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- Multiobjective optimization (3)
- Hypervolume (2)
- NURBS (2)
- Subset selection (2)
- isogeometric analysis (2)
- k-link shortest path (2)
- pH-taxis (2)
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This work presents a framework for the computation of complex geometries containing intersections of multiple patches with Reissner-Mindlin shell elements. The main objective is to provide an isogeometric finite element implementation which neither requires drilling rotation stabilization, nor user interaction to quantify the number of rotational degrees of freedom for every node. For this purpose, the following set of methods is presented. Control points with corresponding physical location are assigned to one common node for the finite element solution. A nodal basis system in every control point is defined, which ensures an exact interpolation of the director vector throughout the whole domain. A distinction criterion for the automatic quantification of rotational degrees of freedom for every node is presented. An isogeometric Reissner-Mindlin shell formulation is enhanced to handle geometries with kinks and allowing for arbitrary intersections of patches. The parametrization of adjacent patches along the interface has to be conforming. The shell formulation is derived from the continuum theory and uses a rotational update scheme for the current director vector. The nonlinear kinematic allows the computation of large deformations and large rotations. Two concepts for the description of rotations are presented. The first one uses an interpolation which is commonly used in standard Lagrange-based shell element formulations. The second scheme uses a more elaborate concept proposed by the authors in prior work, which increases the accuracy for arbitrary curved geometries. Numerical examples show the high accuracy and robustness of both concepts. The applicability of the proposed framework is demonstrated.
A single facility problem in the plane is considered, where an optimal location has to be
identified for each of finitely many time-steps with respect to time-dependent weights and
demand points. It is shown that the median objective can be reduced to a special case of the
static multifacility median problem such that results from the latter can be used to tackle the
dynamic location problem. When using block norms as distance measure between facilities,
a Finite Dominating Set (FDS) is derived. For the special case with only two time-steps, the
resulting algorithm is analyzed with respect to its worst-case complexity. Due to the relation
between dynamic location problems for T time periods and T-facility problems, this algorithm
can also be applied to the static 2-facility location problem.
We consider the problem of finding efficient locations of surveillance cameras, where we distinguish
between two different problems. In the first, the whole area must be monitored and the number of cameras
should be as small as possible. In the second, the goal is to maximize the monitored area for a fixed number of
cameras. In both of these problems, restrictions on the ability of the cameras, like limited depth of view or range
of vision are taken into account. We present solution approaches for these problems and report on results of
their implementations applied to an authentic problem. We also consider a bicriteria problem with two objectives:
maximizing the monitored area and minimizing the number of cameras, and solve it for our study case.
We consider the problem of finding efficient locations of surveillance cameras, where we distinguish
between two different problems. In the first, the whole area must be monitored and the number of cameras
should be as small as possible. In the second, the goal is to maximize the monitored area for a fixed number of
cameras. In both of these problems, restrictions on the ability of the cameras, like limited depth of view or range
of vision are taken into account. We present solution approaches for these problems and report on results of
their implementations applied to an authentic problem. We also consider a bicriteria problem with two objectives:
maximizing the monitored area and minimizing the number of cameras, and solve it for our study case.
We consider a network flow problem, where the outgoing flow is reduced by a certain percentage in each node. Given a maximum amount of flow that can leave the source node, the aim is to find a solution that maximizes the amount of flow which arrives at the sink.
Starting from this basic model, we include two new, additional aspects: On the one hand, we are able to reduce the loss at some of the nodes; on the other hand, the exact loss values are not known, but may come from a discrete uncertainty set of exponential size.
Applications for problems of this type can be found in evacuation planning, where one would like to improve the safety of nodes such that the number of evacuees reaching safety is maximized.
We formulate the resulting robust flow problem with losses and improvability as a mixed-integer program for finitely many scenarios, and present an iterative scenario-generation procedure that avoids the inclusion of all scenarios from the beginning. In a computational study using both randomly generated instance and realistic data based on the city of Nice, France, we compare our solution algorithms.
The classic approach in robust optimization is to optimize the solution with respect to the worst case scenario. This pessimistic approach yields solutions that perform best if the worst scenario happens, but also usually perform bad on average. A solution that optimizes the average performance on the other hand lacks in worst-case performance guarantee.
In practice it is important to find a good compromise between these two solutions. We propose to deal with this problem by considering it from a bicriteria perspective. The Pareto curve of the bicriteria problem visualizes exactly how costly it is to ensure robustness and helps to choose the solution with the best balance between expected and guaranteed performance.
Building upon a theoretical observation on the structure of Pareto solutions for problems with polyhedral feasible sets, we present a column generation approach that requires no direct solution of the computationally expensive worst-case problem. In computational experiments we demonstrate the effectivity of both the proposed algorithm, and the bicriteria perspective in general.
Geometric Programming is a useful tool with a wide range of applications in engineering. As in real-world problems input data is likely to be affected by uncertainty, Hsiung, Kim, and Boyd introduced robust geometric programming to include the uncertainty in the optimization process. They also developed a tractable approximation method to tackle this problem. Further, they pose the question whether there exists a tractable reformulation of their robust geometric programming model instead of only an approximation method. We give a negative answer to this question by showing that robust geometric programming is co-NP hard in its natural posynomial form.
The sink location problem is a combination of network flow and location problems: From a given set of nodes in a flow network a minimum cost subset \(W\) has to be selected such that given supplies can be transported to the nodes in \(W\). In contrast to its counterpart, the source location problem which has already been studied in the literature, sinks have, in general, a limited capacity. Sink location has a decisive application in evacuation planning, where the supplies correspond to the number of evacuees and the sinks to emergency shelters.
We classify sink location problems according to capacities on shelter nodes, simultaneous or non-simultaneous flows, and single or multiple assignments of evacuee groups to shelters. Resulting combinations are interpreted in the evacuation context and analyzed with respect to their worst-case complexity status.
There are several approaches to tackle these problems: Generic solution methods for uncapacitated problems are based on source location and modifications of the network. In the capacitated case, for which source location cannot be applied, we suggest alternative approaches which work in the original network. It turns out that latter class algorithms are superior to the former ones. This is established in numerical tests including random data as well as real world data from the city of Kaiserslautern, Germany.
Building interoperation among separately developed software units requires checking their conceptual assumptions and constraints. However, eliciting such assumptions and constraints is time consuming and is a challenging task as it requires analyzing each of the interoperating software units. To address this issue we proposed a new conceptual interoperability analysis approach which aims at decreasing the analysis cost and the conceptual mismatches between the interoperating software units. In this report we present the design of a planned controlled experiment for evaluating the effectiveness, efficiency, and acceptance of our proposed conceptual interoperability analysis approach. The design includes the study objectives, research questions, statistical hypotheses, and experimental design. It also provides the materials that will be used in the execution phase of the planned experiment.
A new algorithm for optimization problems with three objective functions is presented which computes a representation for the set of nondominated points. This representation is guaranteed to have a desired coverage error and a bound on the number of iterations needed by the algorithm to meet this coverage error is derived. Since the representation does not necessarily contain nondominated points only, ideas to calculate bounds for the representation error are given. Moreover, the incorporation of domination during the algorithm and other quality measures are discussed.
The ordered weighted averaging objective (OWA) is an aggregate function over multiple optimization criteria which received increasing attention by the research community over the last decade. Different to the ordered weighted sum, weights are attached to ordered objective functions (i.e., a weight for the largest value, a weight for the second-largest value and so on). As this contains max-min or worst-case optimization as a special case, OWA can also be considered as an alternative approach to robust optimization.
For linear programs with OWA objective, compact reformulations exist, which result in extended linear programs. We present new such reformulation models with reduced size. A computational comparison indicates that these formulations improve solution times.
We consider an uncertain traveling salesman problem, where distances between nodes are not known exactly, but may stem from an uncertainty set of possible scenarios. This uncertainty set is given as intervals with an additional bound on the number of distances that may deviate from their expected, nominal value.
A recoverable robust model is proposed, that allows a tour to change a bounded number of edges once a scenario becomes known. As the model contains an exponential number of constraints and variables, an iterative algorithm is proposed, in which tours and scenarios are computed alternately.
While this approach is able to find a provably optimal solution to the robust model, it also needs to solve increasingly complex subproblems. Therefore, we also consider heuristic solution procedures based on local search moves using a heuristic estimate of the actual objective function. In computational experiments, these approaches are compared.
Finally, an alternative recovery model is discussed, where a second-stage recovery tour is not required to visit all nodes of the graph. We show that the previously NP-hard evaluation of a fixed solution now becomes solvable in polynomial time.
We argue that the concepts of resilience in engineering science and robustness in mathematical optimization are strongly related. Using evacuation planning as an example application, we demonstrate optimization techniques to improve solution resilience. These include a direct modelling of the uncertainty for stochastic or robust optimization, as well as taking multiple objective functions into account.
Glioma is a common type of primary brain tumor, with a strongly invasive potential, often exhibiting nonuniform, highly irregular growth. This makes it difficult to assess
the degree of extent of the tumor, hence bringing about a supplementary challenge for the treatment. It is therefore necessary to understand the
migratory behavior of glioma in greater detail.
In this paper we propose a multiscale model for glioma growth and migration. Our model couples the microscale dynamics (reduced to the binding of surface receptors to the
surrounding tissue) with a kinetic transport equation for the cell density on the mesoscopic level of individual cells. On the latter scale we also include the
proliferation of tumor cells via effects of interaction with the tissue. An adequate parabolic scaling yields a convection-diffusion-reaction equation, for which the coefficients
can be explicitly determined from the information about the tissue obtained by diffusion tensor imaging. Numerical simulations relying on DTI measurements confirm the biological
findings that glioma spreads
along white matter tracts.
In this paper we propose a procedure to extend classical numerical schemes for
hyperbolic conservation laws to networks of hyperbolic conservation laws. At the
junctions of the network we solve the given coupling conditions and minimize the
contributions of the outgoing numerical waves. This flexible procedure allows
us to also use central schemes at the junctions. Several numerical examples are
considered to investigate the performance of this new approach compared to the
common Godunov solver and exact solutions.
Starting from the two-scale model for pH-taxis of cancer cells introduced in [1], we consider here an extension accounting for tumor heterogeneity w.r.t. treatment sensitivity and a treatment approach including chemo- and radiotherapy. The effect of peritumoral region alkalinization on such therapeutic combination is investigated with the aid of numerical simulations.
Variational methods in imaging are nowadays developing towards a quite universal and
exible
tool, allowing for highly successful approaches on tasks like denoising, deblurring, inpainting,
segmentation, super-resolution, disparity, and optical flow estimation. The overall structure of such approaches is of the form
D(Ku) + alpha R(u) to min_u
;
where the functional D is a data fidelity term also depending on some input data f and
measuring the deviation of Ku from such and R is a regularization functional. Moreover
K is a (often linear) forward operator modeling the dependence of data on an underlying
image, and alpha is a positive regularization parameter. While D is often smooth and (strictly)
convex, the current practice almost exclusively uses nonsmooth regularization functionals.
The majority of successful techniques is using nonsmooth and convex functionals like the total variation and generalizations thereof, cf. [28, 31, 40], or l_1-norms of coeefficients arising
from scalar products with some frame system, cf. [73] and references therein.
The efficient solution of such variational problems in imaging demands for appropriate algorithms.
Taking into account the specific structure as a sum of two very different terms
to be minimized, splitting algorithms are a quite canonical choice. Consequently this field
has revived the interest in techniques like operator splittings or augmented Lagrangians. In
this chapter we shall provide an overview of methods currently developed and recent results
as well as some computational studies providing a comparison of different methods and also
illustrating their success in applications.
We start with a very general viewpoint in the first sections, discussing basic notations, properties
of proximal maps, firmly non-expansive and averaging operators, which form the basis
of further convergence arguments. Then we proceed to a discussion of several state-of-the
art algorithms and their (theoretical) convergence properties. After a section discussing issues
related to the use of analogous iterative schemes for ill-posed problems, we present some practical convergence studies in numerical examples related to PET and spectral CT reconstruction.
We develop a framework for shape optimization problems under state equation con-
straints where both state and control are discretized by B-splines or NURBS. In other
words, we use isogeometric analysis (IGA) for solving the partial differential equation and a nodal approach to change domains where control points take the place of nodes and where thus a quite general class of functions for representing optimal shapes and their boundaries becomes available. The minimization problem is solved by a gradient descent method where the shape gradient will be defined in isogeometric terms. This
gradient is obtained following two schemes, optimize first–discretize then and, reversely,
discretize first–optimize then. We show that for isogeometric analysis, the two schemes yield the same discrete system. Moreover, we also formulate shape optimization with respect to NURBS in the optimize first ansatz which amounts to finding optimal control points and weights simultaneously. Numerical tests illustrate the theory.
In this paper we give an overview on the system of rehabilitation clinics in Germany in general and the literature on patient scheduling applied to rehabilitation facilities in particular.
We apply a class-teacher model developed to this environment and then generalize it to meet some of the specific constraints of inpatient rehabilitation clinics. To this end we introduce a restricted edge coloring on undirected bipartite graphs which is called group-wise balanced. The problem considered is called patient-therapist-timetable problem with group-wise balanced constraints (PTTPgb). In order to specify weekly schedules further such that they produce a reasonable allocation to morning/afternoon (second level decision) and to the single periods (third level decision) we introduce (hierarchical PTTPgb). For the corresponding model, the hierarchical edge coloring problem, we present some first feasibility results.
Cancer research is not only a fast growing field involving many branches of science, but also an intricate and diversified field rife with anomalies. One such anomaly is the
consistent reliance of cancer cells on glucose metabolism for energy production even in a normoxic environment. Glycolysis is an inefficient pathway for energy production and normally is used during hypoxic conditions. Since cancer cells have a high demand for energy
(e.g. for proliferation) it is somehow paradoxical for them to rely on such a mechanism. An emerging conjecture aiming to explain this behavior is that cancer cells
preserve this aerobic glycolytic phenotype for its use in invasion and metastasis. We follow this hypothesis and propose a new model
for cancer invasion, depending on the dynamics of extra- and intracellular protons, by building upon the existing ones. We incorporate random perturbations in the intracellular proton dynamics to account
for uncertainties affecting the cellular machinery. Finally, we address the well-posedness of our setting and use numerical simulations to illustrate the model predictions.