physikalisch-technischen Hintergrundes.
Patterns are considered as normalized measures and distances between them are defined as distances of the corresponding measures using metrics in measure spaces. This idea can be applied for pattern recognition if smeared patterns have to be compared with given ideal patterns. Different metrics are sensitive to different characteristics of the patterns - this is demonstrated in discussing examples. Particular attention is paid to a problem of Quality Control for an artificial fabric, where the distance to uniformity is defined and evaluated; the results are now used in industry.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der numerischen Behandlung Differential-Algebraischer Gleichungen (DAE" s). DAE" s treten beispielsweise bei der Modellierung der Dynamik mechanischer System, der Schaltkreissimulation sowie der chemischen Reaktionskinetik auf. Es werden Rosenbrock-Wanner ähnliche Verfahren zu deren Lösung hergeleitet und an technischen Modellen (Fahrzeugachse und Verstärker) getestet.
As shown by Krasnosel" skii, the classical Preisach model allows to construct a hysteresis operator Wbetween spaces of real functions of time. This construction, via the definition of a measure mü in the so-called Preisach plane, is recalled. Characterizations in terms of mü are given for several mapping and continuity properties of W in various function spaces, for the invertibility of W and for the corresponding mapping and continuity properties of the inverse.
The performance of a combustion engine is essentially determined by the charge cycle, i.e. by the inflow of fresh air through the inlet pipe into the cylinder after a combustion cycle. The amount of air, exchanged during this process, depends on many factors, e.g. the number of revolutions per minute, the temperature, the engine and valve geometry. In order to have a tool in designing the engine one is interested in calculating this amount. The proper calculation would involve the solution of three-dimensional hydrodynamical equations governing the gas flow including chemical reactions in a complicated geometry, consisting of the cylinder, valves, inlet and outlet pipe. Since this is clearly too ambitious, we consider a simplified model.
As an alternative to the commonly used Monte Carlo Simulation methods for solving the Boltzmann equation we have developed a new code with certain important improvements. We present results of calculations on the reentry phase of a space shuttle. One aim was to test physical models of internal energies and of gas-surface interactions.
Industrial mathematics has many faces; but its essential feature is the cooperation of partners - from industry and from universities - with quite different interest (business versus academic carreer), normally working on different time scales. They measure success in a different way (selling rate against citing index), they have different hierarchies of values and are very often distrusting each other. Industry doubts that mathematicians are willing and/or able to produce something real practical and useful (and the mathematicians should not be too much surprised about this attitude, they very often doubt themselves) - mathematicians are afraid to loose their competence (their ideal of scientific truth, to say it more idealistically), to sell their souls.
Special technological applications like the construction of a dental attachment require structural parts which have very small operall dimensions. Very often these parts are subjected to high loadings. The failure of a small spring was the starting point for an investigation with the aim to design a suitable new spring shape.
We consider universal adaptive stabilization and tracking controllers for classes of linear systems. Under the technical assumption of linear scaling invariance necessary and sufficient conditions for adaptive stabilization are derived. For scalar systems sufficient conditions for adaptive tracking of finite dimensional reference signals are explored.
We present the concept of a universal adaptive tracking controller for classes of linear systems. For the class of scalar minimum phase systems of relative degree one, adaptive tracking is shown for arbitrary finite dimensional reference signals. The controller requires no identificaiton of the system parameters. Robustness properties are explored.
Nähen als dynamisches System
(1989)
Das Nähen und die Nähmaschine sind seit über hundert Jahren nahezu unverändert geblieben. Die Nähgeschwindigkeiten wurden gesteigert, der Nähvorgang automatisiert, aber das Prinzip ist gleichgeblieben.; Das entscheidende Problem beim Nähen ist die Erzeugung eines gut sitzenden Knotens. Um diesen Knoten zu bilden, wird der Oberfaden vom Greifer erfaßt und um den Unterfaden herumgeführt. Die Fadenführung mit beweglichen und festen Umlenkungen muß jetzt dafür sorgen, daß immer genügend Faden vorhanden ist, daß der Faden im Moment der Knotenbildung fest angezogen wird, aber muß verhindern, daß der Faden reißt.
On the Moving Preisach Model
(1990)
Fleeces made from artificial fabric are the basic material for many products, ranging from carpets to napkins. Itturns out that their quality is determined by the distribution of the fibres, which can be measured eithter by the optical transmission properties or by the thickness of the material. In both cases one obtains a 2-dimensional signal and one would like to have an objective quality criterion, based on a suitable analysis of these data, which, moreover, can be automated.; In this paper we propose a solution to this problem, based on multiresolution techniques, which have been developed in image analysis through the last few years. Moreover, we use these techniques to investigate fractal properties of the textures.
We present a deterministic simulation scheme for the Boltzmann Semiconductor Equation. The convergence of the method is shown for a simplified space homogeneous case. Numerical experiments, which are very promising, are also given in this situation. The extension for the application to the space inhomogeneous equation with a self consistent electric field is quoted. Theoretical considerations in that case are in preparation.
This paper contains the basic ideas and practical aspects for numerical methods for solving the Boltzmann Equation. The main field of application considered is the reentry of a Space Shuttle in the transition from free molecular flow to continuum flow. The method used will be called Finite Pointset Method (FPM) approximating the solution by finite sets of particles in a rigorously defined way. Convergence results are cited while practical aspects of the algorithm are emphasized. Ideas for the transition to the Navier Stokes domain are shortly discussed.