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The purpose of GPS-satellite-to-satellite tracking (GPS-SST) is to determine the gravitational potential at the earth's surface from measured ranges (geometrical distances) between a low-flying satellite and the high-flying satellites of the Global Posittioning System (GPS). In this paper GPS-satellite-to-satellite tracking is reformulated as the problem of determining the gravitational potential of the earth from given gradients at satellite altitude. Uniqueness and stability of the solution are investigated. The essential tool is to split the gradient field into a normal part (i.e. the first order radial derivative) and a tangential part (i.e. the surface gradient). Uniqueness is proved for polar, circular orbits corresponding to both types of data (first radial derivative and/or surface gradient). In both cases gravity recovery based on satellite-to-satellite tracking turns out to be an exponentially ill-posed problem. As an appropriate solution method regularization in terms of spherical wavelets is proposed based on the knowledge of the singular system. Finally, the extension of this method is generalized to a non-spherical earth and a non-spherical orbital surface based on combined terrestrial and satellite data material.
A General Hilbert Space Approach to Wavelets and Its Application in Geopotential Determination
(1999)
A general approach to wavelets is presented within a framework of a separable functional Hilbert space H. Basic tool is the construction of H-product kernels by use of Fourier analysis with respect to an orthonormal basis in H. Scaling function and wavelet are defined in terms of H-product kernels. Wavelets are shown to be 'building blocks' that decorrelate the data. A pyramid scheme provides fast computation. Finally, the determination of the earth's gravitational potential from single and multipole expressions is organized as an example of wavelet approximation in Hilbert space structure.
This review article reports current activities and recent progress on constructive approximation and numerical analysis in physical geodesy. The paper focuses on two major topics of interest, namely trial systems for purposes of global and local approximation and methods for adequate geodetic application. A fundamental tool is an uncertainty principle, which gives appropriate bounds for the quantification of space and momentum localization of trial functions. The essential outcome is a better understanding of constructive approximation in terms of radial basis functions such as splines and wavelets.
Two possible substitutes of the Fourier transform in geopotential determination are windowed Fourier transform (WFT) and wavelet transform (WT). In this paper we introduce harmonic WFT and WT and show how it can be used to give information about the geopotential simultaneously in the space domain and the frequency (angular momentum) domain. The counterparts of the inverse Fourier transform are derived, which allow us to reconstruct the geopotential from its WFT and WT, respectively. Moreover, we derive a necessary and sufficient condition that an otherwise arbitrary function of space and frequency has to satisfy to be the WFT or WT of a potential. Finally, least - squares approximation and minimum norm (i.e. least - energy) representation, which will play a particular role in geodetic applications of both WFT and WT, are discussed in more detail.
A multiscale method is introduced using spherical (vector) wavelets for the computation of the earth's magnetic field within source regions of ionospheric and magnetospheric currents. The considerations are essentially based on two geomathematical keystones, namely (i) the Mie representation of solenoidal vector fields in terms of toroidal and poloidal parts and (ii) the Helmholtz decomposition of spherical (tangential) vector fields. Vector wavelets are shown to provide adequate tools for multiscale geomagnetic modelling in form of a multiresolution analysis, thereby completely circumventing the numerical obstacles caused by vector spherical harmonics. The applicability and efficiency of the multiresolution technique is tested with real satellite data.
The satellite-to-satellite tracking (SST) problems are characterized from mathematical point of view. Uniqueness results are formulated. Moreover, the basic relations are developed between (scalar) approximation of the earth's gravitational potential by "scalar basis systems" and (vectorial) approximation of the gravitational eld by "vectorial basis systems". Finally, the mathematical justication is given for approximating the external geopotential field by finite linear combinations of certain gradient fields (for example, gradient fields of multi-poles) consistent to a given set of SST data.
Being interested in (rotation-)invariant pseudodi erential equations of satellite problems corresponding to spherical orbits, we are reasonably led to generating kernels that depend only on the spherical distance, i. e. in the language of modern constructive approximation form spherical radial basis functions. In this paper approximate identities generated by such (rotation-invariant) kernels which are additionally locally supported are investigated in detail from theoretical as well as numerical point of view. So-called spherical di erence wavelets are introduced. The wavelet transforms are evaluated by the use of a numerical integration rule, that is based on Weyl's law of equidistribution. This approximate formula is constructed such that it can cope with millions of (satellite) data. The approximation error is estimated on the orbital sphere. Finally, we apply the developed theory to the problems of satellite-to-satellite tracking (SST) and satellite gravity gradiometry (SGG).
The purpose of satellite-to-satellite tracking (SST) and/or satellite gravity gradiometry (SGG) is to determine the gravitational field on and outside the Earth's surface from given gradients of the gravitational potential and/or the gravitational field at satellite altitude. In this paper both satellite techniques are analysed and characterized from mathematical point of view. Uniqueness results are formulated. The justification is given for approximating the external gravitational field by finite linear combination of certain gradient fields (for example, gradient fields of single-poles or multi-poles) consistent to a given set of SGG and/or SST data. A strategy of modelling the gravitational field from satellite data within a multiscale concept is described; illustrations based on the EGM96 model are given.
Die Bestimmung des Erdgravitationspotentials aus den Meßdaten des Forschungssatelliten CHAMP lässt sich als Operatorgleichung formulieren (SST-Problem). Dieser Ansatz geht davon aus, dass ein geometrischer Orbit des Satelliten CHAMP vorliegt. Mittels numerischer Differentiation unter Einsatz eines geeigneten Denoising Verfahrens kann dann aus dem geometrischen Orbit der Gradient des Potentials längs der Bahn bestimmt werden. Damit sind insbesondere die Radialableitung (und der Flächengradient) auf einem Punktgitter auf der Bahn bekannt. In einem erdfesten System stellt sich dies als eine nahezu vollständige Überdeckung der Erde (bis auf Polar Gaps) mit einem ziemlich dichten Datengitter auf Flughöhe des Satelliten dar. Die Lösung der SST-Operatorgleichung (Bestimmung des Potentials auf der Erdoberfläche aus Kenntnis der Radialableitung auf einem Datengitter auf Flughöhe) ist ein schlecht gestelltes inverses Problem, das mit einer geeigneten Regularisierungstechnik gelöst werden muß. Im vorliegenden Fall wurde eine solche Regularisierung mit Hilfe von nicht-bandlimitierten Regularisierungsskalierungsfunktionen und Regularisierungswavelets umgesetzt. Diese sind stark ortslokalisierend und führen daher auf ein Potentialmodell, welches eine Linearkombination stark ortslokalisierender Funktionen ist. Ein solches Modell kann als Lokalmodell auch aus nur lokalen Daten berechnet werden und bietet daher gegenüber Kugelfunktionsmodellen wie EGM96 erhebliche Vorteile für die moderne Geopotentialbestimmung. Die Diskretisierung und numerische Umsetzung der Berechnung eines solchen Modells erfolgt mit Splines, die hier ebenfalls Linearkombinationen stark ortslokalisierender Funktionen sind. Die großen linearen Gleichungssysteme, die zur Berechnung der glättenden oder interpolierenden Splines gelöst werden müssen, können auf schnelle und effiziente Weise mit dem Schwarzschen alternierenden Algorithmus in Verbindung mit schnellen Summationsverfahren (Fast Multipole Methods) gelöst werden. Eine Kombination des Schwarzschen alternierenden Algorithmus mit solchen schnellen Summationsverfahren ermöglicht eine weitere erhebliche Beschleunigung beim Lösen dieser Gleichungssysteme. Zur Bestimmung von Glättungsparametern (Spline-Smoothing) und Regularisierungsparametern kann die L-Curve Method zum Einsatz kommen.
A new class of locally supported radial basis functions on the (unit) sphere is introduced by forming an infinite number of convolutions of ''isotropic finite elements''. The resulting up functions show useful properties: They are locally supported and are infinitely often differentiable. The main properties of these kernels are studied in detail. In particular, the development of a multiresolution analysis within the reference space of square--integrable functions over the sphere is given. Altogether, the paper presents a mathematically significant and numerically efficient introduction to multiscale approximation by locally supported radial basis functions on the sphere.