Refine
Year of publication
- 2017 (84) (remove)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (84) (remove)
Has Fulltext
- yes (84)
Keywords
- A/D conversion (1)
- ADAS (1)
- AFDX (1)
- Ableitungsfreie Optimierung (1)
- Achslage (1)
- Anion recognition (1)
- Automation (1)
- Backlog (1)
- Beschränkte Krümmung (1)
- Betriebliche Gesundheitsförderung (1)
Faculty / Organisational entity
- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Chemie (27)
- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik (13)
- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Mathematik (12)
- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Informatik (8)
- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Raum- und Umweltplanung (8)
- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik (5)
- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Bauingenieurwesen (4)
- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Sozialwissenschaften (3)
- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich Biologie (2)
- Kaiserslautern - Fachbereich ARUBI (1)
The detection and characterisation of undesired lead structures on shaft surfaces is a concern in production and quality control of rotary shaft lip-type sealing systems. The potential lead structures are generally divided into macro and micro lead based on their characteristics and formation. Macro lead measurement methods exist and are widely applied. This work describes a method to characterise micro lead on ground shaft surfaces. Micro lead is known as the deviation of main orientation of the ground micro texture from circumferential direction. Assessing the orientation of microscopic structures with arc minute accuracy with regard to circumferential direction requires exact knowledge of both the shaft’s orientation and the direction of surface texture. The shaft’s circumferential direction is found by calibration. Measuring systems and calibration procedures capable of calibrating shaft axis orientation with high accuracy and low uncertainty are described. The measuring systems employ areal-topographic measuring instruments suited for evaluating texture orientation. A dedicated evaluation scheme for texture orientation is based on the Radon transform of these topographies and parametrised for the application. Combining the calibration of circumferential direction with the evaluation of texture orientation the method enables the measurement of micro lead on ground shaft surfaces.
The present situation of control engineering in the context of automated production can be described as a tension field between its desired outcome and its actual consideration. On the one hand, the share of control engineering compared to the other engineering domains has significantly increased within the last decades due to rising automation degrees of production processes and equipment. On the other hand, the control engineering domain is still underrepresented within the production engineering process. Another limiting factor constitutes a lack of methods and tools to decrease the amount of software engineering efforts and to permit the development of innovative automation applications that ideally support the business requirements.
This thesis addresses this challenging situation by means of the development of a new control engineering methodology. The foundation is built by concepts from computer science to promote structuring and abstraction mechanisms for the software development. In this context, the key sources for this thesis are the paradigm of Service-oriented Architecture and concepts from Model-driven Engineering. To mold these concepts into an integrated engineering procedure, ideas from Systems Engineering are applied. The overall objective is to develop an engineering methodology to improve the efficiency of control engineering by a higher adaptability of control software and decreased programming efforts by reuse.
A Multi-Sensor Intelligent Assistance System for Driver Status Monitoring and Intention Prediction
(2017)
Advanced sensing systems, sophisticated algorithms, and increasing computational resources continuously enhance the advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). To date, despite that some vehicle based approaches to driver fatigue/drowsiness detection have been realized and deployed, objectively and reliably detecting the fatigue/drowsiness state of driver without compromising driving experience still remains challenging. In general, the choice of input sensorial information is limited in the state-of-the-art work. On the other hand, smart and safe driving, as representative future trends in the automotive industry worldwide, increasingly demands the new dimensional human-vehicle interactions, as well as the associated behavioral and bioinformatical data perception of driver. Thus, the goal of this research work is to investigate the employment of general and custom 3D-CMOS sensing concepts for the driver status monitoring, and to explore the improvement by merging/fusing this information with other salient customized information sources for gaining robustness/reliability. This thesis presents an effective multi-sensor approach with novel features to driver status monitoring and intention prediction aimed at drowsiness detection based on a multi-sensor intelligent assistance system -- DeCaDrive, which is implemented on an integrated soft-computing system with multi-sensing interfaces in a simulated driving environment. Utilizing active illumination, the IR depth camera of the realized system can provide rich facial and body features in 3D in a non-intrusive manner. In addition, steering angle sensor, pulse rate sensor, and embedded impedance spectroscopy sensor are incorporated to aid in the detection/prediction of driver's state and intention. A holistic design methodology for ADAS encompassing both driver- and vehicle-based approaches to driver assistance is discussed in the thesis as well. Multi-sensor data fusion and hierarchical SVM techniques are used in DeCaDrive to facilitate the classification of driver drowsiness levels based on which a warning can be issued in order to prevent possible traffic accidents. The realized DeCaDrive system achieves up to 99.66% classification accuracy on the defined drowsiness levels, and exhibits promising features such as head/eye tracking, blink detection, gaze estimation that can be utilized in human-vehicle interactions. However, the driver's state of "microsleep" can hardly be reflected in the sensor features of the implemented system. General improvements on the sensitivity of sensory components and on the system computation power are required to address this issue. Possible new features and development considerations for DeCaDrive are discussed as well in the thesis aiming to gain market acceptance in the future.
Diversitätsgenerierende Retroelemente (DGRs) wurden im Jahre 2002 in Bordetella‐Phagen entdeckt
und stellen eine einzigartige Klasse unter den Retroelementen dar. Durch einen speziellen „Copy‐and‐
Replace“ Mechanismus sind sie in der Lage ein bestimmtes Zielgen zu hypermutieren. Bei diesem
Mutagenic Homing‐Prozess wird die RNA der Templat‐Region (TR) durch die elementeigene reverse
Transkriptase (RT) transkribiert. Die dabei entstandene mutierte cDNA wird anschließend in die
variable Region (VR) des Zielgens inkorporiert und dieses somit diversifiziert. Hierbei steht der
experimentelle Nachweis für die Hypermutation durch die RT noch aus. Zudem spielt das akzessorische
Protein (Avd) eine weitere wichtige Rolle im Mutagenic Homing Prozess, wobei dessen tatsächliche
Funktion noch nicht charakterisiert werden konnte. Bis dato gibt es vor allem Analysen in Bezug auf
das Bordetella‐Phagen DGR, womit sich die Frage nach anderen Systemen und allgemeiner
Anwendbarkeit stellt. Daher war die Analyse des Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 DGR Hauptgegenstand dieser
Arbeit, wobei der Fokus auf der Untersuchung der reversen Transkripase (nRT), sowie der
Charakterisierung des akzessorischen Proteins (nAvd) aus dem Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 DGR lag.
Die nRT konnte überexprimiert werden, wobei sie nur teilweise löslich vorlag. Eine effektive
Aufreinigung der nRT konnte mit den hier getesteten Methoden nicht erzielt werden, sodass andere
Aufreinigungsmethoden erprobt werden müssen. Zudem war die nRT nicht lagerfähig, wodurch eine
regelmäßige neue Proteinpräparation nötig war. In Aktivitätsstudien konnten erste Hinweise auf eine
Aktivität der nRT erhalten werden. Dabei konnten die entstandenen Nukleinsäuren nicht nur
detektiert, sondern auch mittels analytischem Verdau als DNA identifiziert werden. Darüber hinaus
konnte die synthetisierte cDNA mittels PCR amplifiziert und die PCR‐Produkte anschließend
sequenziert werden. Hierbei wurden jedoch keine Adenin‐spezifischen oder sonstigen Mutationen
beobachtet. Somit konnte kein Nachweis für Hypermutation durch die RT erbracht werden. Bei
Untersuchungen bezüglich einer möglichen Interaktion zwischen nRT und nAvd konnte keine erhöhte
nRT‐Aktivität durch die nAvd festgestellt werden.
Die Untersuchungen der nAvd zeigten, dass diese Nukleinsäuren bindet. Hierbei waren Präferenzen
gegenüber verschiedenen Nukleinsäuren zu beobachten. Vor allem RNA/DNA‐Hybride zeigt die
höchste Affinität gegenüber der nAvd, während dsDNA eine höhere Affinität zur nAvd aufweist als
ssRNA. Zudem ist die nAvd in der Lage Nukleinsäuren zu hybridisieren. Hierbei hybridisiert sie ATreiche
DNA‐Moleküle von mittlerer Länge (48 bp) am effizientesten. Ein von der nAvd katalysierter
Strangaustausch konnte nicht beobachtet werden. Weiter konnte gezeigt werden, dass die nAvd selbst
bis 95 °C hitzestabil ist und im Anschluss an Hitzestress weiterhin Nukleinsäuren hybridisieren kann.
Darüber hinaus ist sie befähigt Nukleinsäuren unter Hitzestress zu stabilisieren. Diese Ergebnisse lassen
auf eine Rolle der nAvd als Lotse oder zur Stabilisierung von Nukleinsäuren schließen.
The cytosolic Fe65 adaptor protein family, consisting of Fe65, Fe65L1 and Fe65L2 is involved in many intracellular signaling pathways linking via its three interaction domains a continuously growing list of proteins by facilitating functional interactions. One of the most important binding partners of Fe65 family proteins is the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which plays an important role in Alzheimer Disease.
To gain deeper insights in the function of the ubiquitously expressed Fe65 and the brain enriched Fe65L1, the goal of my study was I) to analyze their putative synaptic function in vivo, II) to examine structural analysis focusing on a putative dimeric complex of Fe65, III) to consider the involvement of Fe65 in mediating LRP1 and APP intracellular trafficking in murine hippocampal neurons. By utilizing several behavioral analyses of Fe65 KO, Fe65L1 KO and Fe65/Fe65L1 DKO mice I could demonstrate that the Fe65 protein family is essential for learning and memory as well as grip strength and locomotor activity. Furthermore, immunohistological as well as protein biochemical analysis revealed that the Fe65 protein family is important for neuromuscular junction formation in the peripheral nervous system, which involves binding of APP and acting downstream of the APP signaling pathway. Via Co-immunoprecipitation analysis I could verify that Fe65 is capable to form dimers ex vivo, which exclusively occur in the cytosol and upon APP expression are shifted to membrane compartments forming trimeric complexes. The influence of the loss of Fe65 and/or Fe65L1 on APP and/or LRP1 transport characteristics in axons could not be verified, possibly conditioned by the compensatory effect of Fe65L2. However, I could demonstrate that LRP1 affects the APP transport independently of Fe65 by shifting APP into slower types of vesicles leading to changed processing and endocytosis of APP.
The outcome of my thesis advanced our understanding of the Fe65 protein family, especially its interplay with APP physiological function in synapse formation and synaptic plasticity.
The development of autonomous mobile robots is a major topic of current research. As those robots must be able to react to changing environments and avoid collisions also with moving obstacles, the fulfilment of safety requirements is an important aspect. Behaviour-based systems (BBS) have proven to meet several of the properties required for these kindsof robots, such as reactivity, extensibility and re-usability of individual components. BBS consist of a number of behavioural components that individually realise simple tasks. Their interconnection allows to achieve complex robot behaviour, which implies that correct
connections are crucial. The resulting networks can get very large making them difficult to verify. This dissertation presents a novel concept for the analysis and verification of complex autonomous robot systems controlled by behaviour-based software architectures with special focus on the integration of environmental aspects into the processes.
Several analysis techniques have been investigated and adapted to the special requirements of BBS. These include a structural analysis, which is used to find constraint violations and faults in the network layout. Fault tree analysis is applied to identify root causes of hazards and the relationship of system events. For this, a technique to map the behaviour-based control network to the structure of a fault tree has been developed. Testing and data analysis are used for the detection of failures and their root causes. Here, a new concept that identifies patterns in data recorded during test runs has been introduced.
All of these methods cannot guarantee failure-free and safe robot behaviour and can never prove the absence of failures. Therefore, model checking as formal verification technique that proves a property to be correct for the given system, has been chosen to complement the set of analysis techniques. A novel concept for the integration of environmental influences into the model checking process is proposed. Environmental situations and the sensor processing chain are represented as synchronised automata similar to the modelling of the behavioural network. Tools supporting the whole verification process including the creation of formal queries in its environment have been developed.
During the verification of large behavioural networks, the scalability of the model checking approach appears as a big problem. Several approaches that deal with this problem have been investigated and the selection of slicing and abstraction methods has been justified. A concept for the application of these methods is provided, that reduces the behavioural network to the relevant parts before the actual verification process.
All techniques have been applied to the behaviour-based control system of the autonomous outdoor robot RAVON. Its complex network with more than 400 components allows for demonstrating the soundness of the presented concepts. The set of different techniques provides a fundamental basis for a comprehensive analysis and verification of BBS acting in changing environments.
This thesis is concerned with different null-models that are used in network analysis. Whenever it is of interest whether a real-world graph is exceptional regarding a particular measure, graphs from a null-model can be used to compare the real-world graph to. By analyzing an appropriate null-model, a researcher may find whether the results of the measure on the real-world graph is exceptional or not.
Deciding which null-model to use is hard and sometimes the difference between the null-models is not even considered. In this thesis, there are several results presented: First, based on simple global measures, undirected graphs are analyzed. The results for these measures indicates that it is not important which null-model is used, thus, the fastest algorithm of a null-model may be used. Next, local measures are investigated. The fastest algorithm proves to be the most complicated to analyze. The model includes multigraphs which do not meet the conditions of all the measures, thus, the measures themselves have to be altered to take care of multigraphs as well. After careful consideration, the conditions are met and the analysis shows, that the fastest is not always the best.
The same applies for directed graphs, as is shown in the last part. There, another more complex measure on graphs is introduced. I continue testing the applicability of several null-models; in the end, a set of equations proves to be fast and good enough as long as conditions regarding the degree sequence are met.
The proliferation of sensors in everyday devices – especially in smartphones – has led to crowd sensing becoming an important technique in many urban applications ranging from noise pollution mapping or road condition monitoring to tracking the spreading of diseases. However, in order to establish integrated crowd sensing environments on a large scale, some open issues need to be tackled first. On a high level, this thesis concentrates on dealing with two of those key issues: (1) efficiently collecting and processing large amounts of sensor data from smartphones in a scalable manner and (2) extracting abstract data models from those collected data sets thereby enabling the development of complex smart city services based on the extracted knowledge.
Going more into detail, the first main contribution of this thesis is the development of methods and architectures to facilitate simple and efficient deployments, scalability and adaptability of crowd sensing applications in a broad range of scenarios while at the same time enabling the integration of incentivation mechanisms for the participating general public. During an evaluation within a complex, large-scale environment it is shown that real-world deployments of the proposed data recording architecture are in fact feasible. The second major contribution of this thesis is the development of a novel methodology for using the recorded data to extract abstract data models which are representing the inherent core characteristics of the source data correctly. Finally – and in order to bring together the results of the thesis – it is demonstrated how the proposed architecture and the modeling method can be used to implement a complex smart city service by employing a data driven development approach.
In change-point analysis the point of interest is to decide if the observations follow one model
or if there is at least one time-point, where the model has changed. This results in two sub-
fields, the testing of a change and the estimation of the time of change. This thesis considers
both parts but with the restriction of testing and estimating for at most one change-point.
A well known example is based on independent observations having one change in the mean.
Based on the likelihood ratio test a test statistic with an asymptotic Gumbel distribution was
derived for this model. As it is a well-known fact that the corresponding convergence rate is
very slow, modifications of the test using a weight function were considered. Those tests have
a better performance. We focus on this class of test statistics.
The first part gives a detailed introduction to the techniques for analysing test statistics and
estimators. Therefore we consider the multivariate mean change model and focus on the effects
of the weight function. In the case of change-point estimators we can distinguish between
the assumption of a fixed size of change (fixed alternative) and the assumption that the size
of the change is converging to 0 (local alternative). Especially, the fixed case in rarely analysed
in the literature. We show how to come from the proof for the fixed alternative to the
proof of the local alternative. Finally, we give a simulation study for heavy tailed multivariate
observations.
The main part of this thesis focuses on two points. First, analysing test statistics and, secondly,
analysing the corresponding change-point estimators. In both cases, we first consider a
change in the mean for independent observations but relaxing the moment condition. Based on
a robust estimator for the mean, we derive a new type of change-point test having a randomized
weight function. Secondly, we analyse non-linear autoregressive models with unknown
regression function. Based on neural networks, test statistics and estimators are derived for
correctly specified as well as for misspecified situations. This part extends the literature as
we analyse test statistics and estimators not only based on the sample residuals. In both
sections, the section on tests and the one on the change-point estimator, we end with giving
regularity conditions on the model as well as the parameter estimator.
Finally, a simulation study for the case of the neural network based test and estimator is
given. We discuss the behaviour under correct and mis-specification and apply the neural
network based test and estimator on two data sets.
Für den Bau von Wohn- und Gewerbegebäuden werden schon seit vielen Jahren
Wandelemente aus haufwerksporigem Leichtbeton verwendet. DieWandelemente werden
in Fertigteilwerken hergestellt und „just-in-time“ auf die Baustelle geliefert und aufgebaut.
Die Wandelemente sind zum Teil massiv hergestellt (Wohnungsbau) oder aber
mit einzelnen Dämmkernen versehen (gewerbliche Bauten). Als Zuschlagsstoffe kommen
überwiegend Naturbims oder Blähton zum Einsatz. Durch einen, im Vergleich zu
Normalbeton und gefügedichtem Leichtbeton, niedrigen Anteil an Zement, berühren
sich die Zuschlagskörner nur punktuell. Dadurch entsteht die haufwerksporige Struktur.
Durch diese Gefügestruktur und die Verwendung von porigen Leichtzuschlägen,
erzielt haufwerksporiger Leichtbeton sehr gute bauphysikalische Eigenschaften, wie z.
B. eine gute Wärmeleitfähigkeit. Den guten bauphysikalischen Eigenschaften stehen
niedrige Festigkeiten gegenüber. Daher wird haufwerksporiger Leichtbeton als wärmedämmender
Leichtbeton in der Regel nur für tragende Bauteile mit geringen Festigkeitsanforderungen
eingesetzt.
Gestiegene Anforderungen an den baulichen Wärmeschutz zwingen deutsche Hersteller
von Wandelementen aus haufwerksporigem Leichtbeton immer wieder zu Neuentwicklungen.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Verwendung von haufwerksporigem
Leichtbeton in dreischichtigen Wandelementen (Sandwichelemente) untersucht.
Die Wandelemente bestehen dabei aus einer innenliegenden Tragschale, einer
außenliegenden Vorsatzschale und einer dazwischenliegenden Schicht aus Dämmstoff.
Die beiden Betonschalen werden durch entsprechende Verbindungselemente
verbunden. In dieser Arbeit wurden als Verbindungselement in der Bauindustrie gebräuchliche
Gitterträger gewählt.
In einer Vielzahl an Versuchen wurden unterschiedliche Erkenntnisse zum Tragverhalten
der Wandelemente gewonnen. An Vier-Punkt-Biegeversuchen wurde das allgemeine
Tragverhalten von bewehrten Platten untersucht. In Auszugversuchen wurde
die Tragfähigkeit von einbetonierten Gitterträgern bestimmt. Die Bestimmung des Last-
Verformungsverhaltens der Verbundfuge (Schicht aus Dämmung und Verbindungsmittel)
erfolgte anhand von Scherversuchen. An großformatigen Wandstreifen wurden zudem
Vier-Punkt-Biegeversuche durchgeführt. Diese Versuche wurden mit aus Literatur
entnommenen Berechnungsformeln für die Schnitt- und Verformungsgrößen aus
der Verbundtragwirkung nachgerechnet. Hierbei wurden sehr gute Übereinstimmungen
erreicht.
Der Einfluss der Gitterträger auf den Wärmedurchgangskoeffizienten (U-Wert) des
Wandquerschnittes wurde anhand von FE-Berechnungen untersucht. Aus den erzielten
Ergebnissen wurden Tabellen generiert, welche eine einfache Berechnung des
Wärmedurchgangskoeffizienten unter Berücksichtigung der Gitterträger ermöglicht.
Abschließend wird die Bemessung von dreischichtigenWandelemente aus haufwerksporigem
Leichtbeton und Gitterträger als Verbindungselement der beiden Betonschalen
nach DIN EN 1520 und den Erkenntnissen dieser Arbeit in einem Bemessungskonzept
vorgestellt.
Betonfertigteile mit integriertem Dämmstoff aus Polystyrol bieten eine ausgezeichnete Lösung zur baulichen Ausführung von Außenwandbauteilen. Die Vorteile gegenüber der Ortbetonbauweise, wie bspw. die Erfüllung hoher Qualitätsansprüche aufgrund der Vorfertigung im Fertigteilwerk oder das Entfallen von Arbeitsschritten auf der Baustelle, ermöglichen einen wirtschaftlichen Bauprozess. Bei der Halbfertigteilbauweise werden nur die äußeren Betonschalen vorgefertigt. Anschließend werden die Wände auf die Baustelle transportiert und mit Ortbeton zum Endquerschnitt verfüllt. Dies erspart den zeit- und kostenintensiven Schalungsvorgang und verringert gleichzeitig das Transportgewicht. Der beim Ausbetonieren der Halbfertigteile auftretende Frischbetondruck muss von Verbindungsmitteln, die zur Kopplung der Betonschalen dienen, mit ausreichender Sicherheit aufgenommen werden. Der Frischbetondruck ist derzeit nach DIN 18218 „Frischbetondruck auf lotrechte Schalungen“ anzunehmen. Die Beeinflussung durch einen integrierten Dämmstoff oder weitere Parameter einer Elementwand bleibt bisher allerdings unberücksichtigt. In Abhängigkeit der Randbedingungen wird der Frischbetondruck stark überschätzt, was zu einem unwirtschaftlichen Bemessungsergebnis im Bauzustand führt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die realitätsnahe Beschreibung des Frischbetondrucks in Elementwänden mit integriertem Dämmstoff.
Angesichts der Vielzahl an Einflussparametern werden die theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen dieser Arbeit systematisch geplant und durchgeführt. In Voruntersuchungen werden bereits einflussschwache Einflussparameter ausgeschlossen und maßgebende Einflussparameter für weiterführende Untersuchungen bestimmt. Neben zahlreichen kleinmaßstäblichen Versuchsreihen, die größtenteils zur Analyse und Beschreibung von einzelnen geometrischen oder werkstoffspezifischen Eigenschaften dienen, werden auch großmaßstäbliche Elementwände untersucht. Diese verfolgen das Ziel, ein besseres Verständnis für die Entstehung des Frischbetondrucks unter Einbeziehung von bauausführungstechnischen Randbedingungen zu entwickeln.
Auf Grundlage der theoretisch und experimentell gewonnenen Erkenntnisse dieser Arbeit wird ein realitätsnahes Berechnungsmodell zur Ermittlung des horizontalen Frischbetondrucks in Elementwänden mit integriertem Dämmstoff abgeleitet. Nach Validierung des Modells an Großversuchen und vereinfachenden Annahmen für einen praxisgerechten Einsatz kann der Frischbetondruck analog zur DIN 18218 mithilfe von einfachen Gleichungen, Tabellen und Diagrammen ermittelt werden. Die Anwendung und der wirtschaftliche Vorteil des Berechnungsmodells werden am Ende der Arbeit anhand von zwei Berechnungsbeispielen demonstriert.
Neben der Beeinflussung des Frischbetondrucks wirkt sich die Umlagerung von Zementleim aus dem Frischbeton in den Dämmstoff auch auf die Eigenschaften des Ortbetons und des Dämmstoffs der Elementwand aus. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, dass sich zwar die wärmedämmende Wirkung des Dämmstoffs verschlechtert, dies jedoch bei hohen Dämmstoffstärken zur Sicherstellung des Wärmeschutzes nach EnEV 2016 vernachlässigt werden kann. Die Druckfestigkeit des Ortbetons infolge des Zementleimentzugs wird durch die Verringerung des w/z-Werts und die nachbehandelnde Wirkung des feuchten Dämmstoffs positiv beeinflusst.
Kurzusammenfassung
Molke gilt als Rohstoff, der ein in großen Mengen anfallendes Nebenprodukt der Käseindustrie ist. In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten wurde die wirtschaftliche Nutzung durch Wertschöpfung dieses kostengünstigen aber wertvollen Produktes intensiviert. Zu den drei wichtigsten Bestanteilen von Molke gehören Mineralien, Eiweiß und Lactose. Gerade der hohe physiologische Nährwert von Molke bei fast vollständiger Abwesenheit von Fett legt eine Anwendung in der Lebensmittelindustrie nahe. So werden inzwischen Bestandteile von Molke in Süßigkeiten, Diätetika, Tablettenfüll-stoffen, Verdickungsmitteln und Säuglingsernährung verwendet.
Vor der Verwendung von mikrobiellem Lab, welcher keine Spätblähung mehr verursacht, gab es ein Problem mit Nitratbelastung in der Molke durch Zugabe von Kalium- bzw. Natriumnitrat während der Käseherstellung zur Inhibition von Fehlgärungen. Bei Kleinkindern droht Lebensgefahr durch innere Erstickung, da das aus Nitrat gebildete Nitrit (durch Bakterien der Darmflora) Hämoglobin oxidiert. Daher wurden die Molkereien gezwungen sich mit dem Thema zu beschäftigen, um dieses Problem zu lösen. Für Erwachsene ist dies aber ungefährlich.
In dieser Arbeit wurde die Denitrifikation von Molkekonzentrat mit nativen Zellen und mit immobilisierten Zellen von Paracoccus denitrificans durchgeführt. Die indirekte Anwendung von dem Bakterium zur Nitratentfernung aus Molkekonzentrat befasst sich mit der Integration der Regeneration des Eluenten in den Prozess nach dem chromatographischen Verfahren. Das im Eluenten enthaltene Nitrat wird auch in Gegenwart von Natriumchlorid über mehrere Zwischenstufen zu elementarem Stickstoff reduziert. Somit wird der Eluent für eine weitere Regeneration wiederverwendbar und das Abwasseraufkommen des Gesamtprozesses stark reduziert. Eine kontinuierliche Denitrifikation des Eluenten mit einer Natriumchlorid-konzentration von 35 g/L wurde durch native Zellen realisiert. Als geeignete Denitrifikationsbedingungen wurden eine Temperatur von 37 °C, ein pH-Wert von 7,5 und die Zugabe von Acetat als Elektronendonor ermittelt.
Kontinuierliche Denitrifikationen mit nativen Zellen wurden in einer Laboratoriums- und Pilotanlage in Bioreaktoren mit einem Volumen von 5 L bzw. 25 L durchgeführt. Die Abtrennung der nativen Zellen zur Rückführung des Eluenten in die chroma-tographische Stufe erfolgte durch Cross-Flow-Filtration. Die vollständige Entfernung von Nitrat in Molkekonzentrat ist bis zu 450 Liter pro Tag im Pilotmaßstab möglich.
Im Falle immobilisierter Zellen wird die Zellabtrennung vereinfacht, da die Immobilisate 1,5-5 mm groß sind. Die Immobilisate konnten somit durch ein einfaches grobmaschiges Sieb zurückgehalten werden. Die Immobilisierung der Mikroorganis-men Paracoccus denitrificans wurde mit Hilfe des LentiKats® der Fa. genialLab GmbH hergestellt. Mit dem immobilisierten Verfahren wurde Nitrat im Eluent bzw. direkt in Molkekonzentrat denitrifiziert. Die Entfernung von Nitrat im Eluent ist bei gleichen Bedingungen wie mit nativen Zellen möglich. Allerdings zeichnen sich immobilisierte Mikroorganismen durch eine geringere Aktivität im Vergleich zu nativen Zellen aufgrund der Diffusionslimitierung, aus. So wurde durch immobilisierte Zellen eine Abbaugeschwindigkeit von v = 22,2 mgNitrat h-1∙g-1BTM im kontinuierlichen Betrieb erreicht, während durch Verwendung nativer Zellen Abbauraten von bis zu 32,4 mgNitrat h-1∙g-1BTM realisiert werden konnten. Der direkte Nitratabbau im Molkekonzentrat wurde bei Temperaturen von 10 °C bis zu 30 °C durchgeführt. Nach 1 h bei 30 °C konnte 90 mg/L Nitratkonzentrat vom Molkekonzentrat entfernt werden. Eine Akkumulierung von Nitrit ist nicht aufgetreten. Bei niedrigeren Temperaturen wurde der Nitratabbau geringer. Bei einer Temperatur von 10 °C ist es nicht mehr möglich Nitrat abzubauen. Die Untersuchung der wichtigen Inhaltstoffe, wie Protein, Mineralstoffe, Lactose, Glucose und Galactose im Molkekonzentrat wurde nach der Denitrifikation durchgeführt. Eine Änderung der Konzentration konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden.
Schlagworte: Molke, Molkeproteine, Denitrifikation, Nitrat, Immobilisierung, Paracoccus denitrificans
For many years, most distributed real-time systems employed data communication systems specially tailored to address the specific requirements of individual domains: for instance, Controlled Area Network (CAN) and Flexray in the automotive domain, ARINC 429 [FW10] and TTP [Kop95] in the aerospace domain. Some of these solutions were expensive, and eventually not well understood.
Mostly driven by the ever decreasing costs, the application of such distributed real-time system have drastically increased in the last years in different domains. Consequently, cross-domain communication systems are advantageous. Not only the number of distributed real-time systems have been increasing but also the number of nodes per system, have drastically increased, which in turn increases their network bandwidth requirements. Further, the system architectures have been changing, allowing for applications to spread computations among different computer nodes. For example, modern avionics systems moved from federated to integrated modular architecture, also increasing the network bandwidth requirements.
Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) [iee12] is a well established network standard. Further, it is fast, easy to install, and the interface ICs are cheap [Dec05]. However, Ethernet does not offer any temporal guarantee. Research groups from academia and industry have presented a number of protocols merging the benefits of Ethernet and the temporal guarantees required by distributed real-time systems. Two of these protocols are: Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet (AFDX) [AFD09] and Time-Triggered Ethernet (TTEthernet) [tim16]. In this dissertation, we propose solutions for two problems faced during the design of AFDX and TTEthernet networks: avoiding data loss due to buffer overflow in AFDX networks with multiple priority traffic, and scheduling of TTEthernet networks.
AFDX guarantees bandwidth separation and bounded transmission latency for each communication channel. Communication channels in AFDX networks are not synchronized, and therefore frames might compete for the same output port, requiring buffering to avoid data loss. To avoid buffer overflow and the resulting data loss, the network designer must reserve a safe, but not too pessimistic amount of memory of each buffer. The current AFDX standard allows for the classification of the network traffic with two priorities. Nevertheless, some commercial solutions provide multiple priorities, increasing the complexity of the buffer backlog analysis. The state-of-the-art AFDX buffer backlog analysis does not provide a method to compute deterministic upper bounds
iiifor buffer backlog of AFDX networks with multiple priority traffic. Therefore, in this dissertation we propose a method to address this open problem. Our method is based on the analysis of the largest busy period encountered by frames stored in a buffer. We identify the ingress (and respective egress) order of frames in the largest busy period that leads to the largest buffer backlog, and then compute the respective buffer backlog upper bound. We present experiments to measure the computational costs of our method.
In TTEthernet, nodes are synchronized, allowing for message transmission at well defined points in time, computed off-line and stored in a conflict-free scheduling table. The computation of such scheduling tables is a NP-complete problem [Kor92], which should be solved in reasonable time for industrial size networks. We propose an approach to efficiently compute a schedule for the TT communication channels in TTEthernet networks, in which we model the scheduling problem as a search tree. As the scheduler traverses the search tree, it schedules the communication channels on a physical link. We presented two approaches to traverse the search tree while progressively creating the vertices of the search tree. A valid schedule is found once the scheduler reaches a valid leaf. If on the contrary, it reaches an invalid leaf, the scheduler backtracks searching for a path to a valid leaf. We present a set of experiments to demonstrate the impact of the input parameters on the time taken to compute a feasible schedule or to deem the set of virtual links infeasible.
This thesis comprises several independent research studies on transition metal complexes as trapped ions in isolation. Electrospray Ionization (ESI) serves to transfer ions from solution into the gas phase for mass spectrometric investigations. Subsequently, a variety of experimental and theoretical methods provide fundamental insights into molecular properties of the isolated complexes: InfraRed (Multiple) Photon Dissociation (IR-(M)PD) spectroscopy provides information on binding motifs and molecular structures at cryo temperatures as well as at room temperature. Collision Induced Dissociation (CID) serves to elucidate molecular fragmentation pathways as well as relative stabilities of the complexes at room temperature. Quantum chemical calculations via Density Functional Theory (DFT) substantiate the experimental results and deepen the fundamental insights into the molecular properties of the complexes. Magnetic couplings between metal centers in oligonuclear complexes are investigated by Broken Symmetry DFT modelling and X Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) spectroscopy.
Zunehmend strengere Regulierungen der CO2-Emissionen von Neuwagen seitens
der europäischen Union erfordern den Einsatz von Leichtbaukonzepten, welche für
die Massenproduktion geeignet sind. Dies erfordert den Einsatz leistungsstarker und
zugleich kostengünstiger Werkstoffe. Für den breiten Einsatz im Transportbereich
werden daher vermehrt kurzglasfaserverstärkte Thermoplaste zur Substitution
klassischer Metallkomponenten eingesetzt. Die geringen Werkstoffkosten, die stetig
weiterentwickelten mechanischen Eigenschaften sowie die Möglichkeit zur
Funktionsintegration aufgrund der hohen Formgebungsfreiheit des Spritzgussprozesses
sind entscheidende Vorteile dieser Werkstoffgruppe. Der Spritzgussprozess
führt zu einer lokal stark variierenden Faserorientierung. Die Werkstoffeigenschaften
hängen dabei entscheidend von der Faserorientierung ab. Besitzt der
Werkstoff parallel zur Faserrichtung seine höchste Steifig- und Festigkeit, sind diese
quer zur Faserorientierung am niedrigsten. Zusätzlich besitzt die thermoplastische
Matrix ein ausgeprägt nichtlineares Werkstoffverhalten, wodurch die strukturmechanische
Berechnung kurzfaserverstärkter Bauteile deutlich erschwert wird. Eine
geeignete Methodik zur Charakterisierung und numerischen Abbildung des
nichtlinearen anisotropen Werkstoffverhaltens mit anschließender Lebensdaueranalyse
ist zurzeit nicht vorhanden und bildet das Ziel dieser Arbeit.
Der untersuchte Werkstoff findet häufig Einsatz in strukturellen Komponenten im
Fahrwerks- und Motorbereich. In diesen Einsatzgebieten ist er zusätzlich zu den
mechanischen Lasten auch Umwelteinflüssen, wie beispielsweise Feuchtigkeit oder
Steinschlägen, ausgesetzt. Im Rahmen der durchgeführten experimentellen Arbeiten
wird der Einfluss dieser zusätzlichen einsatzbedingten Lasten auf die statischen
Eigenschaften und das Lebensdauerverhalten untersucht. Ist ein Fahrwerksbauteil
ganzjährig Wasser und Feuchtigkeit ausgesetzt, kann es in Winterzeiten auch zu
Kontakt mit Tausalzlösungen kommen. In Auslagerungsversuchen über einen
Zeitraum von etwa einem Jahr wird der Werkstoff folgenden Medien ausgesetzt:
Wasser, wässrigem Natriumchlorid und wässrigem Calciumchlorid. Zu verschiedenen
Expositionszeiten werden Proben entnommen und statischen Zugversuchen
unterzogen. Die Auslagerung bewirkt eine deutliche Verschlechterung der Werkstoffeigenschaften,
welche jedoch durch eine Rücktrocknung im Vakuumofen wieder
vollständig hergestellt werden kann.
Mithilfe eines speziell entwickelten Prüfstandes wird der Einfluss von Wasser und Calciumchlorid auf das zyklische Werkstoffverhalten untersucht. Dieser Prüfstand
erlaubt das Besprühen der Proben während eines Dauerschwingversuches. Eine
Reduktion der Lebensdauer aufgrund einer Exposition mit Calciumchlorid kann nicht
nachgewiesen werden. Zur Simulation von dauerhaften Mikro-Steinschlägen wird die
Oberflächenrauheit von Probekörpern künstlich mittels Sandstrahlen erhöht. Sowohl
in den statischen als auch zyklischen Versuchen unter Medieneinfluss kann nur eine
geringe Festigkeitsreduktion ermittelt werden. Dies ist auf die Duktilität des Werkstoffes
und der damit einhergehenden Unempfindlichkeit gegenüber Kerben
zurückzuführen.
Moderne Prozesssimulationen können die Faserverteilung in Bauteilen komplexer
Geometrie noch nicht realitätsnah abbilden, weshalb in dieser Arbeit die
experimentelle Orientierungsanalyse im Mikro-Computertomographen verwendet
wird. Neben Probekörpern wird auch eine komplette Fahrwerkskomponente im
Mikro-Computertomographen analysiert. Die Orientierungsinformationen finden zur
numerischen Beschreibung des Werkstoffverhaltens in der Finite-Elemente-Methode
Verwendung. Eine vollständige statische Werkstoffcharakterisierung dient als
Grundlage für die komplexe Werkstoffmodellierung. Zur Beschreibung des
Lebensdauerverhaltens werden umfangreiche Dauerschwing- und Restfestigkeitsversuche
für unterschiedliche Faserorientierungen und Spannungsverhältnisse
durchgeführt.
Selbstentwickelte Programmroutinen importieren den Faserorientierungstensor jedes
FE-Elementes und definieren in Abhängigkeit der Faserrichtung sowie der
Faseranteile in die jeweilige Richtung das Werkstoffmodell. Eine inkrementelle
Lebensdaueranalyse greift ebenfalls auf selbstentwickelte Routinen zurück und
berechnet die ertragbare Schwingspielzahl unter Berücksichtigung einer zyklischen
Steifigkeitsdegradation hochbelasteter Elemente und damit einhergehenden
Spannungsumlagerungen. Die Routine wird an den zyklisch geprüften Standard-
Probekörpern kalibriert und an der bereits erwähnten Fahrwerkskomponente
validiert. Für unterschiedliche Lastniveaus und Spannungsverhältnisse werden die
Versuchsergebnisse sehr gut durch die entwickelte Berechnungsmethodik
abgebildet. Sowohl die ertragbare Schwingspielzahl als auch das Schadensbild der
Simulation stimmen mit den Versuchen überein.
”In contemporary electronics 80% of a chip may perform digital functions but the 20%
of analog functions may take 80% of the development time.” [1]. Aggravating this, the
demands on analog design is increasing with rapid technology scaling. Most designs
have moved away from analog to digital domains, where possible, however, interacting
with the environment will always require analog to digital data conversion. Adding to
this problem, the number of sensors used in consumer and industry related products are
rapidly increasing. Designers of ADCs are dealing with this problem in several ways, the
most important is the migration towards digital designs and time domain techniques.
Time to Digital Converters (TDC) are becoming increasingly popular for robust signal
processing. Biological neurons make use of spikes, which carry spike timing information
and will not be affected by the problems related to technology scaling. Neuromorphic
ADCs still remain exotic with few implementations in sub-micron technologies Table 2.7.
Even among these few designs, the strengths of biological neurons are rarely exploited.
From a previous work [2], LUCOS, a high dynamic range image sensor, the efficiency
of spike processing has been validated. The ideas from this work can be generalized to
make a highly effective sensor signal conditioning system, which carries the promise to
be robust to technology scaling.
The goal of this work is to create a novel spiking neural ADC as a novel form of a
Multi-Sensor Signal Conditioning and Conversion system, which
• Will be able to interface with or be a part of a System on Chip with traditional
analog or advanced digital components.
• Will have a graceful degradation.
• Will be robust to noise and jitter related problems.
• Will be able to learn and adapt to static errors and dynamic errors.
• Will be capable of self-repair, self-monitoring and self-calibration
Sensory systems in humans and other animals analyze the environment using several
techniques. These techniques have been evolved and perfected to help the animal sur-
vive. Different animals specialize in different sense organs, however, the peripheral
neural network architectures remain similar among various animal species with few ex-
ceptions. While there are many biological sensing techniques present, most popularly
used engineering techniques are based on intensity detection, frequency detection, and
edge detection. These techniques are used with traditional analog processing (e.g., colorvi
sensors using filters), and with biological techniques (e.g. LUCOS chip [2]). The local-
ization capability of animals has never been fully utilized.
One of the most important capabilities for animals, vertebrates or invertebrates, is the
capability for localization. The object of localization can be predator, prey, sources of
water, or food. Since these are basic necessities for survival, they evolve much faster
due to the survival of the fittest. In fact, localization capabilities, even if the sensors
are different, have convergently evolved to have same processing methods (coincidence
detection) in their peripheral neurons (for e.g., forked tongue of a snake, antennae of
a cockroach, acoustic localization in fishes and mammals). This convergent evolution
increases the validity of the technique. In this work, localization concepts based on
acoustic localization and tropotaxis are investigated and employed for creation of novel
ADCs.
Unlike intensity and frequency detection, which are not linear (for e.g. eyes saturate in
bright light, loose color perception in low light), localization is inherently linear. This
is mainly because the accurate localization of predator or prey can be the difference
between life and death for an animal.
Figure 1 visually explains the ADC concept proposed in this work. This has two parts.
(1) Sensor to Spike(time) Conversion (SSC), (2) Spike(time) to Digital Conversion(SDC).
Both of the structures have been designed with models of biological neurons. The
combination of these two structures is called SSDC.
To efficiently implement the proposed concept, a comparison of several biological neural
models is made and two models are shortlisted. Various synapse structures are also
studied. From this study, Leaky Integrate and Fire neuron (LIF) is chosen since it
fulfills all the requirements of the proposed structure. The analog neuron and synapse
designs from Indiveri et. al. [3], [4] were taken, and simulations were conducted using
cadence and the behavioral equivalence with biological counterpart was checked. The
LIF neuron had features, that were not required for the proposed approach. A simple
LIF neuron stripped of these features and was designed to be as fast as allowed by the
technology.
The SDC was designed with the neural building blocks and the delays were designed
using buffer chains. This SDC converts incoming Time Interval Code (TIC) to sparse
place coding using coincidence detection. Coincidence detection is a property of spiking
neurons, which is a time domain equivalent of a Gaussian Kernel. The SDC is designed to
have an online reconfigurable Gaussian kernel width, weight, threshold, and refractory
period. The advantage of sparse place codes, which contain rank order coding wasvii
Figure 1: ADC as a localization problem (right), Jeffress model of sound localization
visualized (left). The values t 1 and t 2 indicate the time taken from the source to s1 and
s2 respectively.
described in our work [5]. A time based winner take all circuit with memory was created
based on a previous work [6] for reading out of sparse place codes asynchronously.
The SSC was also initially designed with the same building blocks. Additionally, a
differential synapse was designed for better SSC. The sensor element considered wasviii
a Wheatstone full bridge AMR sensor AFF755 from Sensitec GmbH. A reconfigurable
version of the synapse was also designed for a more generic sensor interface.
The first prototype chip SSDCα was designed with 257 modules of coincidence detectors
realizing the SDC and the SSC. Since the spike times are the most important information,
the spikes can be treated as digital pulses. This provides the capability for digital
communication between analog modules. This creates a lot of freedom for use of digital
processing between the discussed analog modules. This advantage is fully exploited
in the design of SSDCα. Three SSC modules are multiplexed to the SDC. These SSC
modules also provide outputs from the chip simultaneously. A rising edge detecting fixed
pulse width generation circuit is used to create pulses that are best suited for efficient
performance of the SDC. The delay lines are made reconfigurable to increase robustness
and modify the span of the SDC. The readout technique used in the first prototype is
a relatively slow but safe shift register. It is used to analyze the characteristics of the
core work. This will be replaced by faster alternatives discussed in the work. The area
of the chip is 8.5 mm 2 . It has a sampling rate from DC to 150 kHz. It has a resolution
from 8-bit to 13-bit. It has 28,200 transistors on the chip. It has been designed in 350
nm CMOS technology from ams. The chip has been manufactured and tested with a
sampling rate of 10 kHz and a theoretical resolution of 8 bits. However, due to the
limitations of our Time-Interval-Generator, we are able to confirm for only 4 bits of
resolution.
The key novel contributions of this work are
• Neuromorphic implementation of AD conversion as a localization problem based
on sound localization and tropotaxis concepts found in nature.
• Coincidence detection with sparse place coding to enhance resolution.
• Graceful degradation without redundant elements, inherent robustness to noise,
which helps in scaling of technologies
• Amenable to local adaptation and self-x features.
Conceptual goals have all been fulfilled, with the exception of adaptation. The feasibility
for local adaptation has been shown with promising results and further investigation is
required for future work. This thesis work acts as a baseline, paving the way for R&D
in a new direction. The chip design has used 350 nm ams hitkit as a vehicle to prove
the functionality of the core concept. The concept can be easily ported to present
aggressively-scaled-technologies and future technologies.
In this thesis we explicitly solve several portfolio optimization problems in a very realistic setting. The fundamental assumptions on the market setting are motivated by practical experience and the resulting optimal strategies are challenged in numerical simulations.
We consider an investor who wants to maximize expected utility of terminal wealth by trading in a high-dimensional financial market with one riskless asset and several stocks.
The stock returns are driven by a Brownian motion and their drift is modelled by a Gaussian random variable. We consider a partial information setting, where the drift is unknown to the investor and has to be estimated from the observable stock prices in addition to some analyst’s opinion as proposed in [CLMZ06]. The best estimate given these observations is the well known Kalman-Bucy-Filter. We then consider an innovations process to transform the partial information setting into a market with complete information and an observable Gaussian drift process.
The investor is restricted to portfolio strategies satisfying several convex constraints.
These constraints can be due to legal restrictions, due to fund design or due to client's specifications. We cover in particular no-short-selling and no-borrowing constraints.
One popular approach to constrained portfolio optimization is the convex duality approach of Cvitanic and Karatzas. In [CK92] they introduce auxiliary stock markets with shifted market parameters and obtain a dual problem to the original portfolio optimization problem that can be better solvable than the primal problem.
Hence we consider this duality approach and using stochastic control methods we first solve the dual problems in the cases of logarithmic and power utility.
Here we apply a reverse separation approach in order to obtain areas where the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman differential equation can be solved. It turns out that these areas have a straightforward interpretation in terms of the resulting portfolio strategy. The areas differ between active and passive stocks, where active stocks are invested in, while passive stocks are not.
Afterwards we solve the auxiliary market given the optimal dual processes in a more general setting, allowing for various market settings and various dual processes.
We obtain explicit analytical formulas for the optimal portfolio policies and provide an algorithm that determines the correct formula for the optimal strategy in any case.
We also show optimality of our resulting portfolio strategies in different verification theorems.
Subsequently we challenge our theoretical results in a historical and an artificial simulation that are even closer to the real world market than the setting we used to derive our theoretical results. However, we still obtain compelling results indicating that our optimal strategies can outperform any benchmark in a real market in general.
This thesis brings together convex analysis and hyperspectral image processing.
Convex analysis is the study of convex functions and their properties.
Convex functions are important because they admit minimization by efficient algorithms
and the solution of many optimization problems can be formulated as
minimization of a convex objective function, extending much beyond
the classical image restoration problems of denoising, deblurring and inpainting.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)
At the heart of convex analysis is the duality mapping induced within the
class of convex functions by the Fenchel transform.
In the last decades efficient optimization algorithms have been developed based
on the Fenchel transform and the concept of infimal convolution.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)
The infimal convolution is of similar importance in convex analysis as the
convolution in classical analysis. In particular, the infimal convolution with
scaled parabolas gives rise to the one parameter family of Moreau-Yosida envelopes,
which approximate a given function from below while preserving its minimum
value and minimizers.
The closely related proximal mapping replaces the gradient step
in a recently developed class of efficient first-order iterative minimization algorithms
for non-differentiable functions. For a finite convex function,
the proximal mapping coincides with a gradient step of its Moreau-Yosida envelope.
Efficient algorithms are needed in hyperspectral image processing,
where several hundred intensity values measured in each spatial point
give rise to large data volumes.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)
In the \(\textbf{first part}\) of this thesis, we are concerned with
models and algorithms for hyperspectral unmixing.
As part of this thesis a hyperspectral imaging system was taken into operation
at the Fraunhofer ITWM Kaiserslautern to evaluate the developed algorithms on real data.
Motivated by missing-pixel defects common in current hyperspectral imaging systems,
we propose a
total variation regularized unmixing model for incomplete and noisy data
for the case when pure spectra are given.
We minimize the proposed model by a primal-dual algorithm based on the
proximum mapping and the Fenchel transform.
To solve the unmixing problem when only a library of pure spectra is provided,
we study a modification which includes a sparsity regularizer into model.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)
We end the first part with the convergence analysis for a multiplicative
algorithm derived by optimization transfer.
The proposed algorithm extends well-known multiplicative update rules
for minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence,
to solve a hyperspectral unmixing model in the case
when no prior knowledge of pure spectra is given.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)
In the \(\textbf{second part}\) of this thesis, we study the properties of Moreau-Yosida envelopes,
first for functions defined on Hadamard manifolds, which are (possibly) infinite-dimensional
Riemannian manifolds with negative curvature,
and then for functions defined on Hadamard spaces.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)
In particular we extend to infinite-dimensional Riemannian manifolds an expression
for the gradient of the Moreau-Yosida envelope in terms of the proximal mapping.
With the help of this expression we show that a sequence of functions
converges to a given limit function in the sense of Mosco
if the corresponding Moreau-Yosida envelopes converge pointwise at all scales.
\(\hspace{1mm}\)
Finally we extend this result to the more general setting of Hadamard spaces.
As the reverse implication is already known, this unites two definitions of Mosco convergence
on Hadamard spaces, which have both been used in the literature,
and whose equivalence has not yet been known.