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Postmortem Analysis of Decayed Online Social Communities: Cascade Pattern Analysis and Prediction
(2018)
Recently, many online social networks, such as MySpace, Orkut, and Friendster, have faced inactivity decay of their members, which contributed to the collapse of these networks. The reasons, mechanics, and prevention mechanisms of such inactivity decay are not fully understood. In this work, we analyze decayed and alive subwebsites from the Stack Exchange platform. The analysis mainly focuses on the inactivity cascades that occur among the members of these communities. We provide measures to understand the decay process and statistical analysis to extract the patterns that accompany the inactivity decay. Additionally, we predict cascade size and cascade virality using machine learning. The results of this work include a statistically significant difference of the decay patterns between the decayed and the alive subwebsites. These patterns are mainly cascade size, cascade virality, cascade duration, and cascade similarity. Additionally, the contributed prediction framework showed satisfactorily prediction results compared to a baseline predictor. Supported by empirical evidence, the main findings of this work are (1) there are significantly different decay patterns in the alive and the decayed subwebsites of the Stack Exchange; (2) the cascade’s node degrees contribute more to the decay process than the cascade’s virality, which indicates that the expert members of the Stack Exchange subwebsites were mainly responsible for the activity or inactivity of the Stack Exchange subwebsites; (3) the Statistics subwebsite is going through decay dynamics that may lead to it becoming fully-decayed; (4) the decay process is not governed by only one network measure, it is better described using multiple measures; (5) decayed subwebsites were originally less resilient to inactivity decay, unlike the alive subwebsites; and (6) network’s structure in the early stages of its evolution dictates the activity/inactivity characteristics of the network.
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) system plays an important role in digitization of data acquired as images from a variety of sources. Although the area is very well explored for Latin languages, some of the languages based on Arabic cursive script are not yet explored. It is due to many factors: Most importantly are the unavailability of proper data sets and complexities posed by cursive scripts. The Pashto language is one of such languages which needs considerable exploration towards OCR. In order to develop such an OCR system, this thesis provides a pioneering study that explores deep learning for the Pashto language in the field of OCR.
The Pashto language is spoken by more than $50$ million people across the world, and it is an active medium both for oral as well as written communication. It is associated with rich literary heritage and contains huge written collection. These written materials present contents of simple to complex nature, and layouts from hand-scribed to printed text. The Pashto language presents mainly two types of complexities (i) generic w.r.t. cursive script, (ii) specific w.r.t. Pashto language. Generic complexities are cursiveness, context dependency, and breaker character anomalies, as well as space anomalies. Pashto specific complexities are variations in shape for a single character and shape similarity for some of the additional Pashto characters. Existing research in the area of Arabic OCR did not lead to an end-to-end solution for the mentioned complexities and therefore could not be generalized to build a sophisticated OCR system for Pashto.
The contribution of this thesis spans in three levels, conceptual level, data level, and practical level. In the conceptual level, we have deeply explored the Pashto language and identified those characters, which are responsible for the challenges mentioned above. In the data level, a comprehensive dataset is introduced containing real images of hand-scribed contents. The dataset is manually transcribed and has the most frequent layout patterns associated with the Pashto language. The practical level contribution provides a bridge, in the form of a complete Pashto OCR system, and connects the outcomes of the conceptual and data levels contributions. The practical contribution comprises of skew detection, text-line segmentation, feature extraction, classification, and post-processing. The OCR module is more strengthened by using deep learning paradigm to recognize Pashto cursive script by the framework of Recursive Neural Networks (RNN). Proposed Pashto text recognition is based on Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM) and realizes a character recognition rate of $90.78\%$ on Pashto real hand-scribed images. All these contributions are integrated into an application to provide a flexible and generic End-to-End Pashto OCR system.
The impact of this thesis is not only specific to the Pashto language, but it is also beneficial to other cursive languages like Arabic, Urdu, and Persian e.t.c. The main reason is the Pashto character set, which is a superset of Arabic, Persian, and Urdu languages. Therefore, the conceptual contribution of this thesis provides insight and proposes solutions to almost all generic complexities associated with Arabic, Persian, and Urdu languages. For example, an anomaly caused by breaker characters is deeply analyzed, which is shared among 70 languages, mainly use Arabic script. This thesis presents a solution to this issue and is equally beneficial to almost all Arabic like languages.
The scope of this thesis has two important aspects. First, a social impact, i.e., how a society may benefit from it. The main advantages are to bring the historical and almost vanished document to life and to ensure the opportunities to explore, analyze, translate, share, and understand the contents of Pashto language globally. Second, the advancement and exploration of the technical aspects. Because, this thesis empirically explores the recognition and challenges which are solely related to the Pashto language, both regarding character-set and the materials which present such complexities. Furthermore, the conceptual and practical background of this thesis regarding complexities of Pashto language is very beneficial regarding OCR for other cursive languages.
This research explores the development of web based reference software for
characterisation of surface roughness for two-dimensional surface data. The reference software used for verification of surface characteristics makes the evaluation methods easier for clients. The algorithms used in this software
are based on International ISO standards. Most software used in industrial measuring
instruments may give variations in the parameters calculated due to numerical changes in
calculation. Such variations can be verified using the proposed reference software.
The evaluation of surface roughness is carried out in four major steps: data capture, data
align, data filtering and parameter calculation. This work walks through each of these steps
explaining how surface profiles are evaluated by pre-processing steps called fitting and
filtering. The analysis process is then followed by parameter evaluation according to DIN EN
ISO 4287 and DIN EN ISO 13565-2 standards to extract important information from the
profile to characterise surface roughness.
The growing computational power enables the establishment of the Population Balance Equation (PBE)
to model the steady state and dynamic behavior of multiphase flow unit operations. Accordingly, the twophase
flow
behavior inside liquid-liquid extraction equipment is characterized by different factors. These
factors include: interactions among droplets (breakage and coalescence), different time scales due to the
size distribution of the dispersed phase, and micro time scales of the interphase diffusional mass transfer
process. As a result of this, the general PBE has no well known analytical solution and therefore robust
numerical solution methods with low computational cost are highly admired.
In this work, the Sectional Quadrature Method of Moments (SQMOM) (Attarakih, M. M., Drumm, C.,
Bart, H.-J. (2009). Solution of the population balance equation using the Sectional Quadrature Method of
Moments (SQMOM). Chem. Eng. Sci. 64, 742-752) is extended to take into account the continuous flow
systems in spatial domain. In this regard, the SQMOM is extended to solve the spatially distributed
nonhomogeneous bivariate PBE to model the hydrodynamics and physical/reactive mass transfer
behavior of liquid-liquid extraction equipment. Based on the extended SQMOM, two different steady
state and dynamic simulation algorithms for hydrodynamics and mass transfer behavior of liquid-liquid
extraction equipment are developed and efficiently implemented. At the steady state modeling level, a
Spatially-Mixed SQMOM (SM-SQMOM) algorithm is developed and successfully implemented in a onedimensional
physical spatial domain. The integral spatial numerical flux is closed using the mean mass
droplet diameter based on the One Primary and One Secondary Particle Method (OPOSPM which is the
simplest case of the SQMOM). On the other hand the hydrodynamics integral source terms are closed
using the analytical Two-Equal Weight Quadrature (TEqWQ). To avoid the numerical solution of the
droplet rise velocity, an analytical solution based on the algebraic velocity model is derived for the
particular case of unit velocity exponent appearing in the droplet swarm model. In addition to this, the
source term due to mass transport is closed using OPOSPM. The resulting system of ordinary differential
equations with respect to space is solved using the MATLAB adaptive Runge–Kutta method (ODE45). At
the dynamic modeling level, the SQMOM is extended to a one-dimensional physical spatial domain and
resolved using the finite volume method. To close the mathematical model, the required quadrature nodes
and weights are calculated using the analytical solution based on the Two Unequal Weights Quadrature
(TUEWQ) formula. By applying the finite volume method to the spatial domain, a semi-discreet ordinary
differential equation system is obtained and solved. Both steady state and dynamic algorithms are
extensively validated at analytical, numerical, and experimental levels. At the numerical level, the
predictions of both algorithms are validated using the extended fixed pivot technique as implemented in
PPBLab software (Attarakih, M., Alzyod, S., Abu-Khader, M., Bart, H.-J. (2012). PPBLAB: A new
multivariate population balance environment for particulate system modeling and simulation. Procedia
Eng. 42, pp. 144-562). At the experimental validation level, the extended SQMOM is successfully used
to model the steady state hydrodynamics and physical and reactive mass transfer behavior of agitated
liquid-liquid extraction columns under different operating conditions. In this regard, both models are
found efficient and able to follow liquid extraction column behavior during column scale-up, where three
column diameters were investigated (DN32, DN80, and DN150). To shed more light on the local
interactions among the contacted phases, a reduced coupled PBE and CFD framework is used to model
the hydrodynamic behavior of pulsed sieve plate columns. In this regard, OPOSPM is utilized and
implemented in FLUENT 18.2 commercial software as a special case of the SQMOM. The dropletdroplet
interactions
(breakage
and
coalescence)
are
taken
into
account
using
OPOSPM,
while
the
required
information
about
the
velocity
field
and
energy
dissipation
is
calculated
by
the
CFD
model.
In
addition
to
this,
the proposed coupled OPOSPM-CFD framework is extended to include the mass transfer. The
proposed framework is numerically tested and the results are compared with the published experimental
data. The required breakage and coalescence parameters to perform the 2D-CFD simulation are estimated
using PPBLab software, where a 1D-CFD simulation using a multi-sectional gird is performed. A very
good agreement is obtained at the experimental and the numerical validation levels.
The transfer of substrates between to enzymes within a biosynthesis pathway is an effective way to synthesize the specific product and a good way to avoid metabolic interference. This process is called metabolic channeling and it describes the (in-)direct transfer of an intermediate molecule between the active sites of two enzymes. By forming multi-enzyme cascades the efficiency of product formation and the flux is elevated and intermediate products are transferred and converted in a correct manner by the enzymes.
During tetrapyrrole biosynthesis several substrate transfer events occur and are prerequisite for an optimal pigment synthesis. In this project the metabolic channeling process during the pink pigment phycoerythrobilin (PEB) was investigated. The responsible ferredoxin-dependent bilin reductases (FDBR) for PEB formation are PebA and PebB. During the pigment synthesis the intermediate molecule 15,16-dihydrobiliverdin (DHBV) is formed and transferred from PebA to PebB. While in earlier studies a metabolic channeling of DHBV was postulated, this work revealed new insights into the requirements of this protein-protein interaction. It became clear, that the most important requirement for the PebA/PebB interaction is based on the affinity to their substrate/product DHBV. The already high affinity of both enzymes to each other is enhanced in the presence of DHBV in the binding pocket of PebA which leads to a rapid transfer to the subsequent enzyme PebB. DHBV is a labile molecule and needs to be rapidly channeled in order to get correctly further reduced to PEB. Fluorescence titration experiments and transfer assays confirmed the enhancement effect of DHBV for its own transfer.
More insights became clear by creating an active fusion protein of PebA and PebB and comparing its reaction mechanism with standard FDBRs. This fusion protein was able to convert biliverdin IXα (BV IXα) to PEB similar to the PebS activity, which also can convert BV IXα via DHBV to PEB as a single enzyme. The product and intermediate of the reaction were identified via HPLC and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
The results of this work revealed that PebA and PebB interact via a proximity channeling process where the intermediate DHBV plays an important role for the interaction. It also highlights the importance of substrate channeling in the synthesis of PEB to optimize the flux of intermediates through this metabolic pathway.
Der vorliegende Bericht stellt zunächst die Ausgangslage, die Bedarfe für eine erweiterte gemeindenahe Pflege und allgemeine Überlegungen zu einem partizipativen Forschungsprojekt in der Region Westpfalz im Kontext des Projektes E-hoch-B – Pflege und Gesundheit dar. Daran anschließend wird die Konzeption des partizipativen Forschungsprojekts präsentiert. Diese umfasst Überlegungen zur Bildung von Forschungsgruppen lokaler Akteure und einer Beratungsgruppe, sowie die Beschreibung der jeweiligen Rollen der beteiligten Personen, Vorstellungen zum zeitlichen Ablauf und mögliche zu bearbeitende Fragestellungen.
The extraction kinetics of polyphenols, which are leached from red vine leaves, are studied and evaluated using a laboratory robot and nonconventional processing techniques such as ultrasonic (US)-, microwave (MW)-, and pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted extraction processes. The robotic high-throughput screening reveals optimal extraction conditions at a pH value of 2.5, a temperature of 56 °C, and a solvent mixture of methanol:water:HCl of 50:49:1 v/v/v. Nonconventional processing techniques, such as MW- and US-assisted extraction, have the fastest kinetics and produce the highest polyphenol yield. The non-conventional techniques yield is 2.29 g/L (MW) resp. 2.47 g/L (US) for particles that range in size from 450 to 2000 µm and 2.20 g/L (MW) resp. 2.05 g/L (US) for particles that range from 2000 to 4000 µm. PEF has the lowest yield of polyphenols with 0.94 g/L (450–2000 µm), resp. 0.64 g/L (2000–4000 µm) in comparison to 1.82 g/L (2000 to 4000 µm) in a standard stirred vessel (50 °C). When undried red vine leaves (2000 to 4000 µm) are used the total phenol content is 1.44 g/L with PEF.
Epoxy belongs to a category of high-performance thermosetting polymers which have been used extensively in industrial and consumer applications. Highly cross-linked epoxy polymers offer excellent mechanical properties, adhesion, and chemical resistance. However, unmodified epoxies are prone to brittle fracture and crack propagation due to their highly crosslinked structure. As a result, epoxies are normally toughened to ensure the usability of these materials in practical applications.
This research work focuses on the development of novel modified epoxy matrices, with enhanced mechanical, fracture mechanical and thermal properties, suitable to be processed by filament winding technology, to manufacture composite based calender roller covers with improved performance in comparison to commercially available products.
In the first stage, a neat epoxy resin (EP) was modified using three different high functionality epoxy resins with two type of hardeners i.e. amine-based (H1) and anhydride-based (H2). Series of hybrid epoxy resins were obtained by systematic variation of high functionality epoxy resin contents with reference epoxy system. The resulting matrices were characterized by their tensile properties and the best system was chosen from each hardener system i.e. amine and anhydride. For tailored amine based system (MEP_H1) 14 % improvement was measured for bulk samples similarly, for tailored anhydride system (MEP_H2) 11 % improvement was measured when tested at 23 °C.
Further, tailored epoxy systems (MEP_H1 and MEP_H2) were modified using specially designed block copolymer (BCP), and core-shell rubber nanoparticles (CSR). Series of nanocomposites were obtained by systematic variation of filler contents. The resulting matrices were extensively characterized qualitatively and quantitatively to reveal the effect of each filler on the polymer properties. It was shown that the BCP confer better fracture properties to the epoxy resin at low filler loading without losing the other mechanical properties. These characteristics were accompanied by ductility and temperature stability. All composites were tested at 23 °C and at 80 °C to understand the effect of temperature on the mechanical and fracture properties.
Examinations on fractured specimen surfaces provided information about the mechanisms responsible for reinforcement. Nanoparticles generate several energy dissipating mechanisms in the epoxy, e.g. plastic deformation of the matrix, cavitation, void growth, debonding and crack pinning. These were closely related to the microstructure of the materials. The characteristic of the microstructure was verified by microscopy methods (SEM and AFM). The microstructure of neat epoxy hardener system was strongly influenced by the nanoparticles and the resulting interfacial interactions. The interaction of nanoparticles with a different hardener system will result in different morphology which will ultimately influence the mechanical and fracture mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. Hybrid toughening using a combination of the block-copolymer / core-shell rubber nanoparticles and block copolymer / TiO2 nanoparticles has been investigated in the epoxy systems. It was found out that addition of rigid phase with a soft phase recovers the loss of strength in the nanocomposites caused by a softer phase.
In order to clarify the relevant relationships, the microstructural and mechanical properties were correlated. The Counto’s, Halpin-Tsai, and Lewis-Nielsen equations were used to calculate the modulus of the composites and predicted modulus fit well with the measured values. Modeling was done to predict the toughening contribution from block copolymers and core-shell rubber nanoparticles. There was good agreement between the predicted values and the experimental values for the fracture energy.
Das Ziel der Studie war es, die Reaktionen der Protagonisten an den Kinder-und Ju-gendsportschulen der DDR auf die gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen der Wendejahre zu eruieren. Es sollte herausgefunden werden, inwieweit diese Ereignisse die Bildungs-merkmale beeinflussten. Dazu wurden historische Archivdokumente analysiert und in 28 qualitativen Interviews 33 Zeitzeugen befragt. Eine wesentliche Erkenntnis war, dass die Arbeit an den KJS bis in das Jahr 1991 hinein nahezu unverändert fortgeführt wur-de. Durch eine partielle Ausdehnung der Thematik auf die heutigen Eliteschulen des Sports leistet der Text einen Beitrag zur Diskussion über den Leistungssport in Deutsch-land und dessen Spezialschulen.
Die Arbeit richtet sich neben Wissenschaftlern an leistungssportlich und bildungspoli-tisch interessierte Eltern, Pädagogen, Trainer und Verantwortungsträger.
Eine Anpassung von Wasserversorgungs- und Abwasserentsorgungssystemen im ländlichen Raum kann aufgrund vielfältiger Herausforderungen wie demografischen, siedlungsstrukturellen und klimatischen Veränderungen erforderlich werden. Im Zuge dessen können auch die Nachhaltigkeit und Ressourceneffizienz der bestehenden Systeme gesteigert werden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Ableitung von Handlungsempfehlungen zur Unterstützung der notwendigen Anpassungsprozesse der Abwasserentsorgung ländlicher Gemeinden. Dazu werden verschiedene Transformationspfade für Abwassersysteme aufgezeigt und analysiert.
In dieser Arbeit wird ein softwaregestütztes Entscheidungs- und Optimierungssystem angewendet und evaluiert, dass optimale Anpassungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt. Das gemischt-ganzzahlige lineare Optimierungsmodell berechnet für jede Gemeinde in Abhängigkeit von dem ausgewählten Szenario und vorgegebenen Zielen den optimalen Transformationspfad mit seiner zeitlichen und räumlichen Umsetzung. In den Szenarien werden zukünftige Entwicklungen der Bevölkerung, der Siedlungsstruktur, des Wasserbedarfs, der Kosten technischer Anlagen und des Klimawandels berücksichtigt. Die Zielfunktion bildet sich aus der gewichteten Summe ökonomischer, ökologischer und sozialer Bewertungskriterien. Die beispielhafte Anwendung des Modells erfolgt für zwei repräsentative ländliche Modellkommunen in Rheinland-Pfalz.
Durch eine detaillierte Auswertung und Evaluierung von ausgewählten Kombinationen von Szenarien und Bewertungskriterien kann das Spektrum an möglichen Transformationspfaden von der Erhaltung des zentralen Systems bis hin zu dezentralen und ressourcenorientierten Systemen aufgezeigt werden. Sensitivitätsbetrachtungen zeigen, dass die Auswahl und Gewichtung der Bewertungskriterien und die lokalen Randbedingungen der Gemeinde einen größeren Einfluss auf die resultierende Transformationspfade haben als die Auswahl der Szenarien.
Der Zustand des Entwässerungssystems wie der Anteil alter Kanäle, ein großer Anteil Mischsystem, große Durchmesser und eine große Kanallänge pro Einwohner sowie eine niedrige Siedlungsdichte fördern dezentrale Strukturen und sind geeignete Voraussetzungen für einen Systemwechsel. Bei der Priorisierung der Ziele Flexibilität, Wasserbilanz und Wasserrecycling wird die Dezentralisierung eines Systems mit Kleinkläranlagen favorisiert. Ein ressourcenorientiertes System mit einer Grau- und Schwarzwassertrennung ist nur zukünftig vorteilhaft, wenn die Ziele Wasserrecycling, Nährstoffrecycling und/oder Energieeffizienz priorisiert werden. Wenn ein Systemwechsel vollzogen werden soll, müssen auch die Auswirkungen auf die Wasserversorgung und Abwasserreinigung untersucht werden.
Es kann gezeigt werden, dass bei einer abnehmenden Bevölkerung dezentrale und ressourcenorientierte Systeme im ländlichen Raum eine Alternative darstellen. Zur Begleitung von Transformationsprozessen ist die Verwendung einer adäquaten Methodik zum Aufzeigen von verschiedenen Systemalternativen (z.B. mathematische Optimierung) zielführend.
The core muscles play a central role in stabilizing the head during headers in soccer. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of a fatigued core musculature on the acceleration of the head during jump headers and run headers. Acceleration of the head was measured in a pre-post-design in 68 soccer players (age: 21.5 ± 3.8 years, height: 180.0 ± 13.9 cm, weight: 76.9 ± 8.1 kg). Data were recorded by means of a telemetric 3D acceleration sensor and with a pendulum header. The treatment encompassed two exercises each for the ventral, lateral, and dorsal muscle chains. The acceleration of the head between pre- and post-test was reduced by 0.3 G (p = 0.011) in jump headers and by 0.2 G (p = 0.067) in run headers. An additional analysis of all pretests showed an increased acceleration in run headers when compared to stand headers (p < 0.001) and jump headers (p < 0.001). No differences were found in the sub-group comparisons: semi-professional vs. recreational players, offensive vs. defensive players. Based on the results, we conclude that the acceleration of the head after fatiguing the core muscles does not increase, which stands in contrast to postulated expectations. More tests with accelerated soccer balls are required for a conclusive statement.
Fast Internet content delivery relies on two layers of caches on the request path. Firstly, content delivery networks (CDNs) seek to answer user requests before they traverse slow Internet paths. Secondly, aggregation caches in data centers seek to answer user requests before they traverse slow backend systems. The key challenge in managing these caches is the high variability of object sizes, request patterns, and retrieval latencies. Unfortunately, most existing literature focuses on caching with low (or no) variability in object sizes and ignores the intricacies of data center subsystems.
This thesis seeks to fill this gap with three contributions. First, we design a new caching system, called AdaptSize, that is robust under high object size variability. Second, we derive a method (called Flow-Offline Optimum or FOO) to predict the optimal cache hit ratio under variable object sizes. Third, we design a new caching system, called RobinHood, that exploits variances in retrieval latencies to deliver faster responses to user requests in data centers.
The techniques proposed in this thesis significantly improve the performance of CDN and data center caches. On two production traces from one of the world's largest CDN AdaptSize achieves 30-91% higher hit ratios than widely-used production systems, and 33-46% higher hit ratios than state-of-the-art research systems. Further, AdaptSize reduces the latency by more than 30% at the median, 90-percentile and 99-percentile.
We evaluate the accuracy of our FOO analysis technique on eight different production traces spanning four major Internet companies.
We find that FOO's error is at most 0.3%. Further, FOO reveals that the gap between online policies and OPT is much larger than previously thought: 27% on average, and up to 43% on web application traces.
We evaluate RobinHood with production traces from a major Internet company on a 50-server cluster. We find that RobinHood improves the 99-percentile latency by more than 50% over existing caching systems.
As load imbalances grow, RobinHood's latency improvement can be more than 2x. Further, we show that RobinHood is robust against server failures and adapts to automatic scaling of backend systems.
The results of this thesis demonstrate the power of guiding the design of practical caching policies using mathematical performance models and analysis. These models are general enough to find application in other areas of caching design and future challenges in Internet content delivery.
Optimal control of partial differential equations is an important task in applied mathematics where it is used in order to optimize, for example, industrial or medical processes. In this thesis we investigate an optimal control problem with tracking type cost functional for the Cattaneo equation with distributed control, that is, \(\tau y_{tt} + y_t - \Delta y = u\). Our focus is on the theoretical and numerical analysis of the limit process \(\tau \to 0\) where we prove the convergence of solutions of the Cattaneo equation to solutions of the heat equation.
We start by deriving both the Cattaneo and the classical heat equation as well as introducing our notation and some functional analytic background. Afterwards, we prove the well-posedness of the Cattaneo equation for homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions, that is, we show the existence and uniqueness of a weak solution together with its continuous dependence on the data. We need this in the following, where we investigate the optimal control problem for the Cattaneo equation: We show the existence and uniqueness of a global minimizer for an optimal control problem with tracking type cost functional and the Cattaneo equation as a constraint. Subsequently, we do an asymptotic analysis for \(\tau \to 0\) for both the forward equation and the aforementioned optimal control problem and show that the solutions of these problems for the Cattaneo equation converge strongly to the ones for the heat equation. Finally, we investigate these problems numerically, where we examine the different behaviour of the models and also consider the limit \(\tau \to 0\), suggesting a linear convergence rate.
Die Medienausstattung von Bildungseinrichtungen ist keine hinreichende, aber eine notwendige Voraussetzung, die Möglichkeiten digitaler Medien für die Unterstützung von Lehr-/Lernprozessen zu nutzen. Damit sind in der Regel hohe Investitionen verbunden, die insbesondere für öffentlich geför- derte Einrichtungen der Erwachsenenbildung nur schwer aufzubringen sind. Um aber neue Zielgruppen anzusprechen und den Sprung in das digitale Zeitalter zu schaffen, ist eine entsprechende Medienausstattung unum- gänglich.
Allerdings liegen bisher kaum Daten dazu vor, wie die Ausstattung der Ein- richtungen der Weiterbildung mit digitalen Medien aussieht. Lediglich ein- zelne Volkshochschulverbände (z.B. Brandenburg) haben in den letzten Mo- naten Befragungen zur Medienausstattung durchgeführt, um auf Grundlage dieser Bestandsaufnahme Maßnahmen zur digitalen Transformation der Volkshochschulen zu unterstützen, wie sie im Strategiepapier der „Erwei- terten Lernwelten“ festgehalten sind.
Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde im Wintersemester 2017/2018 zusammen mit Studierenden des Seminars „Medienpädagogik“ des Studiengangs In- tegrative Sozialwissenschaften der TU Kaiserslautern eine Befragung der Volkshochschulen in Rheinland-Pfalz zur Medienausstattung durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Befragung stellen wir in diesem Bericht vor.
Wir möchten uns an dieser Stelle bei den Studierenden, beim Volkshoch- schulverbandes Rheinland-Pfalz und insbesondere auch den Interviewpart- nerinnen und –partnern an den Volkshochschulen in Rheinland-Pfalz für ihre Bereitschaft, Zeit und Auskunft bedanken.
Informatorische Systeme finden zunehmend Eingang in Bildungseinrichtungen. „Schulen ans Netz“, eine 2012 abgeschlossene Förderinitiative des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) unter Beteiligung der Deutschen Telekom, ist ein Beispiel dafür. Das Land Rheinland-Pfalz stellt mit moodle@RLP Studienseminaren und Schulen eine kostenlose und wartungsfreundliche Lernplattform zur Verfügung. Neben dem Einsatz zu unterrichtlichen Zwecken legt der Verfasser das Augenmerk auf Möglichkeiten zur Optimierung schulorganisatorischer Arbeitsprozesse, zum Beispiel im Hinblick auf die Raum- und Gerätereservierung oder die Archivierung und Katalogisierung von Dokumenten und Unterrichtsmaterialien. Es werden hierzu notwendige Konfigurationseinstellungen erläutert und auf diese Weise eine virtuelle Organisationsstruktur einer Schule realisiert. Ihre Implementierung ist im Rahmen eines Schulentwicklungsprozesses an der IGS Wörth praktisch erprobt worden. Die hieraus gewonnenen Erkenntnisse bilden eine Basis für eine allgemeine, an der Praxis orientierten und theoretisch fundierten Handreichung zur Implementierung von moodle an Schulen. Insgesamt kommt die Studie zu dem Schluss, dass moodle durchaus eine Reihe an Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung sowohl unterrichtlicher als auch schulorganisatorischer Aspekte besitzt, die jedoch nur dann zielführend ihre Wirkung entfalten können, wenn Schulentwicklungsprozesse erfolgreich durchgeführt werden. Hier kommt der Schulleitung eine Schlüsselrolle zu.
In this article a new numerical solver for simulations of district heating networks is presented. The numerical method applies the local time stepping introduced in [11] to networks of linear advection equations. In combination with the high order approach of [4] an accurate and very efficient scheme is developed. In several numerical test cases the advantages for simulations of district heating networks are shown.
Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Interkulturellen Kompetenz als pädagogische Schlüsselqualifikation in der Erwachsenenbildung. Es werden verschiedene Modelle zur Interkulturellen Kompetenz dargestellt. Der Erwerb Interkultureller Kompetenz wird erläutert und in den erwachsenenpädagogischen Zusammenhang eingeordnet. Es wird der Forschungsfrage nachgegangen, inwieweit die konstruktivistische
Erwachsenenbildung und der Emotionale Konstruktivismus den Erwerb Interkultureller Kompetenz von Lehrenden der Erwachsenenbildung unterstützen können. Fünf leitfadengestützte Interviews ergänzen die als Literaturarbeit konzipierte Masterarbeit.
Im vorliegenden Arbeitsbericht wird die Planung und Entwicklung eines Zertifikatangebots zum Thema Sozioinformatik beschrieben. Die Entwicklung eines Angebots in diesem Bereich wurde durch den Fachbereich Informatik initiiert. Durch regionale Datenerhebungen in der Bevölke-rung und in der Westpfalz ansässigen Unternehmen sowie die Analyse von Sekundärdaten konnte zunächst kein eindeutiger Bedarf in der Region ermittelt werden, wohingegen die So-zioinformatik als junges Forschungsfeld im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs an Bedeutung gewinnt. Zunächst wird die Erschließung des vermuteten Bedarfs beschrieben und daran anschließend das Konzept zum Studienangebot vorgestellt.
Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are a common element of the Queensland (Australia) dry savannah ecosystem and are composed of cyanobacteria, algae, lichens, bryophytes, fungi and heterotrophic bacteria. Here we report how the CO2 gas exchange of the cyanobacteria-dominated biocrust type from Boodjamulla National Park in the north Queensland Gulf Savannah responds to the pronounced climatic seasonality and on their quality as a carbon sink using a semi-automatic cuvette system. The dominant cyanobacteria are the filamentous species Symplocastrum purpurascens together with Scytonema sp. Metabolic activity was recorded between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2011, during which CO2 exchange was only evident from November 2010 until mid-April 2011, representative of 23.6 % of the 1-year recording period. In November at the onset of the wet season, the first month (November) and the last month (April) of activity had pronounced respiratory loss of CO2. The metabolic active period accounted for 25 % of the wet season and of that period 48.6 % was net photosynthesis (NP) and 51.4 % dark respiration (DR). During the time of NP, net photosynthetic uptake of CO2 during daylight hours was reduced by 32.6 % due to water supersaturation. In total, the biocrust fixed 229.09 mmol CO2 m−2 yr−1, corresponding to an annual carbon gain of 2.75 g m−2 yr−1. Due to malfunction of the automatic cuvette system, data from September and October 2010 together with some days in November and December 2010 could not be analysed for NP and DR. Based on climatic and gas exchange data from November 2010, an estimated loss of 88 mmol CO2 m−2 was found for the 2 months, resulting in corrected annual rates of 143.1 mmol CO2 m−2 yr−1, equivalent to a carbon gain of 1.7 g m−2 yr−1. The bulk of the net photosynthetic activity occurred above a relative humidity of 42 %, indicating a suitable climatic combination of temperature, water availability and light intensity well above 200 µmol photons m−2 s−1 photosynthetic active radiation. The Boodjamulla biocrust exhibited high seasonal variability in CO2 gas exchange pattern, clearly divided into metabolically inactive winter months and active summer months. The metabolic active period commences with a period (of up to 3 months) of carbon loss, likely due to reestablishment of the crust structure and restoration of NP prior to about a 4-month period of net carbon gain. In the Gulf Savannah biocrust system, seasonality over the year investigated showed that only a minority of the year is actually suitable for biocrust growth and thus has a small window for potential contribution to soil organic matter.
European economic, social and territorial cohesion is one of the fundamental aims of the European Union (EU). It seeks to both reduce the effects of internal borders and enhance European integration. In order to facilitate territorial cohesion, the linkage of member states by means of efficient cross-border transport infrastructures and services is an important factor. Many cross-border transport challenges have historically existed in everyday life. They have hampered smooth passenger and freight flows within the EU.
Two EU policies, namely European Territorial Cooperation (ETC) and the Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T), promote enhancing cross-border transport through cooperation in soft spaces. This dissertation seeks to explore the influence of these two EU policies on cross-border transport and further European integration.
Based on an analysis of European, national and cross-border policy and planning documents, surveys with TEN-T Corridor Coordinators and INTERREG Secretariats and a high number of elite interviews, the dissertation will investigate how the objectives of the two EU policies were formally implemented in both soft spaces and the EU member states as well as which practical implementations have taken place. Thereby, the initiated Europeanisation and European integration processes will be evaluated. The analysis is conducted in nine preliminary case studies and two in-depth case studies. The cases comprise cross-border regions funded by the ETC policy that are crossed by a TEN-T corridor. The in-depth analysis explores the Greater Region Saar-Lor-Lux+ and the Brandenburg-Lubuskie region. The cases are characterised by different initial situations.
The research determined that the two EU policies support cross-border transport on different levels and, further, that they need to be better intertwined in order to make effective use of their complementarities. Moreover, it became clear that the EU policies have a distinct influence on domestic policy and planning documents of different administrative levels and countries as well as on the practical implementation. The final implementation of the EU objectives and the cross-border transport initiatives was strongly influenced by the member states’ initial situations – particularly, the regional and local transport needs. This dissertation concludes that the two EU policies cannot remove the entirety of the cross-border transport-related challenges. However, in addition to their financial investments in concrete projects, they promote the importance of cross-border transport and facilitate cooperation, learning and exchange processes. These are all of high relevance to cross-border transport development, driven by member states, as well as to further European integration.
The dissertation recommends that the transport planning competences of the EU in addition to the TEN-T network should not be enlarged in the future, but rather further transnational transport development tasks should be decentralised to transnational transport planning committees that are aware of regional needs and can coordinate a joint transport development strategy. The latter should be implemented with the support of additional EU funds for secondary and tertiary cross-border connections. Moreover, the potential complementarities of the transnational regions and transport corridors as well as the two EU policy fields should be made better use of by improving communication. This means that soft spaces, the TEN-T and ETC Policy as well as the domestic transport ministries and the domestic administrations that are responsible for the two EU policies need to intensify their cooperation. Furthermore, a focus of future ETC projects on topics that are of added value for the whole cross-border region or else that can be applied in different territorial contexts is recommended rather than investing in small-scale scattered expensive infrastructures and services that are only of benefit for a small part of the region. Additionally, the dissemination of project results should be enhanced so that the developed tools can be accessed by potential users and benefits become more visible to a wider society, despite the fact that they might not be measurable in numbers. In addition, the research points at another success factor for more concrete outputs: the frequent involvement of transport and spatial planners in transnational projects could increase the relation to planning practice. Besides that, advanced training regarding planning culture could reduce cooperation barriers.
Computational problems that involve dynamic data, such as physics simulations and program development environments, have been an important
subject of study in programming languages. Recent advances in self-adjusting
computation made progress towards achieving efficient incremental computation by providing algorithmic language abstractions to express computations that respond automatically to dynamic changes in their inputs. Selfadjusting programs have been shown to be efficient for a broad range of problems via an explicit programming style, where the programmer uses specific
primitives to identify, create and operate on data that can change over time.
This dissertation presents implicit self-adjusting computation, a type directed technique for translating purely functional programs into self-adjusting
programs. In this implicit approach, the programmer annotates the (toplevel) input types of the programs to be translated. Type inference finds
all other types, and a type-directed translation rewrites the source program
into an explicitly self-adjusting target program. The type system is related to
information-flow type systems and enjoys decidable type inference via constraint solving. We prove that the translation outputs well-typed self-adjusting
programs and preserves the source program’s input-output behavior, guaranteeing that translated programs respond correctly to all changes to their
data. Using a cost semantics, we also prove that the translation preserves the
asymptotic complexity of the source program.
As a second contribution, we present two techniques to facilitate the processing of large and dynamic data in self-adjusting computation. First, we
present a type system for precise dependency tracking that minimizes the
time and space for storing dependency metadata. The type system improves
the scalability of self-adjusting computation by eliminating an important assumption of prior work that can lead to recording spurious dependencies.
We present a type-directed translation algorithm that generates correct selfadjusting programs without relying on this assumption. Second, we show a
probabilistic-chunking technique to further decrease space usage by controlling the fundamental space-time tradeoff in self-adjusting computation.
We implement implicit self-adjusting computation as an extension to Standard ML with compiler and runtime support. Using the compiler, we are able
to incrementalize an interesting set of applications, including standard list
and matrix benchmarks, ray tracer, PageRank, sparse graph connectivity, and
social circle counts. Our experiments show that our compiler incrementalizes existing code with only trivial amounts of annotation, and the resulting
programs bring asymptotic improvements to large datasets from real-world
applications, leading to orders of magnitude speedups in practice.
In this thesis, we focus on the application of the Heath-Platen (HP) estimator in option
pricing. In particular, we extend the approach of the HP estimator for pricing path dependent
options under the Heston model. The theoretical background of the estimator
was first introduced by Heath and Platen [32]. The HP estimator was originally interpreted
as a control variate technique and an application for European vanilla options was
presented in [32]. For European vanilla options, the HP estimator provided a considerable
amount of variance reduction. Thus, applying the technique for path dependent options
under the Heston model is the main contribution of this thesis.
The first part of the thesis deals with the implementation of the HP estimator for pricing
one-sided knockout barrier options. The main difficulty for the implementation of the HP
estimator is located in the determination of the first hitting time of the barrier. To test the
efficiency of the HP estimator we conduct numerical tests with regard to various aspects.
We provide a comparison among the crude Monte Carlo estimation, the crude control
variate technique and the HP estimator for all types of barrier options. Furthermore, we
present the numerical results for at the money, in the money and out of the money barrier
options. As numerical results imply, the HP estimator performs superior among others
for pricing one-sided knockout barrier options under the Heston model.
Another contribution of this thesis is the application of the HP estimator in pricing bond
options under the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) model and the Fong-Vasicek (FV) model. As
suggested in the original paper of Heath and Platen [32], the HP estimator has a wide
range of applicability for derivative pricing. Therefore, transferring the structure of the
HP estimator for pricing bond options is a promising contribution. As the approximating
Vasicek process does not seem to be as good as the deterministic volatility process in the
Heston setting, the performance of the HP estimator in the CIR model is only relatively
good. However, for the FV model the variance reduction provided by the HP estimator is
again considerable.
Finally, the numerical result concerning the weak convergence rate of the HP estimator
for pricing European vanilla options in the Heston model is presented. As supported by
numerical analysis, the HP estimator has weak convergence of order almost 1.
Die konventionelle Verarbeitung naturfaserverstärkter, thermoplastischer Kunststof-fe zu Bauteilen erfolgt derzeit in einem aufwändigen, mehrstufigen Pressverfahren, welches mit hohen Investitionskosten und hohem Platzbedarf verbunden ist. Aus-gangsmaterial bilden Hybridvliese aus Naturfasern und thermoplastischen Schmelzfasern, welche eine Straße mit mindestens zwei Pressen durchlaufen müssen. In der Heizpresse wird das Vlies unter Wärmezufuhr und Druck kompak-tiert und die Naturfasern dabei imprägniert. Anschließend erfolgt die Formgebung in einer Umformpresse. Das Verfahren hat den wirtschaftlich großen Nachteil, dass die Imprägnierung und die Formgebung zeitlich wie räumlich direkt aneinander ge-koppelt sind, da es keine Alternative zur Erwärmung der Hybridvliese mit gleichzeiti-ger Imprägnierung gibt.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird ein neuartiger Aufheizprozess für naturfaserverstärkte Thermoplaste auf Basis von Infrarotstrahlung entwickelt, der diese Probleme auf-greift. Als Ausgangsmaterial hierfür werden bereits imprägnierte und vorkompaktier-te Naturfasermatten verwendet, mit denen die hocheffizienten Thermoform-Prozessketten genutzt werden sollen, wie sie beispielsweise bei glas- oder kohlen-stofffaserverstärkten Thermoplasten zum Einsatz kommen. Aufgrund der thermi-schen Restriktionen von Naturfasern bei der Verarbeitung wird eine materialselekti-ve Infrarot-Erwärmungsmethode konzipiert und untersucht, deren Ziel eine optimier-te, maximierte Absorption der Strahlung durch das Polymer darstellt. Es wird ge-währleistet, dass die Absorption durch Naturfasern auch bei der Variation der Roh-stoffqualität minimal ist. So können auch geringfügig kompaktierte Naturfaser-Halbzeuge mit hohem Porengehalt mithilfe des Aufheizprozesses auf eine ausrei-chende Umformtemperatur erwärmt werden, ohne die Verstärkungsfasern thermisch zu schädigen. Die Untersuchung des Prozesseinflusses im Hinblick auf mechani-sche Eigenschaften sowie Geruch und Emissionen validiert die Großserientaug-lichkeit des entwickelten Aufheizverfahrens.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit werden in Richtlinien für die Verarbeitung thermoplas-tischer, vorimprägnierter und kompaktierter, naturfaserverstärkter Kunststoffe zu-sammengefasst und sollen dem Verarbeiter eine gezielte Auswahl von Halbzeugen und die Minimierung der Prozesszykluszeit ermöglichen.
Background: Aneuploidy, or abnormal chromosome numbers, severely alters cell physiology and is widespread in
cancers and other pathologies. Using model cell lines engineered to carry one or more extra chromosomes, it has
been demonstrated that aneuploidy per se impairs proliferation, leads to proteotoxic as well as replication stress
and triggers conserved transcriptome and proteome changes.
Results: In this study, we analysed for the first time miRNAs and demonstrate that their expression is altered in
response to chromosome gain. The miRNA deregulation is independent of the identity of the extra chromosome
and specific to individual cell lines. By cross-omics analysis we demonstrate that although the deregulated miRNAs
differ among individual aneuploid cell lines, their known targets are predominantly associated with cell development,
growth and proliferation, pathways known to be inhibited in response to chromosome gain. Indeed, we show that up
to 72% of these targets are downregulated and the associated miRNAs are overexpressed in aneuploid cells, suggesting
that the miRNA changes contribute to the global transcription changes triggered by aneuploidy. We identified
hsa-miR-10a-5p to be overexpressed in majority of aneuploid cells. Hsa-miR-10a-5p enhances translation of a
subset of mRNAs that contain so called 5’TOP motif and we show that its upregulation in aneuploids provides
resistance to starvation-induced shut down of ribosomal protein translation.
Conclusions: Our work suggests that the changes of the microRNAome contribute on one hand to the adverse
effects of aneuploidy on cell physiology, and on the other hand to the adaptation to aneuploidy by supporting
translation under adverse conditions.
Keywords: Aneuploidy, Cancer, miRNA, miR-10a-5p, Trisomy
Der Bericht rekonstruiert Bedarfslagen für eine erweiterte gemeindenahe Pflegepraxis anhand von Expert_inneninterviews mit pflegenden Angehörigen, Hausärzt_innen, Vertreter_innen von Pflegeverbänden und Hochschullehrenden. Es erfolgt zunächst die Darstellung des theoretischen Hintergrundes und der Methodik. Anschließend werden die Ergebnisse der qualitativen Erhebungen der genannten Befragtengruppen dargestellt und mit Blick auf deren Beitrag zur Entwicklung von Zertifikatskursen im Teilprojekt E-hoch-B – Pflege und Gesundheit diskutiert.
Im Fokus dieser Promotionsarbeit stand die Synthese neuer kationischer Eisenkomplexe, die
sowohl einen Cyclopentadienyl-, als auch einen Phenylliganden besitzen. Der Sechsringligand
wurde dabei mit stickstoff- oder phosphorhaltigen Substituenten funktionalisiert. Dabei konnten
erstmals Eisenarenkomplexe mit Azidobenzolliganden isoliert und charakterisiert werden. Die
Umsetzung mit heterocyclischen Nucleophilen zeigte bei den 1,2,3-Triazolen die Möglichkeit in
1- und 2-Position eine Bindungsknüpfung einzugehen. Dies konnte durch die Verwendung von
Imidazolidsalzen umgangen werden und so konnte eine Reihe mono- und disubstituierter
Eisenkomplexe mit Methylimidazol und Benzimidazol synthetisiert werden. Durch Alkylierung und
Benzylierung gelang auf diesem Weg der Zugang zu di- und trikationischen Eisenarenkomplexen,
welche die Vorstufe zu NHC-Komplexen bilden. Für die Funktionalisierung mit phosphorhaltigen
Gruppen konnte ein Syntheseweg erarbeitet und auf disubstituierte Komplexe übertragen werden.
Es gelang durch die Koordination von Gold einen kationischen heterobimetallischen Komplex zu
synthetisieren und vollständig zu charakterisieren. Dieser zeigte in mehreren
Cyclisierungsreaktionen hohe katalytische Aktivität, welche über der literaturbekannter
Katalysatoren lag. Mitunter konnten vergleichbare Umsätze unter milderen Bedingungen erzielt
werden.
Das Projekt „Integration findet Stadt – Im Dialog zum Erfolg“ wird von 2017-2019 als eines von zehn Projekten im Rahmen der Nationalen Stadtentwicklungspolitik zum Thema Integration durchgeführt (gefördert vom Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit). Das bestehende Integrationskonzept der Stadt Kaiserslautern soll in diesem Kontext weiterentwickelt und an die veränderte Zusammensetzung der Migranten in der Stadt angepasst werden. Mit dem Projekt ist verbunden, auf Quartiersebene Partizipations- und Aktivierungsprozesse anzustoßen und Integrationsbedarfe und die Bereitschaft zum Engagement zu ermitteln. Ziel des Gesamtprojektes in Kaiserslautern ist es, die Vernetzung in den Quartieren zu stärken, um das Zusammenleben einfacher zu gestalten und Unterstützungspotenziale der deutsch wie migrantisch geprägten Bewohnerinnen und Bewohner zu aktivieren. Im Rahmen dieses Projektes hat das Fachgebiet Stadtsoziologie der TU Kaiserslautern eine Teil Studie über das Zusammenleben von Migranten und nicht Migranten in Kaiserslautern angefertigt.
Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Studie wird eine statistische Bestandsaufnahme nach demografischen und sozial strukturellen Merkmalen der Bevölkerung in den verschiedenen Stadtteilen durchgeführt. Der zweite Teil informiert anhand von Interviews wie die sozialen Netzwerke in den unterschiedlichen Stadtteilen Kaiserslauterns von Zugewanderten und Alteingesessenen wahrgenommen werden. Im dritten Teil werden Ergebnisse einer quantitativen Befragung zum Zusammenleben im Stadtteil, Bewertungen und Vorstellungen sowie Potentiale für Engagement der Bewohner/innen Kaiserslauterns mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund dargestellt. Dieser Mix von quantitativen und qualitativen Methoden dient dazu um Unterschiede zwischen Bevölkerungsgruppen zu erfassen, Netzwerke des Zusammenlebens zu identifizieren und die unterschiedlichen Stärken und Schwächen der Stadtteile deutlich zu machen. Die unterschiedlichen Zugangswege sollen Integrationsbedarfe und –potenziale erkennbar machen um das vielfältige Leben der Stadt aufzuzeichnen.
In Anbetracht der Flüchtlingsbewegungen von 2014 bis 2016 und der damit einhergehenden Folgewirkungen auf die Bundesrepublik Deutschland als Aufnahmeland erhalten Fragen der Integration einen hohen Stellenwert in der aktuellen gesellschaftspolitischen Debatte. Der Begriff der Integration ist im deutschen Diskurs maßgeblich durch den Ansatz von Hartmut Esser geprägt (Esser 1980, 2001). Er unterscheidet vier Dimensionen der Integration: 1. Kulturation (Wissen, Sprache, gesellschaftliche Teilhabe), 2. Platzierung (Rechte, ökonomisches Potential, Zugang zum Bildungssystem, zum Arbeits- und Wohnungsmarkt); 3. Interaktion: kulturelles und soziales Kapital (Teilhabe am gesellschaftlichen und kulturellen Leben) und 4. Identifikation (Bürgersinn). Allerdings ist der Integrationsbegriff umstritten, da er die Aufgabe der Integration einseitig auf Seiten der Zuwandernden sieht und die Aufgaben der Aufnahmegesellschaft in diesem Prozess zu wenig berücksichtigt (Gestring 2014: 82). Der Begriff der Integration vernachlässigt darüber hinaus, dass sich vielfältige kulturelle Prägungen und Identitäten durchaus miteinander verbinden und gemeinsam leben lassen (West 2014: 92 ff.; Gans et al. 2014). Aus diesem Grund wird der Integrationsbegriff in den Migrationswissenschaften vermieden und neutralere Begriffe werden verwendet, wie Transnationalismus, Transmigration, Trans-, Inter- und Multikulturalität (ARL 2016: 2), Vielfalt, Zweiheimischkeit oder allgemein Vergesellschaftung (ARL 2016: 12). In Hinsicht auf soziale Unterschiede macht Vertovec mit dem Begriff der (Super-)Diversität auf die Bedeutung sozialer Ungleichheiten unterschiedlicher Aufenthaltstitel der Migranten aufmerksam, die mit Zukunftsrechten beziehungsweise Exklusion einhergehen (Vertovec 2007).
Jedoch ist der Begriff „Integration“ eingeführt und auch für praktische Anforderungen vor Ort gut handhabbar, vor allem wenn konkrete Verankerungen in den Lebensbereichen Arbeit, Wohnen, Freizeit und Kultur berührt sind. Zugleich sollte betont werden, dass der Integrationsbegriff nicht auf die Zuwandernden alleine fokussiert werden kann, sondern immer auch Integrationsleistungen von den übrigen Bevölkerungsmitgliedern und Akteuren erfordert.
Auf Stadtteilebene, dort wo die Menschen ihren Alltag verbringen, arbeiten Freiwillige und Organisationen zusammen, um die Integration zu erleichtern. Für die ehrenamtlich Tätigen und die Organisationen besteht die Notwendigkeit, die kulturelle Vielfalt in ihrer Arbeit aufzunehmen, die Ansprache und Prozesse entsprechend zu gestalten und dabei die sozialstrukturellen Bedingungen in den jeweiligen Nachbarschaften nicht außer Acht zu lassen (Sprachkenntnisse, Bildungsniveaus, Berufstätigkeit, familiäre Verpflichtungen, Aufenthaltstitel der verschiedenen Migrantengruppen). Die Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung der zugewanderten Bevölkerung sind daher für die langjährig Beschäftigten vor Ort möglicherweise nicht unmittelbar nachzuvollziehen.
Verschiedene Studien zur Integration auf Quartiersebene zeigen, dass Rheinland-Pfalz ein hohes Niveau des freiwilligen Engagements erreicht hat (Gesemann/Roth 2015: 28). Wie an anderen Orten auch sind Migrantinnen und Migranten jedoch nur unterdurchschnittlich vertreten. Das Anliegen, die Teilnahmemöglichkeiten an der Gesellschaft zu erweitern, hat in den jeweiligen Stadtgebieten ganz unterschiedliche Voraussetzungen nach Aufenthaltstitel, Qualifikation, Alter oder Familiensituation der Bewohnerinnen und Bewohner. Neben Sprach- und Kontaktschwierigkeiten spielt seit der Flüchtlingsbewegung der Aufenthaltsstatus eine besondere Rolle, da er mit großer Unsicherheit bei den Lebensperspektiven und sonstigen Belastungen der Geflüchteten einhergeht (Vertovic 2007; Robert Bosch-Stiftung 2016; Brücker u.a./et al 2016).
Das Anliegen, die Teilnahmemöglichkeiten an der Gesellschaft zu erweitern, hat in den jeweiligen Stadtgebieten ganz unterschiedliche Voraussetzungen nach Aufenthaltstitel, Qualifikation, Alter oder Familiensituation der Bewohnerinnen und Bewohner.
Im Folgenden werden die stadtsozilogischen Erhebungen separat vorgestellt. Im ersten Teil werden die zentralen Indikatoren die das statistische Amt zur Verfügung stellt, so kleinräumig wie möglich vorgestellt. Die zentralen Indikatoren beziehen sich auf die Demografie und die soziale Lage von Migranten/innen und nicht Migranten/innen. Im zweiten Teil wird das Zusammenleben in ausgewählten Quartieren mit hohem Ausländer/innen bzw. Flüchtlingsanteil behandelt. Der dritte Teil beruht auf einer quantitativen Befragung im Rahmen der Interkulturellen Woche im September 2017, die auf Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede der Wahrnehmung von Integration von Zugewanderten und Mehrheitsgesellschaft abzielt.
Areal optical surface topography measurement is an emerging technology for industrial quality control. However, neither calibration procedures nor the utilization of material measures are standardized. State of the art is the calibration of a set of metrological characteristics with multiple calibration samples (material measures). Here, we propose a new calibration sample (artefact) capable of providing the entire set of relevant metrological characteristics within only one single sample. Our calibration artefact features multiple material measures and is manufactured with two-photon laser lithography (direct laser writing, DLW). This enables a holistic calibration of areal topography measuring instruments with only one series of measurements and without changing the sample.
Erprobung des berufsbegleitenden Bachelorstudiengangs Mechatronik an der Hochschule Kaiserslautern
(2018)
Der vorliegende Arbeits- und Forschungsbericht beschreibt die Begleitung der Studierenden im ersten Jahr des neu eingeführten berufsbegleitenden Bachelorstudiengangs Mechatronik durch das Projekt E-hoch-B. Der Studiengang startete im Sommersemester 2017 an der Hochschule Kaiserslautern. Das hochschulinterne Teilprojekt führte dabei zu zwei unterschiedlichen Zeiträumen qualitative Befragungen durch, um Erkenntnisse über die berufsbegleitend Studierenden und deren Wahrnehmung des Studiums zu gewinnen. Die Befragungen dienten der Qualitätssicherung des entwickelten Angebots. Aus ihnen lassen sich Maßnahmen und Empfehlungen für die Weiterentwicklung des Studiengangs Mechatronik und für die Entwicklung zukünftiger berufsbegleitender Studienangebote ableiten.
Benzene is a natural constituent of crude oil and a product of incomplete combustion of petrol
and has been classified as “carcinogenic to humans” by IARC in 1982 (IARC 1982). (E,E)-
Muconaldehyde has been postulated to be a microsomal metabolite of benzene in vitro
(Latriano et al. 1986). (E,E)-Muconaldehyde is hematotoxic in vivo and its role in the
hematotoxicity of benzene is unclear (Witz et al. 1985).
We intended to ascertain the presence of (E,E)-muconaldehyde in vivo by detection of a
protein conjugate deriving from (E,E)-muconaldehyde.
Therefore we improved the current synthetic access to (E,E)-muconaldehyde. (E,E)-
muconaldehyde was synthesized in three steps starting from with (E,E)-muconic acid in an
overall yield of 60 %.
Reaction of (E,E)-muconaldehyde with bovine serum albumin resulted in formation of a
conjugate which was converted upon addition of NaBH4 to a new species whose HPLC-
retention time, UV spectra, Q1 mass and MS2 spectra matched those of the crude reaction
product from one pot conversion of Ac-Lys-OMe with (E,E)-muconaldehyde in the presence
of NaBH4 and subsequent cleavage of protection groups.
Synthetic access to the presumed structure (S)-2-ammonio-6-(((E,E)-6-oxohexa-2,4-dien-1-
yl)amino)hexanoate (Lys(MUC-CHO)) was provided in eleven steps starting from (E,E)-
muconic acid and Lys(Z)-OtBu*HCl in 2 % overall yield. Additionally synthetic access to
(S)-2-ammonio-6-(((E,E)-6-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dien-1-yl)amino)hexanoate (Lys(MUC-OH))
and (S)-2-ammonio-6-((6-hydroxyhexyl)amino)hexanoate (IS) was provided.
With synthetic reference material at hand, the presumed structure Lys(MUC-OH) could be
identified from incubations of (E,E)-muconaldehyde with bovine serum albumin via HPLC-ESI+-
MS/MS.
Cytotoxicity analysis of (E,E)-muconaldehyde and Lys(MUC-CHO) in human promyelocytic
NB4 cells resulted in EC50 ≈ 1 μM for (E,E)-muconaldehyde. Lys(MUC-CHO) did not show
any additional cytotoxicity up to 10 μM.
B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 400 and 800 mg/kg b.w. benzene to examine the formation
of Lys(MUC-OH) in vivo. After 24 h mice were sacrificed and serum albumin was isolated.
Analysis for Lys(MUC-OH) has not been performed in this work.
In the present master’s thesis we investigate the connection between derivations and
homogeneities of complete analytic algebras. We prove a theorem, which describes a specific set of generators
for the module of derivations of an analytic algebra, which map the maximal ideal of R into itself. It turns out, that this set has a structure similar to a Cartan subalgebra and contains
information regarding multi-homogeneity. In order to prove
this theorem, we extend the notion of grading by Scheja and Wiebe to projective systems and state the connection between multi-gradings and pairwise
commuting diagonalizable derivations. We prove a theorem similar to Cartan’s Conjugacy Theorem in the setup of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras, which arise as projective limits of finite-dimensional Lie algebras. Using this result, we can show that the structure of the aforementioned set of generators is an intrinsic property of the analytic algebra. At the end we state an algorithm, which is theoretically able to compute the maximal multi-homogeneity of a complete analytic algebra.
In this thesis, we deal with the finite group of Lie type \(F_4(2^n)\). The aim is to find information on the \(l\)-decomposition numbers of \(F_4(2^n)\) on unipotent blocks for \(l\neq2\) and \(n\in \mathbb{N}\) arbitrary and on the irreducible characters of the Sylow \(2\)-subgroup of \(F_4(2^n)\).
S. M. Goodwin, T. Le, K. Magaard and A. Paolini have found a parametrization of the irreducible characters of the unipotent subgroup \(U\) of \(F_4(q)\), a Sylow \(2\)-subgroup of \(F_4(q)\), of \(F_4(p^n)\), \(p\) a prime, for the case \(p\neq2\).
We managed to adapt their methods for the parametrization of the irreducible characters of the Sylow \(2\)-subgroup for the case \(p=2\) for the group \(F_4(q)\), \(q=p^n\). This gives a nearly complete parametrization of the irreducible characters of the unipotent subgroup \(U\) of \(F_4(q)\), namely of all irreducible characters of \(U\) arising from so-called abelian cores.
The general strategy we have applied to obtain information about the \(l\)-decomposition numbers on unipotent blocks is to induce characters of the unipotent subgroup \(U\) of \(F_4(q)\) and Harish-Chandra induce projective characters of proper Levi subgroups of \(F_4(q)\) to obtain projective characters of \(F_4(q)\). Via Brauer reciprocity, the multiplicities of the ordinary irreducible unipotent characters in these projective characters give us information on the \(l\)-decomposition numbers of the unipotent characters of \(F_4(q)\).
Sadly, the projective characters of \(F_4(q)\) we obtained were not sufficient to give the shape of the entire decomposition matrix.
Nowadays, the increasing demand for ever more customizable products has emphasized the need for more flexible and fast-changing manufacturing systems. In this environment, simulation has become a strategic tool for the design, development, and implementation of such systems. Simulation represents a relatively low-cost and risk-free alternative for testing the impact and effectiveness of changes in different aspects of manufacturing systems.
Systems that deal with this kind of data for its use in decision making processes are known as Simulation-Based Decision Support Systems (SB-DSS). Although most SB-DSS provide a powerful variety of tools for the automatic and semi-automatic analysis of simulations, visual and interactive alternatives for the manual exploration of the results are still open to further development.
The work in this dissertation is focused on enhancing decision makers’ analysis capabilities by making simulation data more accessible through the incorporation of visualization and analysis techniques. To demonstrate how this goal can be achieved, two systems were developed. The first system, viPhos – standing for visualization of Phos: Greek for light –, is a system that supports lighting design in factory layout planning. viPhos combines simulation, analysis, and visualization tools and techniques to facilitate the global and local (overall factory or single workstations, respectively) interactive exploration and comparison of lighting design alternatives.
The second system, STRAD - standing for Spatio-Temporal Radar -, is a web-based systems that considers the spatio/attribute-temporal analysis of event data. Since decision making processes in manufacturing also involve the monitoring of the systems over time, STRAD enables the multilevel exploration of event data (e.g., simulated or historical registers of the status of machines or results of quality control processes).
A set of four case studies and one proof of concept prepared for both systems demonstrate the suitability of the visualization and analysis strategies adopted for supporting decision making processes in diverse application domains. The results of these case studies indicate that both, the systems as well as the techniques included in the systems can be generalized and extended to support the analysis of different tasks and scenarios.
III/V semiconductor quantum dots (QD) are in the focus of optoelectronics research for about 25 years now. Most of the work
has been done on InAs QD on GaAs substrate. But, e.g., Ga(As)Sb (antimonide) QD on GaAs substrate/buffer have also gained
attention for the last 12 years.There is a scientific dispute on whether there is a wetting layer before antimonide QD formation, as
commonly expected for Stransky-Krastanov growth, or not. Usually ex situ photoluminescence (PL) and atomic force microscope
(AFM) measurements are performed to resolve similar issues. In this contribution, we show that reflectance anisotropy/difference
spectroscopy (RAS/RDS) can be used for the same purpose as an in situ, real-time monitoring technique. It can be employed not
only to identify QD growth via a distinct RAS spectrum, but also to get information on the existence of a wetting layer and its
thickness. The data suggest that for antimonide QD growth the wetting layer has a thickness of 1 ML (one monolayer) only.
Erfolgreiches Compliance-Management basiert unverzichtbar auf einer gelebten, authentischen, wertegeleiteten Compliance-Kultur als Teil der Organisationskultur. Organisationskulturen sind zwar von außen nicht instruktiv plan- und steuerbar, doch durch gezielte systemische Interventionen beeinflussbar.
Eine nachhaltige Compliance-Kultur beinhaltet die fortwährende Kommunikation der Organisationsmitglieder über individuelle und organisationale Annahmen, Werte, Denk- und Verhaltensmuster und einer daraus resultierenden gemeinsamen Auffassung über die Bedeutung von Compliance in der Organisation.
Wirksame Interventionen systemischer Beratung setzen an den mentalen Modellen an und nicht an formalen Regeln und Kontrollmechanismen. Compliance-Management das vorwiegend auf Kontrolle und damit auf individuelles Fehlverhalten blickt, ignoriert die organisationalen Kontexte und kann aus systemischer Sicht nicht langfristig erfolgreich sein.
Den Führungskräften kommt bei der Verankerung von Compliance in der Organisation besondere Bedeutung zu.
Für systemische Berater*innen gilt es, dem Klientensystem Musterunterbrechungen und neue Handlungsoptionen durch passende Prozessbegleitung und Interventionssetzung zu ermöglichen. Dabei zielen alle Interventionen auf die Reflexion persönlicher und organisationaler mentaler Modelle und die Entwicklung der eigenständigen und verantwortlichen Handlungsfähigkeit der Organisationsmitglieder auf Basis der gemeinsamen Compliance-Kultur.
Compliance ist ein andauernder Change-Prozess und somit Teil der allgemeinen Veränderungsfähigkeit von Organisationen. Dieser Prozess zur integren Organisation muss sowohl auf personaler wie auf organisationaler Ebene stattfinden. Die Wechselwirkungen haben nicht nur Einfluss auf das Thema Compliance, sondern wirken positiv auf das Gesamtsystem als lernende und reflektierende Organisation.
Die systemische Beratung kann das Compliance-Management bei der Verankerung einer Compliance-Kultur in Organisationen nachhaltig unterstützen, indem Beteiligte in den Veränderungsprozess aktiv mit einbezogen werden, neue Perspektiven eröffnet, implizites Wissen sichtbar gemacht und grundlegende Annahmen reflektiert werden.
Ziel der Arbeit war es die Verwendung von Modellen und Dokumenten im Produktentwick-lungsprozess vor dem Hintergrund der Aussage, dass sich die Produktentwicklung von einer modellbasierten zu einer dokumentbasierten wandelt, zu untersuchen. Die Betrach-tung von Modellen und Dokumenten auf allgemeiner Ebene hat ergeben, dass sich die beiden Konzepte rein anhand ihrer Definition, ihren Merkmalen und Funktionen nur schwer voneinander unterscheiden lassen und sich somit nicht gegenseitig ausschließen. Die fol-gende zweigeteilte kontextspezifische Untersuchung, zum einen mit dem Fokus auf die traditionelle Sicht der Produktentwicklung und zum anderen mit Fokus auf das Systems Engineering, hat gezeigt, dass in der traditionellen Produktentwicklung die Verwendung von Modellen überwiegt, diese jedoch in der Literatur überwiegend als Dokumente be-zeichnet werden, die Modelle enthalten können. Mit Bezug auf das Systems Engineering konnte eine Fehlbezeichnung bzgl. der Trennung in DBSE und MBSE festgestellt werden, da die Unterscheidung nicht direkt auf der Verwendung von Modellen und Dokumenten basiert, sondern auf einer anderen Art der Informationsübermittlung.
Berufliche Umbrüche sind Teil der Entwicklung eines Menschen. Sie berühren auch seine Persönlichkeit und seine Identität. Wann kann man von gelingender Identitätsentwicklung sprechen? Woran lässt sich diese festmachen? Kann berufsbiografische Diskontinuität einen gelingenden Beitrag zur Identitätsentwicklung darstellen? Und wenn ja, wie? Was bedeutet es, berufliche Umbrüche nicht nur anzunehmen, sondern auch zu gestalten, damit sie einen positiven Beitrag zur Identitätsentwicklung leisten? Welche Faktoren sind dafür förderlich? Und wie sollten diese Erkenntnisse in der erwachsenenbildnerischen Praxis berücksichtigt werden? Die Arbeit nimmt zunächst den Begriff der Identität in den Blick und wendet sich besonders dem Begriff der Anerkennung zu. Nach Betrachtungen zum Zusammenhang von Identität und Erwerbsarbeit sowie einem Überblick über die Phasen von Erwerbsbiografien werden erwachsenenpädagogische Überlegungen angestellt, die für Transitionsprozesse benötigte Kompetenzen ins Zentrum stellen und Konsequenzen für die Arbeit in Einrichtungen der Erwachsenenbildung darstellen.
The research problem is that the land-use (re-)planning process in the existing Egyptian cities
does not attain sustainability. This is because of the unfulfillment of essential principles within
their land-use structures, lack of harmony between the added and old parts in the cities, and
other reasons. This leads to the need for developing an assessment system, which is a
computational spatial planning support system-SPSS. This SPSS is used for identifying the
degree of sustainability attainment in land-uses plans, predicting probable problems, and
suggesting modifications in the evaluated plans.
The main goal is to design the SPSS for supporting sustainability in the Egyptian cities. The
secondary goals are: studying the Egyptian planning and administrative systems for designing
the technical and administrative frameworks for the SPSS, the development of an assessment
model from the SPSS for assessing sustainability in land-use structures of urban areas, as well
as the identification of the improvements required in the model and the recommendations for
developing the SPSS.
The theoretical part aims to design each of the administrative and technical frameworks of the
SPSS. This requires studying each of the main planning approaches, the sustainability in urban
land-use planning, and the significance of using efficient assessment tools for evaluating the
sustainability in this process. The added value of the planning support systems-PSSs for
planning and their role in supporting sustainability attainment in urban land-use planning are
discussed. Then, a group of previous examples in the sustainability assessment from various
countries (developed and developing countries) are selected, which have used various
assessment tools. This is to extract some learned lessons to be guides for the SPSS. And so,
the comprehensive technical framework for the SPSS is designed, which includes the suggested
methods and techniques that perform various stages of the assessment process.
The Egyptian context is studied regarding the planning and administration systems within the
Egyptian cities, as well as the spatial and administrative problems facing the sustainable
development. And so, the administrative framework for the SPSS is identified, which includes
the entities that should be involved in the assessment process.
The empirical part focuses on the design of a selected assessment model from the
comprehensive technical framework of the SPSS to be established as a minimized version from
it. This model is programmed in the form of a new toolbox within the ArcGIS™ software through
geoscripting using Python programming language to be applied for assessing the sustainability
attainment in the land-use structure of urban areas. The required assessing criteria for the model
specialized for the Egyptian and German cities are identified, for applying it on German and
Egyptian study areas.
The conclusions regarding each of PSSs, the Egyptian local administration and planning
systems, sustainability attainment in the land-use planning process in Egyptian Cities, as well as
the proposed SPSS and the developed toolbox are drawn. The recommendations are regarding
each of challenges facing the development and application of PSSs, the Egyptian local
administration and planning systems, the spatial problems in Egyptian cities, the establishment
of the SPSS, and the application of the toolbox. The future agenda is in the fields of sustainable urban land-use planning, planning support science, and the development process in the
Egyptian cities.
Neuronal inhibition is mediated by glycine and/or GABA. Inferior colliculus (IC) neurons receive glycinergic and GABAergic
inputs, whereas inhibition in hippocampus (HC) predominantly relies on GABA. Astrocytes heterogeneously
express neurotransmitter transporters and are expected to adapt to the local requirements regarding neurotransmitter
homeostasis. Here we analyzed the expression of inhibitory neurotransmitter transporters in IC and HC astrocytes using
whole-cell patch-clamp and single-cell reverse transcription-PCR. We show that most astrocytes in both regions expressed
functional glycine transporters (GlyTs). Activation of these transporters resulted in an inward current (IGly) that
was sensitive to the competitive GlyT1 agonist sarcosine. Astrocytes exhibited transcripts for GlyT1 but not for
GlyT2. Glycine did not alter the membrane resistance (RM) arguing for the absence of functional glycine receptors (GlyRs).
Thus, IGly was mainly mediated by GlyT1. Similarly, we found expression of functional GABA transporters (GATs) in all IC
astrocytes and about half of the HC astrocytes. These transporters mediated an inward current (IGABA) that was sensitive to
the competitive GAT-1 and GAT-3 antagonists NO711 and SNAP5114, respectively. Accordingly, transcripts for GAT-1 and
GAT-3 were found but not for GAT-2 and BGT-1. Only in hippocampal astrocytes, GABA transiently reduced
RM demonstrating the presence of GABAA receptors (GABAARs). However, IGABA was mainly not contaminated
by GABAAR-mediated currents as RM changes vanished shortly after GABA application. In both regions, IGABA
was stronger than IGly. Furthermore, in HC the IGABA/IGly ratio was larger compared to IC. Taken together, our
results demonstrate that astrocytes are heterogeneous across and within distinct brain areas. Furthermore, we
could show that the capacity for glycine and GABA uptake varies between both brain regions.
1,3-Diynes are frequently found as an important structural motif in natural products, pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds, electronic and optical materials and supramolecular molecules. Copper and palladium complexes are widely used to prepare 1,3-diynes by homocoupling of terminal alkynes; albeit the potential of nickel complexes towards the same is essentially unexplored. Although a detailed study on the reported nickel-acetylene chemistry has not been carried out, a generalized mechanism featuring a nickel(II)/nickel(0) catalytic cycle has been proposed. In the present work, a detailed mechanistic aspect of the nickel-mediated homocoupling reaction of terminal alkynes is investigated through the isolation and/or characterization of key intermediates from both the stoichiometric and the catalytic reactions. A nickel(II) complex [Ni(L-N4Me2)(MeCN)2](ClO4)2 (1) containing a tetradentate N,N′-dimethyl-2,11-diaza[3.3](2,6)pyridinophane (L-N4Me2) as ligand was used as catalyst for homocoupling of terminal alkynes by employing oxygen as oxidant at room temperature. A series of dinuclear nickel(I) complexes bridged by a 1,3-diyne ligand have been isolated from stoichiometric reaction between [Ni(L-N4Me2)(MeCN)2](ClO4)2 (1) and lithium acetylides. The dinuclear nickel(I)-diyne complexes [{Ni(L-N4Me2)}2(RC4R)](ClO4)2 (2) were well characterized by X-ray crystal structures, various spectroscopic methods, SQUID and DFT calculation. The complexes not only represent as a key intermediate in aforesaid catalytic reaction, but also describe the first structurally characterized dinuclear nickel(I)-diyne complexes. In addition, radical trapping and low temperature UV-Vis-NIR experiments in the formation of the dinuclear nickel(I)-diyne confirm that the reactions occurring during the reduction of nickel(II) to nickel(I) and C-C bond formation of 1,3-diyne follow non-radical concerted mechanism. Furthermore, spectroscopic investigation on the reactivity of the dinuclear nickel(I)-diyne complex towards molecular oxygen confirmed the formation of a mononuclear nickel(I)-diyne species [Ni(L-N4Me2)(RC4R)]+ (4) and a mononuclear nickel(III)-peroxo species [Ni(L-N4Me2)(O2)]+ (5) which were converted to free 1,3-diyne and an unstable dinuclear nickel(II) species [{Ni(L-N4Me2)}2(O2)]2+ (6). A mononuclear nickel(I)-alkyne complex [Ni(L-N4Me2)(PhC2Ph)](ClO4).MeOH (3) and the mononuclear nickel(III)-peroxo species [Ni(L-N4Me2)(O2)]+ (5) were isolated/generated and characterized to confirm the formulation of aforementioned mononuclear nickel(I)-diyne and mononuclear nickel(III)-peroxo species. Spectroscopic experiments on the catalytic reaction mixture also confirm the presence of aforesaid intermediates. Results of both stoichiometric and catalytic reactions suggested an intriguing mechanism involving nickel(II)/nickel(I)/nickel(III) oxidation states in contrast to the reported nickel(II)/nickel(0) catalytic cycle. These findings are expected to open a new paradigm towards nickel-catalyzed organic transformations.
Der vorliegende Bericht beschreibt die Entwicklung von Hochschulzertifikaten des Projekts E-hoch-B – Pflege und Gesundheit und ordnet diese in den Projektzusammenhang ein. Die Methodik der Angebotsentwicklung wird zunächst generell und darauf aufbauend spezifisch für das Zertifikat Ethik und Recht in gemeindenaher Gesundheitsversorgung beschrieben.
Die Beschreibungen der Kompetenzen, Überlegungen zum Tätigkeitsfeld und die Verknüpfung der Ergebnisse der Bedarfserhebungen mit den konkreten Inhalten des Zertifikats bilden den Schwerpunkt des Berichts. Abschließend werden didaktische Überlegungen zur Gestaltung des Zertifikats und zur Prüfungsform transparent gemacht.
Der vorliegende Bericht beschreibt die Entwicklung und Inhalte des Hochschulzertifikats Versorgungsstrategien und psychosoziale Unterstützung für ein Leben mit Demenz zu Hause im Kontext des Projekts E-hoch-B – Pflege und Gesundheit.
Zunächst wird das Vorgehen im Rahmen der Angebotsentwicklung beschrieben. Die Darstellung der Kompetenzen, Überlegungen zum Tätigkeitsfeld und die Verknüpfung der Ergebnisse der Bedarfserhebungen mit den konkreten Inhalten des Zertifikats bilden den Schwerpunkt des Berichts. Abschließend werden didaktische Überlegungen zur Gestaltung des Zertifikats und zur Prüfungsform transparent gemacht.
Grape powdery mildew, Erysiphe necator, is one of the most significant plant pathogens, which affects grape growing regions world-wide. Because of its short generation time and the production of large amounts of conidia throughout the season, E. necator is classified as a moderate to high risk pathogen with respect to the development of fungicide resistance. The number of fungicidal mode of actions available to control powdery mildew is limited and for some of them resistances are already known. Aryl-phenyl-ketones (APKs), represented by metrafenone and pyriofenone, and succinate-dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs), composed of numerous active ingredients, are two important fungicide classes used for the control of E. necator. Over the period 2014 to 2016, the emergence and development of metrafenone and SDHI resistant E. necator isolates in Europe was followed and evaluated. The distribution of resistant isolates was thereby strongly dependent on the European region. Whereas the north-western part is still predominantly sensitive, samples from east European countries showed higher resistance frequencies.
Classical sensitivity tests with obligate biotrophs can be challenging regarding sampling, transport and especially the maintenance of the living strains. Whenever possible, molecular genetic methods are preferred for a more efficient monitoring. Such methods require the knowledge of the resistance mechanisms. The exact molecular target and the resistance mechanism of metrafenone is still unknown. Whole genome sequencing of metrafenone sensitive and resistant wheat powdery mildew isolates, as well as adapted laboratory mutants of Aspergillus nidulans, where performed with the aim to identify proteins potentially linked to the mode of action or which contribute to metrafenone resistance. Based on comparative SNP analysis, four proteins potentially associated with metrafenone resistance were identified, but validation studies could not confirm their role in metrafenone resistance. In contrast to APKs, the mode of action of SDHIs is well understood. Sequencing of the sdh-genes of less sensitive E. necator isolates identified four different target-site mutations, the B-H242R, B-I244V, C-G169D and C-G169S, in sdhB and sdhC, respectively. Based on this information it was possible to develop molecular genetic monitoring methods for the mutations B-H242R and C-G169D. In 2016, the B-H242R was thereby identified as by far the most frequent mutation. Depending on the analysed SDH compound and the sdh-genotype, different sensitivities were observed and revealed a complex cross-resistance pattern.
Growth competition assays without selection pressure, with mixtures of sensitive and resistant E. necator isolates, were performed to determine potential fitness costs associated with fungicide resistance. With the experimental setups used, a clear fitness disadvantage associated with metrafenone resistance was not identified, although a strong variability of fitness was observed among the tested resistant E. necator isolates. For isolates with a reduced sensitivity towards SDHIs, associated fitness costs were dependent on the sdh-genotype analysed. Competition tests with the B-H242R genotypes gave evidence that there are no fitness costs associated with this mutation. In contrast, the C-G169D genotypes were less competitive, indicating a restricted fitness compared to the tested sensitive partners. Competition assays of field isolates, which exhibited several resistances towards different fungicide classes, indicated that there are no fitness costs associated with a multiple resistant phenotype in E. necator. Overall, these results clearly indicate the importance to analyse a representative number of isolates with sensitive and resistant phenotypes.
Funktion des C-terminalen Tryptophans cytosolischer Eisen-Schwefel-Proteine bei deren Assemblierung
(2018)
Eisen-Schwefel (Fe/S)-Cluster sind als essentielle Cofaktoren zahlreicher Proteine in allen Domänen des Lebens vertreten. In eukaryotischen Zellen sind ca. 50 cytosolische und nucleäre Fe/S-Proteine an lebenswichtigen Prozessen, wie der DNA-Replikation und Reparatur, Transkription, tRNA-Modifizierung, Ribosomenassemblierung und metabolischen Stoffwechselwegen, beteiligt. Die Biosynthese und die Insertion der Fe/S-Cluster in Apoproteine erfolgt durch die cytosolische Eisen-Schwefel-Protein-Assemblierungs-maschinerie (CIA). Daran sind nach aktuellem Kenntnisstand elf Faktoren beteiligt. Die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen sind auf molekularer Ebene jedoch noch nicht aufgeklärt. So ist die Erkennung der Apoproteine durch den CIA-Targeting-Komplex bisher nahezu unerforscht. Molekulare Erkennungsfaktoren, eingebettet in der Primärsequenz der cytosolischen und nucleären Targetproteine, wurden bisher nicht beschrieben.
In bioinformatischen Analysen wurde das Tripeptid L(D/E)W am C-Terminus von cytosolischen und nucleären Fe/S-Proteinen identifiziert. Vor allem der Tryptophanrest ist auffällig hoch konserviert. Auf Grund des geringen Vorkommens dieser Aminosäure im eukaryotischen Proteom ist dieses frequente Auftreten von Interesse. Zunächst wurde der Einfluss des C-terminalen Tripeptides auf den Einbau des Fe/S-Clusters in die cytosolischen Apoproteine Leu1, Nar1 und Apd1 im Modellorganismus S. cerevisiae untersucht. C-terminal gekürzte bzw. mutierte Proteinvarianten zeigen in Enzymaktivitätsmessungen, 55Fe-Einbau-Experimenten und Wachstumsuntersuchungen einen Defekt im Clustereinbau. Im Gegensatz dazu hat das Tryptophan bei der Reifung der Isopropylmalat-Isomerase (IPMI, Leu1) in E. coli bzw. bei der chemischen Rekonstitution gereinigter Proteine keine Bedeutung, sodass eine Verbindung des Peptidmotives zur CIA-Maschinerie postuliert wird. Im zweiten Teil wurden Interaktionsstudien zwischen Targetproteinen bzw. Peptiden und den Proteinen des CIA-Targeting-Kompexes Cia1, Cia2 und Met18 durchgeführt. Als in vivo Verfahren wurden das Y2H- bzw. Y3H-System sowie die BioID angewendet. Neben Coimmunpräzipitation wurden auch Peptid-basierte in vitro Methoden wie Fluoreszenzanisotropie-Messungen, ITC und chemische Quervernetzung analysiert. Durch Depletionsstudien konnte gezeigt werden, dass das C-terminale Tryptophan insbesondere bei niedriger Cia1-Konzentration essentiell ist. Im dritten Teil war es möglich, die E. coli-IPMI durch Fusion mit der C-terminalen Sequenz der Hefe-IPMI im Hefecytosol funktionell zu exprimieren. Dieser Funktionstransfer ist abhängig von der CIA-Maschinerie. Dies ist von Bedeutung für die biotechnologische Anwendung von prokaryotischen Fe/S-Proteinen im Cytosol eukaryotischer Organismen. Diese Arbeit liefert, durch die Identifizierung des C-terminalen Tryptophans als Signalsequenz cytosolischer und nucleärer Fe/S-Proteine, einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Erkennung der Targetproteine durch die CIA-Maschinerie.
In this thesis we integrate discrete dividends into the stock model, estimate
future outstanding dividend payments and solve different portfolio optimization
problems. Therefore, we discuss three well-known stock models, including
discrete dividend payments and evolve a model, which also takes early
announcement into account.
In order to estimate the future outstanding dividend payments, we develop a
general estimation framework. First, we investigate a model-free, no-arbitrage
methodology, which is based on the put-call parity for European options. Our
approach integrates all available option market data and simultaneously calculates
the market-implied discount curve. We illustrate our method using stocks
of European blue-chip companies and show within a statistical assessment that
the estimate performs well in practice.
As American options are more common, we additionally develop a methodology,
which is based on market prices of American at-the-money options.
This method relies on a linear combination of no-arbitrage bounds of the dividends,
where the corresponding optimal weight is determined via a historical
least squares estimation using realized dividends. We demonstrate our method
using all Dow Jones Industrial Average constituents and provide a robustness
check with respect to the used discount factor. Furthermore, we backtest our
results against the method using European options and against a so called
simple estimate.
In the last part of the thesis we solve the terminal wealth portfolio optimization
problem for a dividend paying stock. In the case of the logarithmic utility
function, we show that the optimal strategy is not a constant anymore but
connected to the Merton strategy. Additionally, we solve a special optimal
consumption problem, where the investor is only allowed to consume dividends.
We show that this problem can be reduced to the before solved terminal wealth
problem.
We present a study comparing the effect of real-time wearable feedback with traditional training methods for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The aim is to ensure that the students can deliver CPR with the right compression speed and depth. On the wearable side, we test two systems: one based on a combination of visual feedback and tactile information on a smart-watch and one based on visual feedback and audio information on a Google Glass. In a trial with 50 subjects (23 trainee nurses and 27 novices,) we compare those modalities to standard human teaching that is used in nurse training. While a single traditional teaching session tends to improve only the percentage of correct depth, it has less effect on the percentage of effective CPR (depth and speed correct at the same time). By contrast, in a training session with the wearable feedback device, the average percentage of time when CPR is effective improves by up to almost 25%.
For modeling approaches in systems biology, knowledge of the absolute abundances of cellular proteins is essential. One way to gain this knowledge is the use of quantification concatamers (QconCATs), which are synthetic proteins consisting of proteotypic peptides derived from the target proteins to be quantified. The QconCAT protein is labeled with a heavy isotope upon expression in E. coli and known amounts of the purified protein are spiked into a whole cell protein extract. Upon tryptic digestion, labeled and unlabeled peptides are released from the QconCAT and the native proteins, respectively, and both are quantified by LC-MS/MS. The labeled Q-peptides then serve as standards for determining the absolute quantity of the native peptides/proteins. Here we have applied the QconCAT approach to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for the absolute quantification of the major proteins and protein complexes driving photosynthetic light reactions in the thylakoid membranes and carbon fixation in the pyrenoid. We found that with 25.2 attomol/cell the Rubisco large subunit makes up 6.6% of all proteins in a Chlamydomonas cell and with this exceeds the amount of the small subunit by a factor of 1.56. EPYC1, which links Rubisco to form the pyrenoid, is eight times less abundant than RBCS, and Rubisco activase is 32-times less abundant than RBCS. With 5.2 attomol/cell, photosystem II is the most abundant complex involved in the photosynthetic light reactions, followed by plastocyanin, photosystem I and the cytochrome b6/f complex, which range between 2.9 and 3.5 attomol/cell. The least abundant complex is the ATP synthase with 2 attomol/cell. While applying the QconCAT approach, we have been able to identify many potential pitfalls associated with this technique. We analyze and discuss these pitfalls in detail and provide an optimized workflow for future applications of this technique.
In recent years, enormous progress has been made in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Especially the introduction of Deep Learning and end-to-end learning, the availability of large datasets and the necessary computational power in form of specialised hardware allowed researchers to build systems with previously unseen performance in areas such as computer vision, machine translation and machine gaming. In parallel, the Semantic Web and its Linked Data movement have published many interlinked RDF datasets, forming the world’s largest, decentralised and publicly available knowledge base.
Despite these scientific successes, all current systems are still narrow AI systems. Each of them is specialised to a specific task and cannot easily be adapted to all other human intelligence tasks, as would be necessary for Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Furthermore, most of the currently developed systems are not able to learn by making use of freely available knowledge such as provided by the Semantic Web. Autonomous incorporation of new knowledge is however one of the pre-conditions for human-like problem solving.
This work provides a small step towards teaching machines such human-like reasoning on freely available knowledge from the Semantic Web. We investigate how human associations, one of the building blocks of our thinking, can be simulated with Linked Data. The two main results of these investigations are a ground truth dataset of semantic associations and a machine learning algorithm that is able to identify patterns for them in huge knowledge bases.
The ground truth dataset of semantic associations consists of DBpedia entities that are known to be strongly associated by humans. The dataset is published as RDF and can be used for future research.
The developed machine learning algorithm is an evolutionary algorithm that can learn SPARQL queries from a given SPARQL endpoint based on a given list of exemplary source-target entity pairs. The algorithm operates in an end-to-end learning fashion, extracting features in form of graph patterns without the need for human intervention. The learned patterns form a feature space adapted to the given list of examples and can be used to predict target candidates from the SPARQL endpoint for new source nodes. On our semantic association ground truth dataset, our evolutionary graph pattern learner reaches a Recall@10 of > 63 % and an MRR (& MAP) > 43 %, outperforming all baselines. With an achieved Recall@1 of > 34% it even reaches average human top response prediction performance. We also demonstrate how the graph pattern learner can be applied to other interesting areas without modification.
Aufgrund eines festgestellten Bedarfs unter den Studierenden des existenten Weiterbildungs-
studiengangs „Schulmanagement“ am DISC der TU Kaiserslautern, wurde die Entwicklung eines neuen Wahlpflichtmoduls zum Thema Medienpädagogik im Rahmen dieses Studien-
gangs initiiert. Der folgende Text legt die Schritte von der ersten Idee bis zur Implementierung in den Studiengang im Rahmen einer Erprobungsphase dar.