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Faculty / Organisational entity
Die Sichten von Projektmitgliedern auf Prozesse von Software-Entwicklungen sollen in der Prozeßmodellierungssprache MVP-L formuliert und anschließend in ein Umfassendes Prozeßmodell integriert werden. Dabei ist die Identifikation ähnlicher Informationen in verschiedenen Sichten von Bedeutung. In dieser Arbeit berichten
wir über die Adaption und Synthese verschiedener Ansätze zum Thema Ähnlichkeit aus unterschiedlichen Domänen (Schema-Integration beim Datenbank-Entwurf, Analoges und Fallbasiertes Schließen, Wiederverwendung und System-Spezifikation). Das Ergebnis, die Ähnlichkeitsfunktion vsim, wird anhand eines Referenzbeispiels illustriert. Dabei gehen wir insbesondere auf die Eigenschaft der Funktion vsim ein und berichten über Erfahrungen im Umgang mit dieser Funktion zur Berechnung der Ähnlichkeit zwischen Prozeßmodellen.
In der aktuellen technologischen Entwicklung spielen verteilte eingebettete Echtzeitsysteme eine immer zentralere Rolle und werden zunehmend zum Träger von Innovationen. Durch den hiermit verbundenen steigenden Funktionsumfang der verteilten Echtzeitsysteme und deren zunehmenden Einsatz in sicherheitsrelevanten Anwendungsgebieten stellt die Entwicklung solcher Systeme eine immer größere Herausforderung dar. Hierbei handelt es sich einerseits um Herausforderungen bezogen auf die Kommunikation hinsichtlich Echtzeitfähigkeit und effizienter Bandbreitennutzung, andererseits werden geeignete Methoden benötigt, um den Entwicklungsprozess solcher komplexen Systeme durch Tests und Evaluationen zu unterstützen und zu begleiten. Die hier vorgestellte Arbeit adressiert diese beiden Aspekte und ist entsprechend in zwei Teile untergliedert.
Der erste Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung neuer Kommunikationslösungen, um den gestiegenen Kommunikationsanforderungen begegnen zu können. So erfordert die Nutzung verteilter Echtzeitsysteme im Kontext sicherheitsrelevanter Aufgaben den Einsatz zeitgetriggerter Kommunikationssysteme, die in der Lage sind, deterministische Garantien bezüglich der Echtzeitfähigkeit zu gewähren. Diese klassischen auf exklusiven Reservierungen basierenden Ansätze sind jedoch gerade bei (seltenen) sporadischen Nachrichten sehr ineffizient in Bezug auf die Nutzung der Bandbreite.
Das in dieser Arbeit verwendete Mode-Based Scheduling with Fast Mode-Signaling (modusbasierte Kommunikation) ist ein Verfahren zur Verbesserung der Bandbreitennutzung zeitgetriggerter Kommunikation, bei gleichzeitiger Gewährleistung der Echtzeitfähigkeit. Um dies zu ermöglichen, erlaubt Mode-Based Scheduling einen kontrollierten, slotbasierten Wettbewerb, welcher durch eine schnelle Modussignalisierung (Fast Mode-Signaling) aufgelöst wird. Im Zuge dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene robuste, zuverlässige und vor allem deterministische Realisierungen von Mode-Based Scheduling with Fast Mode-Signaling auf Basis existierender drahtgebundener Kommunikationsprotokolle (TTCAN und FlexRay) vorgestellt sowie Konzepte präsentiert, welche eine einfache Integration in weitere Kommunikationstechnologien (wie drahtlose Ad-Hoc-Netze) ermöglichen.
Der zweite Teil der Arbeit konzentriert sich nicht nur auf Kommunikationsaspekte, sondern stellt einen Ansatz vor, den Entwicklungsprozess verteilter eingebetteter Echtzeitsysteme durch kontinuierliche Tests und Evaluationen in allen Entwicklungsphasen zu unterstützen und zu begleiten. Das im Kontext des Innovationszentrums für Applied Systems Modeling mitentwickelte und erweiterte FERAL (ein Framework für die Kopplung spezialisierter Simulatoren) bietet eine ideale Ausgangsbasis für das Virtual Prototyping komplexer verteilter eingebetteter Echtzeitsysteme und ermöglicht Tests und Evaluationen der Systeme in einer realistisch simulierten Umgebung. Die entwickelten Simulatoren für aktuelle Kommunikationstechnologien ermöglichen hierbei realistische Simulationen der Interaktionen innerhalb des verteilten Systems. Durch die Unterstützung von Simulationssystemen mit Komponenten auf unterschiedlichen Abstraktionsstufen kann FERAL in allen Entwicklungsphasen eingesetzt werden. Anhand einer Fallstudie wird gezeigt, wie FERAL verwendet werden kann, um ein Simulationssystem zusammen mit den zu realisierenden Komponenten schrittweise zu verfeinern. Auf diese Weise steht während jeder Entwicklungsphase ein ausführbares Simulationssystem für Tests zur Verfügung. Die entwickelten Konzepte und Simulatoren für FERAL ermöglichen es, Designalternativen zu evaluieren und die Wahl einer Kommunikationstechnologie durch die Ergebnisse von Simulationen zu stützen.
Das Thema dieser Arbeit ist die Erweiterung von CoMo-Kit um eine Zeitplanungskomponente. Man möchte Informationen über die Dauer der einzelnen Teilaufgaben gewinnen und diese zu Dauern der übergeordneten abstrakten Aufgaben abschätzen. Auf diese Weise kann sich ein Manager über die voraussichtliche Gesamtdauer des Projektes und dessen Fortgang informieren. Dazu werden frühestmögliche und spätestmögliche Anfangs- und Endzeitpunkte der Vorgänge berechnet. Die Differenz zwischen frühesten und spätesten Zeitpunkten gibt dem Projektmanager eine Aussage über den Dispositionsspielraum der einzelnen Vorgänge. Ist kein Spielraum vorhanden, kann man erkennen, daß dieser Vorgang die Projektdauer determiniert und eventuell für Verzögerungen verantwortlich sein kann. Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit ist das Verfahren der Allgemeine Hierarchischen Netzplantechnik entwickelt und als Zeitplanungskomponente in das System CoMo-Kit integriert worden.
We present a convenient notation for positive/negativeADconditional equations. Theidea is to merge rules specifying the same function by using caseAD, ifAD, matchAD, and letADexpressions.Based on the presented macroADruleADconstruct, positive/negativeADconditional equational specifiADcations can be written on a higher level. A rewrite system translates the macroADruleADconstructsinto positive/negativeADconditional equations.
Distributed systems are omnipresent nowadays and networking them is fundamental for the continuous dissemination and thus availability of data. Provision of data in real-time is one of the most important non-functional aspects that safety-critical networks must guarantee. Formal verification of data communication against worst-case deadline requirements is key to certification of emerging x-by-wire systems. Verification allows aircraft to take off, cars to steer by wire, and safety-critical industrial facilities to operate. Therefore, different methodologies for worst-case modeling and analysis of real-time systems have been established. Among them is deterministic Network Calculus (NC), a versatile technique that is applicable across multiple domains such as packet switching, task scheduling, system on chip, software-defined networking, data center networking and network virtualization. NC is a methodology to derive deterministic bounds on two crucial performance metrics of communication systems:
(a) the end-to-end delay data flows experience and
(b) the buffer space required by a server to queue all incoming data.
NC has already seen application in the industry, for instance, basic results have been used to certify the backbone network of the Airbus A380 aircraft.
The NC methodology for worst-case performance analysis of distributed real-time systems consists of two branches. Both share the NC network model but diverge regarding their respective derivation of performance bounds, i.e., their analysis principle. NC was created as a deterministic system theory for queueing analysis and its operations were later cast in a (min,+)-algebraic framework. This branch is known as algebraic Network Calculus (algNC). While algNC can efficiently compute bounds on delay and backlog, the algebraic manipulations do not allow NC to attain the most accurate bounds achievable for the given network model. These tight performance bounds can only be attained with the other, newly established branch of NC, the optimization-based analysis (optNC). However, the only optNC analysis that can currently derive tight bounds was proven to be computationally infeasible even for the analysis of moderately sized networks other than simple sequences of servers.
This thesis makes various contributions in the area of algNC: accuracy within the existing framework is improved, distributivity of the sensor network calculus analysis is established, and most significantly the algNC is extended with optimization principles. They allow algNC to derive performance bounds that are competitive with optNC. Moreover, the computational efficiency of the new NC approach is improved such that this thesis presents the first NC analysis that is both accurate and computationally feasible at the same time. It allows NC to scale to larger, more complex systems that require formal verification of their real-time capabilities.
The Internet has fallen prey to its most successful service, the World-Wide Web. The networksdo not keep up with the demands incurred by the huge amount of Web surfers. Thus, it takeslonger and longer to obtain the information one wants to access via the World-Wide Web.Many solutions to the problem of network congestion have been developed in distributed sys-tems research in general and distributed file and database systems in particular. The introduc-tion of caching and replication strategies has proven to help in many situations and thereforethese techniques are also applied to the WWW. Although most problems and associated solu-tions are known, some circumstances are different with the Web, forcing the adaptation ofknown strategies. This paper gives an overview about these differences and about currentlydeployed, developed, and evaluated solutions.
We have developed a middleware framework for workgroup environments that can support distributed software development and a variety of other application domains requiring document management and change management for distributed projects. The framework enables hypermedia-based integration of arbitrary legacy and new information resources available via a range of protocols, not necessarily known in advance to us as the general framework developers nor even to the environment instance designers. The repositories in which such information resides may be dispersed across the Internet and/or an organizational intranet. The framework also permits a range of client models for user and tool interaction, and applies an extensible suite of collaboration services, including but not limited to multi-participant workflow and coordination, to their information retrievals and updates. That is, the framework is interposed between clients, services and repositories - thus "middleware". We explain how our framework makes it easy to realize a comprehensive collection of workgroup and workflow features we culled from a requirements survey conducted by NASA.