65K10 Optimization and variational techniques [See also 49Mxx, 93B40]
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Constructing accurate earth models from seismic data is a challenging task. Traditional methods rely on ray based approximations of the wave equation and reach their limit in geologically complex areas. Full waveform inversion (FWI) on the other side seeks to minimize the misfit between modeled and observed data without such approximation.
While superior in accuracy, FWI uses a gradient based iterative scheme that makes it also very computationally expensive. In this thesis we analyse and test an Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) scheme in order to reduce the costs of the two dimensional time domain algorithm for solving the acoustic wave equation. The ADI scheme can be seen as an intermediate between explicit and implicit finite difference modeling schemes. Compared to full implicit schemes the ADI scheme only requires the solution of much smaller matrices and is thus less computationally demanding. Using ADI we can handle coarser discretization compared to an explicit method. Although order of convergence and CFL conditions for the examined explicit method and ADI scheme are comparable, we observe that the ADI scheme is less prone to dispersion. Furhter, our algorithm is efficiently parallelized with vectorization and threading techniques. In a numerical comparison, we can demonstrate a runtime advantage of the ADI scheme over an explicit method of the same accuracy.
With the modeling in place, we test and compare several inverse schemes in the second part of the thesis. With the goal of avoiding local minima and improving speed of convergence, we use different minimization functions and hierarchical approaches. In several tests, we demonstrate superior results of the L1 norm compared to the L2 norm – especially in the presence of noise. Furthermore we show positive effects for applying three different multiscale approaches to the inverse problem. These methods focus on low frequency, early recording, or far offset during early iterations of the minimization and then proceed iteratively towards the full problem. We achieve best results with the frequency based multiscale scheme, for which we also provide a heuristical method of choosing iteratively increasing frequency bands.
Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the different methods first on the Marmousi model and then on an extract of the 2004 BP model, where we are able to recover both high contrast top salt structures and lower contrast inclusions accurately.
An optimal control problem for a mathematical model of a melt spinning process is considered. Newtonian and non--Newtonian models are used to describe the rheology of the polymeric material, the fiber is made of. The extrusion velocity of the polymer at the spinneret as well as the velocity and temperature of the quench air serve as control variables. A constrained optimization problem is derived and the first--order optimality system is set up to obtain the adjoint equations. Numerical solutions are carried out using a steepest descent algorithm.
We present an optimal control approach for the isothermal film casting process with free surfaces described by averaged Navier-Stokes equations. We control the thickness of the film at the take-up point using the shape of the nozzle. The control goal consists in finding an even thickness profile. To achieve this goal, we minimize an appropriate cost functional. The resulting minimization problem is solved numerically by a steepest descent method. The gradient of the cost functional is approximated using the adjoint variables of the problem with fixed film width. Numerical simulations show the applicability of the proposed method.
Das TSP wird auf zeitabhängige Kosten und Wegelängen verallgemeinert, der Komplexitätstatus untersucht, verschiedene Formulierungen verglichen, Spezialfälle untersucht und ein auf Lagrange-Relaxation und Branch&Bound beruhendes exaktes Lösungsverfahren von Lucena erweitert, implementiert und getestet. Für das TDTSP wird die Dimension des ganzzahligen Polyeders bestimmt.
This thesis brings together convex analysis and hyperspectral image processing.
Convex analysis is the study of convex functions and their properties.
Convex functions are important because they admit minimization by efficient algorithms
and the solution of many optimization problems can be formulated as
minimization of a convex objective function, extending much beyond
the classical image restoration problems of denoising, deblurring and inpainting.
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At the heart of convex analysis is the duality mapping induced within the
class of convex functions by the Fenchel transform.
In the last decades efficient optimization algorithms have been developed based
on the Fenchel transform and the concept of infimal convolution.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)
The infimal convolution is of similar importance in convex analysis as the
convolution in classical analysis. In particular, the infimal convolution with
scaled parabolas gives rise to the one parameter family of Moreau-Yosida envelopes,
which approximate a given function from below while preserving its minimum
value and minimizers.
The closely related proximal mapping replaces the gradient step
in a recently developed class of efficient first-order iterative minimization algorithms
for non-differentiable functions. For a finite convex function,
the proximal mapping coincides with a gradient step of its Moreau-Yosida envelope.
Efficient algorithms are needed in hyperspectral image processing,
where several hundred intensity values measured in each spatial point
give rise to large data volumes.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)
In the \(\textbf{first part}\) of this thesis, we are concerned with
models and algorithms for hyperspectral unmixing.
As part of this thesis a hyperspectral imaging system was taken into operation
at the Fraunhofer ITWM Kaiserslautern to evaluate the developed algorithms on real data.
Motivated by missing-pixel defects common in current hyperspectral imaging systems,
we propose a
total variation regularized unmixing model for incomplete and noisy data
for the case when pure spectra are given.
We minimize the proposed model by a primal-dual algorithm based on the
proximum mapping and the Fenchel transform.
To solve the unmixing problem when only a library of pure spectra is provided,
we study a modification which includes a sparsity regularizer into model.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)
We end the first part with the convergence analysis for a multiplicative
algorithm derived by optimization transfer.
The proposed algorithm extends well-known multiplicative update rules
for minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence,
to solve a hyperspectral unmixing model in the case
when no prior knowledge of pure spectra is given.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)
In the \(\textbf{second part}\) of this thesis, we study the properties of Moreau-Yosida envelopes,
first for functions defined on Hadamard manifolds, which are (possibly) infinite-dimensional
Riemannian manifolds with negative curvature,
and then for functions defined on Hadamard spaces.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)
In particular we extend to infinite-dimensional Riemannian manifolds an expression
for the gradient of the Moreau-Yosida envelope in terms of the proximal mapping.
With the help of this expression we show that a sequence of functions
converges to a given limit function in the sense of Mosco
if the corresponding Moreau-Yosida envelopes converge pointwise at all scales.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)
Finally we extend this result to the more general setting of Hadamard spaces.
As the reverse implication is already known, this unites two definitions of Mosco convergence
on Hadamard spaces, which have both been used in the literature,
and whose equivalence has not yet been known.