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Substrate channeling is a widespread mechanism in metabolic pathways to avoid decomposition of unstable intermediates, competing reactions, and to accelerate catalytic turnover. During the biosynthesis of light-harvesting phycobilins in cyanobacteria, two members of the ferredoxin-dependent bilin reductases are involved in the reduction of the open-chain tetrapyrrole biliverdin IXα to the pink pigment phycoerythrobilin. The first reaction is catalyzed by 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and produces the unstable intermediate 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin (DHBV). This intermediate is subsequently converted by phycoerythrobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase to the final product phycoerythrobilin. Although substrate channeling has been postulated already a decade ago, detailed experimental evidence was missing. Using a new on-column assay employing immobilized enzyme in combination with UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that both enzymes transiently interact and that transfer of the intermediate is facilitated by a significantly higher binding affinity of DHBV toward phycoerythrobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Concluding from the presented data, the intermediate DHBV is transferred via proximity channeling.
Ein Bioraffineriekonzept für (Bier-)Treber wird vorgeschlagen, bei dem im Gegensatz zu bestehenden Konzepten wasserlösliche Komponenten durch Pressen abgetrennt und als Grundlage für eine Milchsäurefermentation mit Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis verwendet werden. Die verbleibenden strukturellen Kohlenhydrate des Treberrückstandes werden durch hydrothermale und enzymatische Vorbehandlung in fermentierbare Zucker überführt. Es entstehen deutlich weniger Nebenprodukte, die das Wachstum von Mikroorganismen inhibieren können, als bei der Nutzung von nicht abgepresstem Treber.
In order to discuss the kinds of reasoning a visualization supports and the conclusions that can be drawn within the analysiscontext, a theoretical framework is needed that enables a formal treatment of the reasoning process. Such a model needs toencompass three stages of the visualization pipeline: encoding, decoding and interpretation. The encoding details how dataare transformed into a visualization and what can be seen in the visualization. The decoding explains how humans constructgraphical contexts inside the depicted visualization and how they interpret them assigning meaning to displayed structuresaccording to a formal reasoning strategy. In the presented model, we adapt and combine theories for the different steps intoa unified formal framework such that the analysis process is modelled as an assignment of meaning to displayed structuresaccording to a formal reasoning strategy. Additionally, we propose the ConceptGraph, a combined graph-based representationof the finite-state transducers resulting from the three stages, that can be used to formalize and understand the reasoning process.We apply the new model to several visualization types and investigate reasoning strategies for various tasks.
A novel method for the highly stereoselective synthesis of tetrahydropyrans is reported. This domino reaction is based on a twofold addition of enamides to aldehydes followed by a subsequent cyclization and furnishes fully substituted tetrahydropyrans in high yields. Three new σ-bonds and five continuous stereogenic centers are formed in this one-pot process with a remarkable degree of diastereoselectivity. In most cases, the formation of only one out of 16 possible diastereomers is observed. Two different stereoisomers can be accessed in a controlled fashion starting either from an E- or a Z-configured enamide.
Covering edges in networks
(2019)
In this paper we consider the covering problem on a networkG=(V,E)withedgedemands. The task is to cover a subsetJ⊆Eof the edges with a minimum numberof facilities within a predefined coverage radius. We focus on both the nodal andthe absolute version of this problem. In the latter, facilities may be placed every-where in the network. While there already exist polynomial time algorithms to solvethe problem on trees, we establish a finite dominating set (i.e., a finite subset ofpoints provably containing an optimal solution) for the absolute version in generalgraphs. Complexity and approximability results are given and a greedy strategy isproved to be a (1+ln(|J|))-approximate algorithm. Finally, the different approachesare compared in a computational study.
This contribution presents a novel approach to investigate entrainment in distillation and absorption columns. An image-based probe allows precise droplet detection at various radial and axial positions above trays. Validations achieve an aver-age error of 6.4 % (monospheres 9.2–114.4mm) and 3 % (monodisperse droplet stream up to 19 m s–1and 74.5mm).Experiments in a DN 450 cold flow test rig show an increasing (decreasing) share of larger droplets with higher gas (liq-uid) loads. Locally measured droplet sizes depend on probe position as well as tray design and enable an extrapolation tointegral entrainment rates.
The use of digital media in adult education is very heterogene-ous. To date, there are no empirical studies that have examined the possibility that media-related differences in media usage of adult educators could be in part due to differential media pedagogical attitudes of adult educators. Moreover, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support the understanding of what factors modulate differences in media pedagogical com-petencies of adult educators. In order to examine different the-oretical potentialities, in the present study, an online survey of adult educators (n = 626) was conducted to investigate the attitudes of adult educators in Germany toward their use of digital media. The results of the study indicate that there are influencing factors such as educational level or employment context on attitudes toward digital media.
Organic solutions of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) are promising electrolytes for Li-ion batteries. Information on the diffusion coefficients of the species in these solutions is needed for battery design. Therefore, the self-diffusion coefficients in such solutions were studied experimentally with the pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance technique. The self-diffusion coefficients of the ions Li+ and FSI− as well as those of the solvents were measured for LiFSI solutions in pure dimethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate as well as in mixtures of these solvents at 298 K and ambient pressure. Despite the Li+ ion being the smallest species in the solution, its self-diffusion coefficient is the lowest as a result of its strong coordination with the solvent molecules.
The production of nylon-6.6 is one of the largest scale syntheses in industrial chemistry. The standard procedure is based on an energy consuming low-level conversion of cyclohexane to yield adipic acid in two steps that is converted to nylon-6.6 in a separate step. Therefore, there is a strong intent to optimize the synthetic route in an economic and ecologic matter. In this work, we present a one-pot oxygenation of cyclohexane with hydrogen peroxide and a µ4-oxido-copper cluster catalyst to yield dicarboxylic acids with adipic acid as the main product.
This paper provides experimental results on investigations for the validation of photo-grammetric strain measurements of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC)-prismssubjected to static and cyclic bending-tensile stress. For this purpose, 4 static and5 cyclic test series were performed. Damage progresses during loading are monitoredby means of a digital image correlation (DIC) system and a clip gauge. The control ofthe DIC by trigger lists and the measurement noise as a function of the measurementrate are examined. All static tests were performed force controlled with the same test-ingspeedandthesamemeasuringrateofDICandclipgauge.Allcyclictestswereperformed with the same upper and lower stress levels but with different loading rates.During the static tests, the DIC can be used to make accurate strain measurementsbefore UHPC failure. In the cyclic tests, the measurement noise of the DICdecreases with an increasing measuring rate. The tests performed confirm the con-trol of the DIC by trigger lists for cyclic tests on UHPC-prisms and show that themeasurement noise is negligible in static and cyclic tests.
The Atacama Desert is the driest non‐polar desert on Earth, presenting precarious conditions for biological activity. In the arid coastal belt, life is restricted to areas with fog events that cause almost daily wet–dry cycles. In such an area, we discov‐ered a hitherto unknown and unique ground covering biocenosis dominated by li‐chens, fungi, and algae attached to grit‐sized (~6 mm) quartz and granitoid stones. Comparable biocenosis forming a kind of a layer on top of soil and rock surfaces in general is summarized as cryptogamic ground covers (CGC) in literature. In contrast to known CGC from arid environments to which frequent cyclic wetting events are lethal, in the Atacama Desert every fog event is answered by photosynthetic activity of the soil community and thus considered as the desert's breath. Photosynthesis of the new CGC type is activated by the lowest amount of water known for such a community worldwide thus enabling the unique biocenosis to fulfill a variety of eco‐system services. In a considerable portion of the coastal Atacama Desert, it protects the soil from sporadically occurring splash erosion and contributes to the accumula‐tion of soil carbon and nitrogen as well as soil formation through bio‐weathering. The structure and function of the new CGC type are discussed, and we suggest the name grit–crust. We conclude that this type of CGC can be expected in all non‐polar fog deserts of the world and may resemble the cryptogam communities that shaped ancient Earth. It may thus represent a relevant player in current and ancient biogeo‐chemical cycling.
The increase of pluvial flooding has long been discussed to be a most probableoutcome of climate change. This has raised the question of necessary conse-quences in the design of urban drainage systems in order to secure adequateflood protection and resilience. Due to the uncertainties in future trends ofheavy rainfall events, the awareness of remaining risks of extreme pluvialflooding needs to be roused at responsible decision makers and the public aswell leading to the implementation of pluvial flood risk management (PFRM)concepts. The state of two core elements of PFRM in Germany are describedhere: flood hazard and risk evaluation and risk communication. In 2016 theguideline DWA-M 119 has been published to establish city-based PFRM con-cepts in specification of the European Flood Risk Management Directive(EU 2007). As core elements, the guidelines recommend a site-specific analysisand evaluation of flood hazards and potentials of flood damages to create floodhazard and flood risk maps. In the long run, PFRM needs to be established asa joint community effort and a requirement for more flood resilience. The riskcommunication within the administration and in the public requires a com-prehensible characterization and classification of heavy rainfall to illustrateevent extremity. The concept of a rainstorm severity index (RSI) instead of sta-tistical rainfall parameters appears to be promising to gain a better perceptionby affected citizens and non-hydrology-experts as well. A methodical approachis described to specify and assign site-specific rainfall depths within the sever-ity index scheme RSI12.This article is categorized under:
Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water
Engineering Water > Planning Water
Engineering Water > Methods
Measuring Particle Size Distributions in Multiphase Flows Using a Convolutional Neural Network
(2019)
The efficiency of many chemical engineering applications depends on the surface/volume ratio of the dispersed phase. Knowledge of this particle size distribution is a key factor for better process control. The challenge of measurements acquired by optical imaging techniques is the segmentation of overlapping particles, especially in high phase fraction flows. In this work, a convolutional neural network is trained to segment droplets in images acquired by a shadowgraphic approach. The network is trained on artificial images and implemented into a droplet size algorithm. The results are compared to an OpenSource segmentation approach.
Hajós' conjecture asserts that a simple Eulerian graph on n vertices can be decomposed into at most [(n-1)/2] cycles. The conjecture is only proved for graph classes in which every element contains vertices of degree 2 or 4. We develop new techniques to construct cycle decompositions. They work on the common neighborhood of two degree-6 vertices. With these techniques, we find structures that cannot occur in a minimal counterexample to Hajós' conjecture and verify the conjecture for Eulerian graphs of pathwidth at most 6. This implies that these graphs satisfy the small cycle double cover conjecture.
The interest in micro applications increases in recent years due to new methods of fabrication. One fabrication process is direct laser writing, which can fabricate high-precision structures in the micrometer range. The material properties of the micro structures are related to the writing parameters, such as laser power, scan speed, distance between written lines and writing direction. This work presents investigations of the thermal length expansion coefficients of a laser-written polymer in regard to laser power. To this end cantilever structures are fabricated. The small cantilevers are heated and their length expansions observed using a microscope. Images of the cantilevers at different temperatures are taken and by image post processing, the change in length and their coefficients of thermal expansion is determined.
With significant technological growth and computing power it is possible to simulate metal cutting processes with different discretization techniques. Classically the Lagrangian or Eulerian finite element formulations are used to model metal cutting process. Lagrangian approach is accurate with it's representation of the domain boundary, but requires a re-meshing procedure to avoid element distortions. Eulerian approach provides a steady state solution of the chip-workpiece separation, however its limitation lies in the treatment of convective terms during motion. The Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method can be used to combine the advantages of both methods and avoid the disadvantages. In the Lagrangian framework, use of a meshless technique– Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) has its advantage in large strain deformation problems without the need for re-meshing algorithms. This work compares the LAG, ALE and SPH approaches by modelling a turning process.
This work reviews the state-of-the-art models for the simulation of bubble columns and focuses on methods coupled with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) where the potential and deficits of the models are evaluated. Particular attention is paid to different approaches in multiphase fluid dynamics including the population balance to determine bubble size distributions and the modeling of turbulence where the authors refer to numerous published examples. Additional models for reactive systems are presented as well as a special chapter regarding the extension of the models for the simulation of bubble columns with a present solid particle phase, i.e., slurry bubble columns.
Classification of Fine Particles Using the Hydrodynamic Forces in the Boundary Layer of a Membrane
(2019)
The wet classification of particles < 10 μm is a complex process that has been researched for many years. In this study, the usage of a modified cross-flow filtration process as a classification process was investigated. With this process, particles in a fine micrometer range can be separated from suspensions. The upper particle size is dependent on hydrodynamic forces. The experimental results were compared with different hydrodynamic force models to predict upper size. The influence of the permeate flux and the particle concentration in the feed on the upper particle size is studied.
In this contribution a phase field model for ductile fracture with linear isotropic hardening is presented. An energy functional consisting of an elastic energy, a plastic dissipation potential and a Griffith type fracture energy constitutes the model. The application of an unaltered radial return algorithm on element level is possible due to the choice of an appropriate coupling between the nodal degrees of freedom, namely the displacement and the crack/fracture fields. The degradation function models the mentioned coupling by reducing the stiffness of the material and the plastic contribution of the energy density in broken material. Furthermore, to solve the global system of differential equations comprising the balance of linear momentum and the quasi-static Ginzburg-Landau type evolution equation, the application of a monolithic iterative solution scheme becomes feasible. The compact model is used to perform 3D simulations of fracture in tension. The computed plastic zones are compared to the dog-bone model that is used to derive validity criteria for KIC measurements.
The influence on the mass transfer in liquid-liquid extraction was investigated during droplet formation in a quiescent aqueous continuous phase for the two transition components, acetone and acetonitrile, in toluene. Both transition components have similar characteristics. However, an approximately eight times slower mass transfer of a droplet hanging on a capillary in relation to a rising droplet could be observed. The droplet formation time and the initial solute concentration are decisive for the mass transfer behaviour. A lower volumetric flow leads to slower droplet formation and a higher specific mass transfer area enhancing mass transfer, which is visualized via laser induced fluorescence (LIF). Additionally, as expected, higher initial solute concentrations promote Marangoni turbulences and thus mass transfer, which is measured via confocal Raman spectroscopy inside a fixed hanging droplet.
Sustained Human Background Exposure to Acrolein Evidenced by Monitoring Urinary Exposure Biomarkers
(2019)
Scope
This study investigates a potential correlation between the intake of heat-processed food and the excretion of the acrolein (AC) biomarkers N-acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-l-cysteine (HPMA) and N-acetyl-S-(carboxyethyl)-l-cysteine (CEMA) based on two human studies.
Methods and Results
Human exposure to AC is monitored using the AC-related mercapturic acids HPMA and CEMA in the urine of a) non-smoking volunteers under defined living conditions and b) of non-smoking volunteers on unrestricted or vegan diet under free living conditions. Free living volunteers in part show markedly enhanced urinary excretions of HPMA and CEMA. The intake of heat-processed food does not influence AC-related biomarker excretion. Incidentally enhanced urinary exposure biomarker levels appear to suggest AC exposure possibly from open fire, barbecuing, or tobacco smoke. However, kinetics of urinary biomarkers related to tobacco and other potential smoke exposure, do not correlate with those observed for HPMA and CEMA.
Conclusion
This study is the first to convincingly show a sustained and substantial background exposure to AC in non-smoking humans, clearly independent from uptake of heat-processed foods. The data strongly point to endogenous AC generation by pathways of mammalian and/or microbial metabolism as yet not taken into consideration.
Water availability shapes edaphic and lithic cyanobacterial communities in the Atacama Desert
(2019)
In the Atacama Desert, cyanobacteria grow on various substrates such as soils (edaphic) and quartz or granitoid stones (lithic). Both edaphic and lithic cyanobacterial communities have been described but no comparison between both communities of the same locality has yet been undertaken. In the present study, we compared both cyanobacterial communities along a precipitation gradient ranging from the arid National Park Pan de Azúcar (PA), which resembles a large fog oasis in the Atacama Desert extending to the semiarid Santa Gracia Natural Reserve (SG) further south, as well as along a precipitation gradient within PA. Various microscopic techniques, as well as culturing and partial 16S rRNA sequencing, were applied to identify 21 cyanobacterial species; the diversity was found to decline as precipitation levels decreased. Additionally, under increasing xeric stress, lithic community species composition showed higher divergence from the surrounding edaphic community, resulting in indigenous hypolithic and chasmoendolithic cyanobacterial communities. We conclude that rain and fog water, respectively, cause contrasting trends regarding cyanobacterial species richness in the edaphic and lithic microhabitats.
Synapses are the fundamental structures that regulate the functionality of the neural circuit. The ability of the synapse to modulate its structure and function at a fast rate due to various sensory inputs provides the strength to the nervous system to incorporate new adaptations and behaviors in the animal. The synapses are very dynamic throughout the life of the animal starting from early development. Continuous events of formation and elimination of synapse, activation and inhibition of synaptic function are observed in almost all synapses. These processes occur at a high speed and require controlled cellular mechanisms. Imbalance in these processes results in defective nervous system and has been reported in many neurological disorders. Thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms that regulate process of synapse development maintenance and function.
Kinases and phosphatases are the key regulators of cellular mechanisms. Understanding the function of these molecules in the neuron will shed light on the molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. Using Drosophila melanogaster larval neuromuscular junction as a model, Bulat et al. (2014) performed a large RNAi based screen targeting kinome and phosphatome of Drosophila to identify the essential kinases and phosphatases and found Myeloid leukemia factor-1 adaptor molecule (Madm) and Protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) as novel regulators of synapse development and maintenance. The function of these molecules in the nervous system has not been reported and hence I investigated on the role of Madm and PP4 in the regulation of synapse development, maintenance and function.
Myeloid leukemia factor-1 adaptor molecule (Madm), a ubiquitously expressing psuedokinase essentially functions to regulate synaptic growth, stability and function. Using a combination of genetic and high throughput imaging, I could demonstrate that Madm functions to regulate the synaptic growth and stability from the presynapse and synaptic organization form the postsynapse. Also, I could demonstrate that Madm functions in association with mTOR pathway to regulate synapse growth acting downstream of 4E-BP. In addition, using electrophysiology, we could demonstrate that Madm is essential for the basic synaptic transmission with an additive function of retrograde synaptic potentiation. In summary, I could demonstrate that Madm is a novel regulator of synaptic development, maintenance and function.
Protein phosphatase 4 (PP4), a ubiquitously expressing protein phosphatase is involved in the regulation of multiple aspects of the nervous system. I could demonstrate that PP4 is essential for the development of nervous system and the metamorphosis. Using genetics and imaging analysis, I could demonstrate that loss of PP4 results in the abnormal morphology of cell organelles. In addition, I could show that loss of PP4 results in defective brain development with poorly developed structures.
Altogether, in this study, I could demonstrate the importance of novel molecules, a pesudokinase Madm and protein phosphatases PP4 in the nervous system to regulate distinct aspects of the neuron.
Nachfolgend ist ein modularer Multilevel-Umrichter mit einer Mehrzahl von Einzelmodulen beschrieben, bei dem eine erste Gruppe von Modulen hintereinander zu einem geschlossenen Ring verschaltet sind und mindestens zwei Abgriffe jeweils zwischen zwei benachbarten Einzelmodulen des Rings angeordnet sind. An mindestens zwei Abgriffen ist je eine zweite weitere Gruppe von Modulen als von der Ringanordnung abzweigendes und einen Sternstrang bildendes Phasenmodul vorgesehen ist. Diese letztgenannten Gruppen von Modulen bilden an den Enden jeweils Anschlüsse oder Abgriffe. Die Module erlauben durch Schaltelemente ein Verschalten von Energiespeichern benachbarter Einzelmodule, wodurch zwischen zwei benachbarten Phasenanschlüssen eine Spannungsdifferenz bereitstellbar ist, die von einer Steuereinheit entsprechend eines Verlaufs eines mehrphasigen Drehfeldes regelbar ist. Ferner betrifft die vorliegende Erfindung ein Polyphasensystem und ein Verfahren zum effizienten Leistungsaustausch zwischen Modulen.
Wetted contacts play an important role in many fields. A prominent example in engineering is the lubricated contact between tool and workpiece in machining processes with cutting liquids. In such contacts, highly dynamic processes occur in the fluid at small length scales under extreme conditions regarding temperature, pressure, and shear. Experimental studies of these phenomena are generally not feasible. Thus, only little information on the actual processes in the contact zone is available. A tractable route for obtaining such information is molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. As input for these simulations, only a potential model that describes the interactions on the atomistic scale, is needed. On that basis also complex processes can be predicted. In the present work, a simple model potential was used, i.e. the Lennard-Jones truncated and shifted potential (LJTS), which was parameterized to describe the solids, the fluid, and their interactions. A novel method for determining fluid properties with non-equilibrium MD simulations was developed, which yields thermal, caloric and transport properties in a single simulation run. It can also be used for studying the influence of shear on these properties. With the new method, a comprehensive study of properties of the LJTS fluid was carried out. Furthermore, it was investigated how these fluid properties change near the solid-fluid interface and how these changes affect the conductive heat transfer between the solid and the fluid. Finally, a nanotribological process was studied, in which all these phenomena occur simultaneously.
Hamiltonian daemons allow the transfer of energy from systems with very fast degrees
of freedom to systems with slower ones across several orders of magnitude. They act on
small scales and can be regarded as micro-engines.
Such daemons were previously described in the classical as well as the quantum me-
chanical regime. In this thesis the semi-classical regime is examined, where quantum
phenomena occur as corrections to classical systems. Here, the focus is on numerical
simulations.
First some introductory models are examined. They are concerned with quantum
tunneling, since it occurs as an important quantum correction, as well as with the
capture and decay of bound states, since this represents the transition between the
dynamical phases of a daemon: adiabatic decoupling and downconversion.
The examinations are carried out using wave functions, as solutions to the Schrödinger
equation, and by means of Wigner functions in a quantum mechanical phase-space in
the framework of the Weyl-Wigner-Groenewold-Moyal formalism. For one these Wigner
functions are computed from the wave functions, but they are also obtained from a
numerical method based on the Moyal equation, which will be introduced here.
After developing this methodology, it is employed in the study of a daemon system
with a tilted washboard potential. The daemon behavior is studied with regards to
quantum corrections, especially in phase-space and concerning Kruskal’s theorem, which
describes the capture of phase-space flow via a time-dependent separatrix.
Lastly the semi-classically quantized phase-space will be discussed as a basis for a
combined description of both classical and quantum daemons. The behavior of the
energy spectrum in the deep quantum regime is explained by dynamical tunneling pro-
cesses.
Untersuchung der spektroskopischen und kinetischen Eigenschaften von Dihydroxysäure-Dehydratasen
(2019)
Eisen-Schwefel-Cluster sind wichtige Cofaktoren, die an der Redox- und Nicht-Redox-Katalyse beteiligt sind. Enzyme der Lyase-Familie wie Aconitase, Fumarase und DihydroxysäureDehydratase enthalten Cluster, die an drei Cystein-Liganden koordiniert sind. Das Eisenion, das an einen Nicht-Cysteinyl-Liganden koordiniert ist, wirkt als Lewis-Säure und interagiert mit dem Substrat über die Hydroxygruppe des dritten Kohlenstoffatoms und der Carboxygruppe. Das in dieser Arbeit untersuchte Enzym ist die Dihydroxysäure-Dehydratase (DHAD), welche an der Biosynthese der Aminosäuren Isoleucin, Leucin und Valin beteiligt ist. In dieser Arbeit wurden die kinetischen und spektroskopischen Eigenschaften von DHAD aus Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus thermophilus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae und Escherichia coli untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck wurden ihre Gene kloniert und die Proteine in E. coli Zellen exprimiert. Nach der Proteinreinigung zeigten die UV-Vis-, ESR- und Mössbauer-Spektroskopie die Anwesenheit eines [2Fe-2S]2+-Clusters in der S. mutans DHAD, eines [4Fe-4S]2+-Cluster in E. coli DHAD und einer Mischung von [2Fe-2S]2+- und [4Fe-4S]2+ -Cluster in der S. cerevisiae DHAD. Darüber hinaus unterstützten die Ergebnisse der Sauerstoffstabilitätstests und des Eisen- und säurelabilen Sulfidgehalts die spektroskopischen Analysen. MössbauerSpektroskopie lieferte zusätzlich Information für das Vorhandensein eines nicht-cysteinyl-koordinierten Eisenions in den Clustern der S. mutans und in E. coli DHAD. Enzymaktivitätsmessungen mit dem Dinitrophenylhydrazin-Assay und den hier etablierten gekoppelten Assays mit NADH-abhängigen Ketoisovalerat-reduzierenden Dehydrogenasen wurden durchgeführt, um die spezifischen Aktivitäten und die kinetischen Parameter der DHAD zu bestimmen. Interaktionsstudien der S. mutans DHAD mit dem Substrat, dem Produkt, den substrat- und produktähnlichen Verbindungen mittels UV-Vis-, ESR-, Mössbauer- und FT-IR-Spektroskopie zeigten, dass nur das (2R)-Isomer des Substrats und 2-Ketosäuren (KIV, Kbut) mit dem Cluster der S. mutans DHAD interagierten. Das DHAD-Produkt (2-Ketoisovalerat) interagiert vermutlich über seine Enolform mit dem Cluster. Interessanterweise wurde starke Interaktion des Clusters mit der β-Mercaptogruppe von 3-Mercaptopropionat beobachtet. Diese Wechselwirkung wurde unabhängig durch Inhibitionsstudien verifiziert. Anschließend zeigte eine Gelfiltrationsanalyse die Reversibilität der Interaktionen. Insgesamt hat die vorliegende Arbeit unser Wissen über die biotechnologisch wichtigen DHAD-Enzyme erweitert.
Infobrief FBK 57/19
(2019)
Infobrief FBK 58/19
(2019)
Infobrief FBK 59/19
(2019)
The objective of current research on internal combustion engines
is to further reduce exhaust emissions while simultaneously
reducing fuel consumption. The resulting measures often mean
an increase in complexity of internal combustion engines, which
on one hand increases production cost and on the other hand
increases the susceptibility of the overall system to defects. It is
therefore necessary to develop technologies which can generate
an advantage for the consumer despite increasing complexity.
Within the scope of the project “High Efficiency Diesel Engine
Concept” (“Hocheffizientes Diesel-Motoren-Konzept” HDMK),
funded by the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy
with TÜV Rheinland as project management organization
(funding code: 19U15003A), two engine concepts were
investigated and combined on a John Deere four-cylinder inline
engine.
On the one hand, a new cylinder activation concept ("3/4-
cylinder concept") was implemented with the aim of reducing
fuel consumption. On the other hand, a fully variable valve train
was developed for this engine, which both improves the
functionality of the 3/4-cylinder concept and can have a positive
influence on exhaust emissions through internal exhaust gas
recirculation.
A comparison of this engine concept with its series reference
based on measurement data showed a fuel economy advantage
of up to 5.2% in the low load field cycles of the DLG PowerMix.
The maximum fuel consumption benefit in the low load engine
regime exceeded 15% in some of the operating points.
As a final step, the engine was modified for the integration into
an existing and working tractor, maintaining the available
installation space of the powertrain.
Glycine constitutes the major neurotransmitter at inhibitory synapses of lower brain regions.
A rapid removal of glycine from the synaptic cleft and consequent recycling is crucial for
synaptic transmission in systems with high effort on temporal precision. This is mainly
achieved by glycine translocation via two glycine transporters (GlyTs), namely GlyT1 and
GlyT2. At inhibitory synapses, GlyT2 was found to be specifically expressed by neurons,
supplying the presynapse with glycine needed for vesicle filling. In contrast, GlyT1 is attributed
to astrocytes and primarily mediates the termination of synaptic transmission by glycine
removal from the synaptic cleft. Employing patch-clamp recordings from principal neurons of
the lateral superior olive (LSO) in acute brainstem slices of GlyT1b/c knockout (KO) mice and
wildtype (WT) littermates at postnatal day 20, I analyzed how postsynaptic responses are
changed in a GlyT1-depleted environment. During spontaneous vesicle release I found no
change of postsynaptic responses, contradicting my initial hypothesis of prolonged decay
times. Electrical stimulation of fibers of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB),
which are known to form fast, reliable and highly precise synapses with LSO principal neurons,
revealed that GlyT1 is involved in proper synaptic function during sustained, high frequent
synaptic transmission. Stimulation with 50 Hz led to a stronger decay time and latency
prolongation in GlyT1b/c KO, accelerating to 60% longer decay times and 30% longer latencies.
Additionally, a more pronounced frequency-dependent depression and fidelity decrease was
observed during stimulation with 200 Hz in GlyT1b/c KO, resulting in 67% smaller amplitudes
and only 25% of WT fidelity at the end of the challenge. Basic properties like readily releasable
pool, release probability, and quantal size (q) were not altered in GlyT1b/c KO, but
interestingly q decreased during 50 Hz and 100 Hz challenges to about 84%, which was not
observed in WT. I conclude that stronger accumulation of extracellular glycine due to GlyT1
loss leads to prolonged activation of postsynaptic glycine receptors (GlyRs). As a further
consequence, activation of presynaptic GlyRs in the vicinity of the synaptic cleft might be
enhanced, accompanied by a stronger occurrence of shunting inhibition. Furthermore, I
assume a GlyT1-dependent glycine shuttle, which is absent at GlyT1b/c KO synapses. This
could result in a diminished glycine supply to GlyT2 located at more distant sites, causing a
disturbed replenishment during periods with excess release of glycine. Conclusively, my study
reveals a contribution of astrocytes in fast and reliable synaptic transmission at the MNTB-LSO
synapse, which in turn is crucial for proper sound source localization.
Nachhaltigkeit und Digitalisierung sind zwei der großen Themen unserer
Zeit. In beiden Kontexten wird oft von Transformation gesprochen: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft werden sich maßgeblich verändern. Deshalb sollten die beiden Trends Digitalisierung und Nachhaltigkeit zusammen betrachtet und ihre Zusammenhänge untersucht werden. Grundsätzlich
wird der Digitalisierung in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur ein Einfluss
auf die Erreichung einer nachhaltigen Zukunft attestiert – sowohl positiv
als auch negativ. Im Rahmen der Digitalisierungsforschung ist der Aspekt
der Nachhaltigkeit zumeist mehr Zusatz als Leitbild. Ob und inwiefern
eine digitale Transformation auch eine Nachhaltigkeitstransformation mit
sich bringt, bleibt in der Forschung also bisher weitestgehend unbeantwortet. Daher ist es unser Ziel, eine mögliche Wirkungskette aufzustellen,
die sowohl nachhaltigkeitsbezogene als auch Digitalisierungsaspekte vor
dem Hintergrund der Erreichung der Agenda 2030 integriert. Der Tenor
unserer Recherche: Digitalisierung wird von sich aus keine der großen
Nachhaltigkeitsherausforderungen lösen, sofern sie nicht in eine klare
Strategie eingebettet ist.
Using industrial robots for machining applications in flexible manufacturing
processes lacks a high accuracy. The main reason for the deviation is the
flexibility of the gearbox. Secondary Encoders (SE) as an additional, high precision
angle sensor offer a huge potential of detecting gearbox deviations. This paper
aims to use SE to reduce gearbox compliances with a feed forward, adaptive
neural control. The control network is trained with a second network for system
identification. The presented algorithm is capable of online application and optimizes
the robot accuracy in a nonlinear simulation.
Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) have been recognized as key ecological players in arid and semiarid regions at both local and global scales. They are important biodiversity components, provide critical ecosystem services, and strongly influence soil-plant relationships, and successional trajectories via facilitative, competitive, and edaphic engineering effects. Despite these important ecological roles, very little is known about biocrusts in seasonally dry tropical forests. Here we present a first baseline study on biocrust cover and ecosystem service provision in a human-modified landscape of the Brazilian Caatinga, South America's largest tropical dry forest. More specifically, we explored (1) across a network of 34 0.1 ha permanent plots the impact of disturbance, soil, precipitation, and vegetation-related parameters on biocrust cover in different stages of forest regeneration, and (2) the effect of disturbance on species composition, growth and soil organic carbon sequestration comparing early and late successional communities in two case study sites at opposite ends of the disturbance gradient. Our findings revealed that biocrusts are a conspicuous component of the Caatinga ecosystem with at least 50 different taxa of cyanobacteria, algae, lichens and bryophytes (cyanobacteria and bryophytes dominating) covering nearly 10% of the total land surface and doubling soil organic carbon content relative to bare topsoil. High litter cover, high disturbance by goats, and low soil compaction were the leading drivers for reduced biocrust cover, while precipitation was not associated Second-growth forests supported anequally spaced biocrust cover, while in old-growth-forests biocrust cover was patchy. Disturbance reduced biocrust growth by two thirds and carbon sequestration by half. In synthesis, biocrusts increase soil organic carbon (SOC) in dry forests and as they double the SOC content in disturbed areas, may be capable of counterbalancing disturbance-induced soil degradation in this ecosystem. As they fix and fertilize depauperated soils, they may play a substantial role in vegetation regeneration in the human-modified Caatinga, and may have an extended ecological role due to the ever-increasing human encroachment on natural landscapes. Even though biocrusts benefit from human presence in dry forests, high levels of anthropogenic disturbance could threaten biocrust-provided ecosystem services, and call for further, in-depth studies to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
Was in der vorliegenden empirischen Analyse des Einzelfalls mit Blick auf eine umfassende organisationale Transformation als inhärent-emergenter Prozess beschrieben wird, ist gewiss ein Sonderfall: Nach dem Abbruch eines Beratungsprozesses treibt ein System seine Transformation autonom voran, ohne weitere Unterstützung einer Prozessberatung und stellt damit seine Selbstentwicklungsfähigkeit in einem transformativen Prozess der Organisationsentwicklung unter Beweis. Dies ist in der Organisationsentwicklung nicht die Regel und wird sehr wahrscheinlich auch nicht von anderen Organisationen als Modell aufgegriffen, auch nicht von Organisationen desselben Typs (familiengeführte mittelständische Organisationen). Dass ein Eintritt in eine radikale Transformation als autopoietischer Prozess wie hier überhaupt möglich ist, ist den spezifischen Eigenschaften einer Organisation und ihrer zentralen Entscheidungsakteure, besonderen, kontingent geprägten Ereignisketten sowie der aktuellen Konstellation der zweiten Führungsebene zuzuschreiben. Die hier vorgestellte Untersuchung entspricht daher einem „neuen und unbeschriebenen Fall“ (Hering/Jungmann, 2005: 621), einem „per se interessanten Fall“ (ebd.), der sich in keinen Forschungsstand einordnen lässt.
To exploit the whole potential of Additive Manufacturing (AM), a sound knowledge about the mechanical and especially cyclic properties of AM materials as well as their dependency on the process parameters is indispensable. In the presented work, the influence of chemical composition of the used powder on the fatigue behavior of Selectively Laser Melted (SLM) and Laser Deposition Welded (LDW) specimens made of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L was investigated. Therefore, in each manufacturing process two variations of chemical composition of the used powder were utilized. For qualitative characterization of the materials cyclic deformation behavior, load increase tests (LITs) were performed and further used for the physically based lifetime calculation method (PhyBaLLIT), enabling an efficient determination of stress (S)–number of cycles to failure (Nf) curves (S–Nf), which show excellent correlation to additionally performed constant amplitude tests (CATs). Moreover, instrumented cyclic indentation tests (PhyBaLCHT) were utilized to characterize the materials’ defect tolerance in a comparably short time. All material variants exhibit a high influence of microstructural defects on the fatigue properties. Consequently, for the SLM process a higher fatigue lifetime at lower stress amplitudes could be observed for the batch with a higher defect tolerance, resulting from a more pronounced deformation induced austenite–α’-martensite transformation. In correspondence to that, the batch of LDW material with an increased defect tolerance exhibit a higher fatigue strength. However, the differences in defect tolerance between the LDW batches is only slightly influenced by phase transformation and seems to be mainly governed by differences in hardening potential of the austenitic microstructure. Furthermore, a significantly higher fatigue strength could be observed for SLM material in relation to LDW specimens, because of a refined microstructure and smaller microstructural defects of SLM specimens.
In this paper we present the results of the project “#Datenspende” where during the German election in 2017 more than 4000 people contributed their search results regarding keywords connected to the German election campaign.
Analyzing the donated result lists we prove, that the room for personalization of the search results is very small. Thus the opportunity for the effect mentioned in Eli Pariser’s filter bubble theory to occur in this data is also very small, to a degree that it is negligible. We achieved these results by applying various similarity measures to the result lists that were donated. The first approach using the number of common results as a similarity measure showed that the space for personalization is less than two results out of ten on average when searching for persons and at most four regarding the search for parties. Application of other, more specific measures show that the space is indeed smaller, so that the presence of filter bubbles is not evident.
Moreover this project is also a proof of concept, as it enables society to permanently monitor a search engine’s degree of personalization for any desired search terms. The general design can also be transferred to intermediaries, if appropriate APIs restrict selective access to contents relevant to the study in order to establish a similar degree of trustworthiness.
Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunde erfahren aufgrund ihrer guten gewichtsspezifischen mechanischen Kennwerte eine zunehmende Verbreitung in verschiedensten Anwendungsfeldern. Eine Voraussetzung für die Ausnutzung der Leichtbaupotenziale bei gleichzeitiger Begrenzung der Herstellkosten ist jedoch eine werkstoffgerechte Lasteinleitung durch geeignete Verbindungsverfahren.
Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung eines Ansatzes zur Herstellung von Strukturen aus Faser-Kunststoff-Verbund durch eine getrennte Herstellung von teilausgehärteten Substrukturen mit anschließender Verbindung durch gemeinsame Vollaushärtung. Zur umfassenden Analyse der Prozessfenster und Potenziale werden zunächst am Beispiel eines faserverstärkten Werkstoffes auf Epoxidharzbasis die wichtigsten Zustands- und Eigenschaftsänderungen während der Vernetzung des Matrixharzes charakterisiert. Als Resultat dieser Analysen können die Entwicklung des Aushärtegrads bei verschiedener Temperaturführung im Aushärteprozess sowie die grundlegenden mechanischen Eigenschaften von Matrixwerkstoff und Verbund bei verschiedenen Aushärtegraden quantifiziert werden.
Aufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen werden anhand experimenteller Untersuchungen an durch gemeinsame Aushärtung hergestellten Laminaten die Verbindungseigenschaften in Abhängigkeit von unterschiedlichen Einflussfaktoren ermittelt. Für die zwei Prozessvarianten Autoklavprozess und Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) wird die Energiefreisetzungsrate unter Mode I-Belastung bei Variation des Aushärtegrads der zu verbindenden Laminate analysiert. Die Variation der Verbindungseigenschaften wird anhand von rasterelektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchungen der Bruchfläche erklärt. Weiterhin wird der Einfluss der Oberflächeneigenschaften durch Anwendung verschiedener Vorbehandlungen analysiert. Die Oberflächeneigenschaften Oberflächenspannung, Topografie und chemische Zusammensetzung werden gemessen und hinsichtlich ihrer Prognosefähigkeit für die Verbindungseigenschaften diskutiert.
Zur Demonstration der Umsetzbarkeit der Herstellmethode auf Bauteilebene werden für den Einsatz im Luftfahrtbereich typische Details hergestellt und mechanisch geprüft. Die Eigenschaften der in der hier untersuchten Methodik hergestellten Details zeigen nur geringe Abweichungen im Vergleich zu denen der Referenzmethode.
Micronuclei-based model system reveals functional consequences of chromothripsis in human cells
(2019)
Cancer cells often harbor chromosomes in abnormal numbers and with aberrant structure. The consequences of these chromosomal aberrations are difficult to study in cancer, and therefore several model systems have been developed in recent years. We show that human cells with extra chromosome engineered via microcell-mediated chromosome transfer often gain massive chromosomal rearrangements. The rearrangements arose by chromosome shattering and rejoining as well as by replication-dependent mechanisms. We show that the isolated micronuclei lack functional lamin B1 and become prone to envelope rupture, which leads to DNA damage and aberrant replication. The presence of functional lamin B1 partly correlates with micronuclei size, suggesting that the proper assembly of nuclear envelope might be sensitive to membrane curvature. The chromosomal rearrangements in trisomic cells provide growth advantage compared to cells without rearrangements. Our model system enables to study mechanisms of massive chromosomal rearrangements of any chromosome and their consequences in human cells.
Functional Metallic Microcomponents via Liquid-Phase Multiphoton Direct Laser Writing: A Review
(2019)
We present an overview of functional metallic microstructures fabricated via direct laser writing out of the liquid phase. Metallic microstructures often are key components in diverse applications such as, e.g., microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Since the metallic component’s functionality mostly depends on other components, a technology that enables on-chip fabrication of these metal structures is highly desirable. Direct laser writing via multiphoton absorption is such a fabrication method. In the past, it has mostly been used to fabricate multidimensional polymeric structures. However, during the last few years different groups have put effort into the development of novel photosensitive materials that enable fabrication of metallic—especially gold and silver—microstructures. The results of these efforts are summarized in this review and show that direct laser fabrication of metallic microstructures has reached the level of applicability.
Congress Report 2019.9-11
(2019)
A distributional solution framework is developed for systems consisting of linear hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) and switched differential algebraic equations (DAEs) which are coupled via boundary conditions. The unique solvability is then characterize in terms of a switched delay DAE. The theory is illustrated with an example of electric power lines modeled by the telegraph equations which are coupled via a switching transformer where simulations confirm the predicted impulsive solutions.
In recent years, the Federal Republic of Germany has been the most significant destination for asylum-related migration in the European Union. Asylum-related migrants are those who left their country of origin to search for better life in a country that is safe and usually provides better economic opportunities. Most of these migrants sought asylum; however, not all needed international protection. There is a continuum between forced and voluntary migration and the categorization and categories of migrants are very context-dependent. The main research questions in this research report are the following: 1. What kinds of asylum-related migrants (refugees, people with a temporary residence permit, asylum seekers, non-deportable former asylum seekers and undocumented migrants) live in Germany, in particular in Rhineland-Palatinate and Kaiserslautern? 2. What are the everyday lives of asylum-related migrants like in Rhineland-Palatinate and Kaiserslautern? 3. What are the migration wishes and plans of asylum-related migrants in Rhineland-Palatinate and Kaiserslautern? 4. How and for what reasons do asylum-related migrants in Rhineland-Palatinate and Kaiserslautern use the Internet and social media? The research questions are answered based on the empirical material collected during the field research in the spring and summer of 2019. In addition, earlier research and statistics on migrants, asylum seekers and refugees in Germany are utilized. Asylum-related migrants responded according to their own views; the results indicate both their perspectives and our interpretation of them.
Eine Maturaschule ist eine private Bildungseinrichtung, in der Menschen darauf vorbereitet werden, ihre Matura, das österreichische Pendant zum Abitur, nachzuholen. Maturaschulen, die auf externe Prüfungen vorbereiten, verfügen üblicherweise weder über die Möglichkeit, offizielle Noten zu geben, noch Anwesenheit einzufordern. Die Gegebenheiten einer Maturaschule sind somit nicht nur vorteilhaft hinsichtlich eines guten Schulklimas mit partnerschaftlichen Lehrer-Schüler-Beziehungen. Im Zusammenhang mit zu wenig Eigenverantwortlichkeit der Lernenden können diese Gegebenheiten durchaus problematisch sein.
The Atacama Desert is one of the driest and probably oldest deserts on Earth where only a few extremophile organisms are able to survive. This study investigated two terricolous and two epiphytic lichens from the fog oasis “Las Lomitas” within the National Park Pan de Azúcar which represents a refugium for a few vascular desert plants and many lichens that can thrive on fog and dew alone. Ecophysiological measurements and climate records were combined with molecular data of the mycobiont, their green algal photobionts and lichenicolous fungi to gain information about the ecology of lichens within the fog oasis. Phylogenetic and morphological investigations led to the identification and description of the new lichen species Acarospora conafii sp. nov. as well as the lichenicolous fungi that accompanied them and revealed the trebouxioid character of all lichen photobionts. Their photosynthetic responses were compared during natural scenarios such as reactivation by high air humidity and in situ fog events to elucidate the activation strategies of this lichen community. Epiphytic lichens showed photosynthetic activity that was rapidly induced by fog and high relative air humidity whereas terricolous lichens were only activated by fog.
Regulation of metabolism is complex and involves enzymes and membrane transporters, which form networks to support energy dynamics. Lactate, as a metabolic intermediate from glucose or glycogen breakdown, appears to play a major role as additional energetic substrate, which is shuttled between glycolytic and oxidative cells, both under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Transport of lactate across the cell membrane is mediated by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in cotransport with H+, which is a substrate, a signal and a modulator of metabolic processes. MCTs form a “transport metabolon” with carbonic anhydrases (CAs), which not only provide a rapid equilibrium between CO2, HCO3– and H+, but, in addition, enhances lactate transport, as found in Xenopus oocytes, employed as heterologous expression system, as well as in astrocytes and cancer cells. Functional interactions between different CA isoforms and MCTs have been found to be isoform-specific, independent of the enzyme’s catalytic activity, and they require physical interaction between the proteins. CAs mediate between different states of metabolic acidosis, induced by glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, and play a relay function in coupling pH regulation and metabolism. In the brain, metabolic processes in astrocytes appear to be linked to bicarbonate transport and to neuronal activity. Here, we focus on physiological processes of energy dynamics in astrocytes as well as on the transfer of energetic substrates to neurons.
Erprobung und Evaluation des Zertifikatskurses: Beraten, Informieren und Schulen in der Pflege
(2019)
Dieser Arbeits- und Forschungsbericht skizziert die Erprobung und beschreibt die Evaluationsergebnisse
des wissenschaftlichen Zertifikatskurses „Beraten, Informieren und Schulen in der
Pflege“. Der Kurs wurde im Wintersemester 2018/19 an der Hochschule für Wirtschaft und
Gesellschaft Ludwigshafen teilerprobt und durch Mitarbeitende des Teilprojektes E-hoch-B – „Pflege
und Gesundheit“ begleitet und evaluiert. Ziel war es, die soziodemografischen Merkmale sowie
bildungs- und berufsbiografischen Kennzeichen der Teilnehmenden des Zertifikatskurses herauszuarbeiten.
Weiterhin sollte festgehalten werden, wie die Teilnehmenden den Zertifikatskurs
erlebt haben und welche Handlungsempfehlungen für die Weiterentwicklung und
Verstetigung des Kurses abgeleitet werden können. Die Zielgruppe für das evidenzbasierte
Bildungsangebot waren berufserfahrene Pflegefachpersonen aus der ambulanten
Gesundheitsversorgung. Es sind qualitative Fokusgruppeninterviews durchgeführt worden, die
durch Fragebögen flankiert wurden.