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Erstmalig wurde Synchrotron-basierte nukleare inelastische Streuung (NIS) unter Nutzung des Mößbauer-Isotops 161Dy für die Untersuchung der vibronischen Eigenschaften eines DyIII-basierten Einzelmolekülmagneten, [Dy(Cy3PO)2(H2O)5]Br3⋅2 (Cy3PO)⋅2 H2O⋅2 EtOH, eingesetzt. Die experimentelle partielle Phononen-Zustandsdichte, die alle Schwingungen mit einer Auslenkung des DyIII-Ions enthält, wurde mit Hilfe von auf Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT) basierenden Simulationen reproduziert, was die Zuordnung aller intramolekularen Schwingungsmoden des Moleküls ermöglicht. Diese Studie zeigt, dass 161Dy-NIS als eine experimentelle Methode ein hohes Potential besitzt, um zur Klärung der Rolle von Phononen in Einzelmolekülmagneten beizutragen.
VIPP proteins aid thylakoid biogenesis and membrane maintenance in cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. Some members of the Chlorophyceae contain two VIPP paralogs termed VIPP1 and VIPP2, which originate from an early gene duplication event during the evolution of green algae. VIPP2 is barely expressed under nonstress conditions but accumulates in cells exposed to high light intensities or H2O2, during recovery from heat stress, and in mutants with defective integration (alb3.1) or translocation (secA) of thylakoid membrane proteins. Recombinant VIPP2 forms rod-like structures in vitro and shows a strong affinity for phosphatidylinositol phosphate. Under stress conditions, >70% of VIPP2 is present in membrane fractions and localizes to chloroplast membranes. A vipp2 knock-out mutant displays no growth phenotypes and no defects in the biogenesis or repair of photosystem II. However, after exposure to high light intensities, the vipp2 mutant accumulates less HSP22E/F and more LHCSR3 protein and transcript. This suggests that VIPP2 modulates a retrograde signal for the expression of nuclear genes HSP22E/F and LHCSR3. Immunoprecipitation of VIPP2 from solubilized cells and membrane-enriched fractions revealed major interactions with VIPP1 and minor interactions with HSP22E/F. Our data support a distinct role of VIPP2 in sensing and coping with chloroplast membrane stress.
The Griffith-Ley oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones is performed with either RuCl3 ⋅ (H2O)x or a highly stable, well-defined ruthenium catalyst and with cheap trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) as the oxygen source. The use of n-heptane as the solvent, which forms a second phase with TMAO and a part of the alcohol, allows the reactions to be performed with a minimum amount of catalyst. This results in high local concentrations and thus to very rapid conversions. Detailed quantum chemical calculations suggest, that the Griffith-Ley oxidation not necessarily requires high oxidation states of ruthenium but can also proceed with RuII/RuIV species.
Sulfinate salts have attracted considerable attentions due to their versatile reactivity. They have emerged as highly useful building blocks for the construction of all kinds of sulfonyl-group containing molecules, such as sulfones or sulfonamides, and for the construction of various carbon–carbon- and carbon–heteroatom-bonds via sulfur dioxide (SO2) extrusion. Herein, we want to summarize the latest developments in the synthesis of sulfinate salts. Both improvement of classical methods and the development of various novel protocols will be discussed. Also selected one-pot methods directly utilizing in situ generated sulfinate salts as intermediates will be covered in this review article.
Herein, experimental demonstration of the parallel parametric generation of spin waves in a microscaled yttrium iron garnet waveguide with nanoscale thickness is presented. Using Brillouin light scattering microscopy, the parametric excitation of the first and second waveguide modes by a stripline microwave pumping source is observed. Micromagnetic simulations reveal the wave vector of the parametrically generated spin waves. Based on analytical calculations, which are in excellent agreement with experiments and simulations, it is proved that the spin-wave radiation losses are the determinative term of the parametric instability threshold in this miniaturized system. The used method enables the direct excitation and amplification of nanometer spin waves dominated by exchange interactions. The presented results pave the way for integrated magnonics based on insulating nanomagnets.
A palladium-catalyzed three-component synthesis of α-arylglycines from benzoic acids, sulfonamides and glyoxylic acid is reported. This novel reaction offers straightforward access to the important arylglycine motif in good yields and high structural diversity. By replacing boronic with carboxylic acids as nucleophilic component, this method can be considered as a more sustainable version of the classical Petasis reaction for synthesis of arylglycines.
Enantiomerically pure, C2-symmetric 2,6-bis(pyrazol-3-yl) pyridine ligands were obtained by treatment of diethyl-2,6-pyridinedicarbonate with (1R,4R)-(+)-camphor in the presence of NaH followed by ring closure with hydrazine. After twofold N-alkylation at the pyrazole rings, the addition of iron(II) chloride led to the according pentacoordinate dichloridoiron(II) complexes. All intermediates of the ligand synthesis, the ligands bearing NCH3 and NCH2C6H5 groups and the derived iron(II) complexes were structurally characterized by means of X-ray structure analysis. In-situ reaction with iron(II) carboxylates resulted in the formation of iron(II) carboxylate complexes, which turned out to be highly active in the hydrosilylation of acetophenone. However, even at room temperature, the enantiomeric excess of the product 1-phenylethanol is poor. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy gave an insight into the species formed during catalysis.
This DFG-funded research project aimed to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of the W-Cl repair principle within the framework of fundamental investigations, to contribute to the creation of the necessary basis for a broader application of the repair principle in practice. The focus was on the development of a model to describe the chloride redistribution after the application of a system sealing surface protective coating. On the basis of Fick's second law of diffusion, a mathematical model with a self-contained analytical solution was developed, with the help of which the chloride redistribution after application of a system sealing surface protective coating can be calculated under the idealized assumption of complete water saturation of the concrete. Furthermore, the influence of the dehydration of the concrete, expected as a result of the application of the repair principle W-Cl, on the chloride redistribution was investigated. On the basis of laboratory tests and numerical simulations, material-specific reduction functions were developed to quantify the relationship between the chloride diffusion coefficient and the ambient humidity.
The fundamental differences in hydrodynamics of the froth and spray regime account for the ongoing interest in search for the point of phase inversion. This short communication presents a new approach for identification of phase inversion on sieve trays in terms of an image-based measurement technique. Image analysis of entrained droplets reveals a distinct increase in Sauter mean diameter and droplet frequency during phase inversion. Further measurement methods like pressure drop, gravimetric analysis of entrained liquid, froth height assessment and photographic observation of the flow regime serve as a reference value and complement the discussion. A flow map based on the experimental data comprises each regime and shows a good agreement with phase inversion correlations from literature.
Algorithmic decision-making (ADM) systems have come to support, pre-empt or substitute for human decisions in manifold areas, with potentially significant impacts on individuals' lives. Achieving transparency and accountability has been formulated as a general goal regarding the use of these systems. However, concrete applications differ widely in the degree of risk and the accountability problems they entail for data subjects. The present paper addresses this variation and presents a framework that differentiates regulatory requirements for a range of ADM system uses. It draws on agency theory to conceptualize accountability challenges from the point of view of data subjects with the purpose to systematize instruments for safeguarding algorithmic accountability. The paper furthermore shows how such instruments can be matched to applications of ADM based on a risk matrix. The resulting comprehensive framework can guide the evaluation of ADM systems and the choice of suitable regulatory provisions.
We describe a novel technique for the simultaneous visualization of multiple scalar fields, e.g. representing the members of an ensemble, based on their contour trees. Using tree alignments, a graph-theoretic concept similar to edit distance mappings, we identify commonalities across multiple contour trees and leverage these to obtain a layout that can represent all trees simultaneously in an easy-to-interpret, minimally-cluttered manner. We describe a heuristic algorithm to compute tree alignments for a given similarity metric, and give an algorithm to compute a joint layout of the resulting aligned contour trees. We apply our approach to the visualization of scalar field ensembles, discuss basic visualization and interaction possibilities, and demonstrate results on several analytic and real-world examples.
Synchrotron-based nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) using the Mössbauer isotope 161Dy has been employed for the first time to study the vibrational properties of a single-molecule magnet (SMM) incorporating DyIII, namely [Dy(Cy3PO)2(H2O)5]Br3⋅2 (Cy3PO)⋅2 H2O ⋅2 EtOH. The experimental partial phonon density of states (pDOS), which includes all vibrational modes involving a displacement of the DyIII ion, was reproduced by means of simulations using density functional theory (DFT), enabling the assignment of all intramolecular vibrational modes. This study proves that 161Dy NRVS is a powerful experimental tool with significant potential to help to clarify the role of phonons in SMMs.
This article proposes a new clock-dependent gain-scheduled dynamic output feedback controller for delayed linear parameter varying systems with piecewise constant parameters. The proposed controller guarantees ℒ2-performance. By employing a clock-dependent Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, a sufficient condition for the existence of the controller is provided in terms of clock- and parameter-dependent linear matrix inequalities. A case study on output feedback control of delayed switched systems is also provided. To illustrate the efficacy of the result, it is applied to a practical VTOL helicopter model.
The digitization of extraction columns requires a profound knowledge of the present hydrodynamics/mass transport interaction as well as appropriate measurement techniques for the detection of relevant input and target values. In this article, the different techniques for droplet size distribution as well as concentration determination are presented and new methods for online evaluation are discussed. In combination with the simulation of droplet size, holdup and solute concentration distribution, an online-capable process tool for controlling and optimizing extraction columns will be obtained.
Microcrystalline cellulose pellets for oral drug delivery are often produced by a combined wet extrusion-spheronization process. During the entire process, the cylindrical as well as the spherical pellets are exposed to various stresses resulting in a change of their shape and size due to plastic deformation and breakage. In this work, the effect of moisture content of pellets on their mechanical behavior is studied. In static compression tests, the strong influence of water content on deformation behavior of pellets is confirmed. Moreover, impact tests are performed using a setup consisting of three high-speed cameras to record pellet-wall collisions. Material properties, such as stiffness, restitution coefficient, breakage force, and displacement, were analyzed depending on the water content.
A highly water-dispersible heterogeneous Brønsted acid surfactant was prepared by synthesis of a bi-functional anisotropic Janus-type material. The catalyst comprises ionic functionalities on one side and propyl-SO3H groups on the other. The novel material was investigated as a green substitute of a homogeneous acidic phase transfer catalyst (PTC). The activity of the catalyst was investigated for the aqueous-phase oxidation of cyclohexene to adipic acid with 30 % hydrogen peroxide even in a decagram-scale. It can also be used for the synthesis of some other carboxylic acid derivatives as well as diethyl phthalate.
Machining is very common in industry, e.g. automotive industry and aerospace industry, which is a nonlinear dynamic problem including large deformations, large strain, large strain rates and high temperatures, that implies some difficulties for numerical methods such as Finite element method. One way to simulate such kind of problems is the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) which combines the advantages of continuum mechanics and discrete modeling techniques. In this work we introduce an improved PFEM called the Adaptive Particle Finite Element Method (A-PFEM). The A-PFEM introduces particles and removes wrong elements along the numerical simulation to improve accuracy, precision, decrease computing time and resolve the phenomena that take place in machining in multiple scales. At the end of this paper, some examples are present to show the performance of the A-PFEM.
One technique to describe the failure of mechanical structures is a phase field model for fracture. Phase field models for fracture consider an independent scalar field variable in addition to the mechanical displacement [1]. The phase field ansatz approximates crack surfaces as a continuous transition zone in which the phase field variable varies from a value that indicates intact material to another value that represents cracks. For a good approximation of cracks, these transition zones are required to be narrow, which leads to steep gradients in the fracture field. As a consequence, the required mesh density in a finite element simulation and thus the computational effort increases. In order to circumvent this efficiency problem, exponential shape functions were introduced in the discretization of the phase field variable, see [2]. Compared to the bilinear shape functions these special shape functions allow for a better approximation of the steep transition with less elements. Unfortunately, the exponential shape functions are not symmetric, which requires a certain orientation of elements relative to the crack surfaces. This adaptation is not uniquely determined and needs to be set up in the correct way in order to improve the approximation of smooth cracks. The issue is solved in this work by reorientating the exponential shape functions according to the nodal value of phase field gradient in a particular element. To be precise, this work discusses an adaptive algorithm that implements such a reorientation for 2d and 3d situations.
In grinding, the crystal grain size of the workpiece material is relatively same range compared to the removal depth. This raises a question if an anisotropic material model, which considers the effect of the crystal grain size and orientations, would better predict the process forces when compared to an isotropic material model. Initially, a simple micro-indentation process is chosen to compare the two models. In this work, a crystal plasticity model and an isotropic Johnson-Cooke plasticity model are employed to simulate micro-identation of a twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel. The results of the two models are compared using the force-displacement curves from the micro-indentation experiments. In the future, the study will be extended to describe the material removal process during a single grit scratch test.
A branch-and-cut approach and alternative formulations for thetraveling salesman problem with drone
(2020)
In this paper, we are interested in studying thetraveling salesman problem withdrone(TSP-D). Given a set of customers and a truck that is equipped with a singledrone, the TSP-D asks that all customers are served exactly once and minimal deliv-ery time is achieved. We provide two compact mixed integer linear programmingformulations that can be used to address instances with up to 10 customer within afew seconds. Notably, we introduce a third formulation for the TSP-D with an expo-nential number of constraints. The latter formulation is suitable to be solved by abranch-and-cut algorithm. Indeed, this approach can be used to find optimal solu-tions for several instances with up to 20 customers within 1 hour, thus challenging thecurrent state-of-the-art in solving the TSP-D. A detailed numerical study providesan in-depth comparison on the effectiveness of the proposed formulations. More-over, we reveal further details on the operational characteristics of a drone-assisteddelivery system. By using three different sets of benchmark instances, considera-tion is given to various assumptions that affect, for example, technological droneparameters and the impact of distance metrics.
Editorial
(2020)
Editorial
(2020)
Bacterial cell appendix formation supports cell-cell interaction, cell adhesion and cell movement. Additionally, in bioelectrochemical systems (BES), cell appendages have been shown to participate in extracellular electron transfer. In this work, the cell appendix formation of Clostridium acetobutylicum in biofilms of a BES are imaged and compared with conventional biofilms. Under all observed conditions, the cells possess filamentous appendages with a higher number and density in the BES. Differences in the amount of extracellular polymeric substance in the biofilms of the electrodes lead to the conclusion that the cathode can be used as electron donor and the anode as electron acceptor by C. acetobutylicum. When using conductive atomic force microscopy, a current response of about 15 nA is found for the cell appendages from the BES. This is the first report of conductivity for clostridial cell appendices and represents the basis for further studies on their role for biofilm formation and electron transfer.
Mobilität in Städten
(2020)
Editorial
(2020)
Without actors, there is no action: How interpersonal interactions help to explain routine dynamics
(2020)
In this paper, we argue that it is important to gain a better understanding on how people interact with each other to explain routine dynamics. Thus, we propose to focus on the interpersonal interactions of actors which is not only the fact that actors interact with each other but that the manner and quality of these interactions is important to understand routine dynamics. By drawing on social exchange theory, we propose a framework that seeks to explain routine dynamics based on different relationships between actors. Building on this framework, we provide different process models indicating how routine performing and patterning is enacted due to the respective relationship of actors. Our insights contribute to research on routine dynamics by arguing (1) that actions of patterning are dependent on the relationship of actors; (2) that trust works as an enabler for creating new patterns of actions; (3) that distrust functions as an enhancer for interrupting and dissolving patterns of actions.
Defects change the phonon spectrum and also the magnetic properties of bcc-Fe. Using molecular dynamics simulation, the influence of defects – vacancies, dislocations, and grain boundaries – on the phonon spectra and magnetic properties of bcc-Fe is determined. It is found that the main influence of defects consists in a decrease of the amplitude of the longitudinal peak, PL, at around 37 meV. While the change in phonon spectra shows only little dependence on the defect type, the quantitative decrease of PL is proportional to the defect concentration. Local magnetic moments can be determined from the local atomic volumes. Again, the changes in the magnetic moments of a defective crystal are linear in the defect concentrations. In addition, the change of the phonon density of states and the magnetic moments under homogeneous uniaxial strain are investigated.
Mobile devices (smartphones or tablets) as experimental tools (METs) offer inspiring possibilities for science education, but until now, there has been little research studying this approach. Previous research indicated that METs have positive effects on students’ interest and curiosity. The present investigation focuses on potential cognitive effects of METs using video analyses on tablets to investigate pendulum movements and an instruction that has been used before to study effects of smartphones’ acceleration sensors. In a quasi-experimental repeated-measurement design, a treatment group uses METs (TG, NTG = 23) and a control group works with traditional experimental tools (CG, NCG = 28) to study the effects on interest, curiosity, and learning achievement. Moreover, various control variables were taken into account. We suppose that pupils in the TG have a lower extraneous cognitive load and higher learning achievement than those in the CG working with traditional experimental tools. ANCOVAs showed significantly higher levels of learning achievement in the TG (medium effect size). No differences were found for interest, curiosity, or cognitive load. This might be due to a smaller material context provided by tablets, in comparison to smartphones, as more pupils possess and are familiar with smartphones than with tablets. Another reason for the unchanged interest might be the composition of the sample: While previous research showed that especially originally less-interested students profited most from using METs, the current sample contained only specialized courses, i.e., students with a high original interest, for whom the effect of METs on their interest is presumably smaller.
Existentialist philosophy offers an understanding of how trying to eliminate ambiguities that inevitably mark the human condition only seemingly leads to freedom. This existentialist outlook can also serve to shed light on how democratic politics may similarly show tendencies which aim at overcoming immanent tensions. Such tendencies in democratic politics can be clarified using Sartre’s notion of ignorance – and truth as its counterpart. His concept of ignorance goes beyond merely facts or knowledge and refers to a mode of being. It expresses a subject’s desire to avoid, rather than confront, resistances stemming from the world. Based on a distinction of different forms in which this orientation can manifest itself, this article shows how democratic politics, too, can be threatened by ignorance as a way of doing politics. This ignorance comes in different guises which all express a desire to eliminate tensions that democratic politics cannot overcome without undermining itself.
Introducing parallelism and exploring its use is still a fundamental challenge for the computer algebra community. In high-performance numerical simulation, on the other hand, transparent environments for distributed computing which follow the principle of separating coordination and computation have been a success story for many years. In this paper, we explore the potential of using this principle in the context of computer algebra. More precisely, we combine two well-established systems: The mathematics we are interested in is implemented in the computer algebra system SINGULAR, whose focus is on polynomial computations, while the coordination is left to the workflow management system GPI-Space, which relies on Petri nets as its mathematical modeling language and has been successfully used for coordinating the parallel execution (autoparallelization) of academic codes as well as for commercial software in application areas such as seismic data processing. The result of our efforts is a major step towards a framework for massively parallel computations in the application areas of SINGULAR, specifically in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry. As a first test case for this framework, we have modeled and implemented a hybrid smoothness test for algebraic varieties which combines ideas from Hironaka’s celebrated desingularization proof with the classical Jacobian criterion. Applying our implementation to two examples originating from current research in algebraic geometry, one of which cannot be handled by other means, we illustrate the behavior of the smoothness test within our framework and investigate how the computations scale up to 256 cores.
Endocytosis of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is critical for generation of β-amyloid, aggregating in Alzheimer's disease. APP endocytosis depending on the intracellular NPTY motif is well investigated, whereas involvement of the YTSI (also termed BaSS) motif remains controversial. Here, we show that APP lacking the YTSI motif (ΔYTSI) displays reduced localization to early endosomes and decreased internalization rates, similar to APP ΔNPTY. Additionally, we show that the YTSI-binding protein, PAT1a interacts with the Rab5 activator RME-6, as shown by several independent assays. Interestingly, knockdown of RME-6 decreased APP endocytosis, whereas overexpression increased the same. Similarly, APP ΔNPTY endocytosis was affected by PAT1a and RME-6 overexpression, whereas APP ΔYTSI internalization remained unchanged. Moreover, we could show that RME-6 mediated increase of APP endocytosis can be diminished upon knocking down PAT1a. Together, our data identify RME-6 as a novel player in APP endocytosis, involving the YTSI-binding protein PAT1a.
Employing site-directed spin labeling (SDSL), the structure of maltose-binding protein (MBP) had previously been studied in the native state by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Several spin-labeled double cysteine mutants were distributed all over the structure of this cysteine-free protein and revealed distance information between the nitroxide residues from double electron–electron resonance (DEER). The results were in good agreement with the known X-ray structure. We have now extended these studies to the molten globule (MG) state, a folding intermediate, which can be stabilized around pH 3 and that is characterized by secondary but hardly any tertiary structure. Instead of clearly defined distance features as found in the native state, several additional characteristics indicate that the MG structure of MBP contains different polypeptide chain and domain orientations. MBP is also known to bind its substrate maltose even in MG state although with lower affinity. Additionally, we have now created new mutants allowing for spin labeling at or near the active site. Our data confirm an already preformed ligand site structure in the MG explaining its substrate binding capability and thus most probably serving as a nucleation center for the final native structure.
In response priming experiments, a participant has to respond as quickly and as accurately as possible to a target stimulus preceded by a prime. The prime and the target can either be mapped to the same response (consistent trial) or to different responses (inconsistent trial). Here, we investigate the effects of two sequential primes (each one either consistent or inconsistent) followed by one target in a response priming experiment. We employ discrete-time hazard functions of response occurrence and conditional accuracy functions to explore the temporal dynamics of sequential motor activation. In two experiments (small-N design, 12 participants, 100 trials per cell and subject), we find that (1) the earliest responses are controlled exclusively by the first prime if primes are presented in quick succession, (2) intermediate responses reflect competition between primes, with the second prime increasingly dominating the response as its time of onset is moved forward, and (3) only the slowest responses are clearly controlled by the target. The current study provides evidence that sequential primes meet strict criteria for sequential response activation. Moreover, it suggests that primes can influence responses out of a memory buffer when they are presented so early that participants are forced to delay their responses.
Micro machining with micro pencil grinding tools (MPGTs) is an emerging technology that can be used to manufacture closed microchannel structures in hard and brittle materials as well as hardened steels like 16MnCr5. At their current operating conditions, these tools have a comparatively short tool life. In previous works, MPGTs in combination with a minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) system were used to manufacture microchannels in 16MnCr5 hardened steel. The study has shown that steel adhesions clog the abrasive layer of MPGTs, most likely resulting from insufficient lubrication. In this paper, a metalworking fluid (MWF) supply method was developed to improve the process: a submerged micro grinding process, in which machining takes place inside a pool of MWF. In this study, the effect of seven types of MWFs on material adhesions at the bottom surface of the tool is evaluated. Equivalent good MWFs are then compared in a micro pendulum grinding experiment till failure.
1,2-unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are natural plant constituents comprising more than 600 different structures. A major source of human exposure is thought to be cross-contamination of food, feed and phytomedicines with PA plants. In humans, laboratory and farm animals, certain PAs exert pronounced liver toxicity and can induce malignant liver tumors in rodents. Here, we investigated the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of eleven PAs belonging to different structural classes. Although all PAs were negative in the fluctuation Ames test in Salmonella, they were cytotoxic and induced micronuclei in human HepG2 hepatoblastoma cells over-expressing human cytochrome P450 3A4. Lasiocarpine and cyclic diesters except monocrotaline were the most potent congeners both in cytotoxicity and micronucleus assays with concentrations below 3 μM inducing a doubling in micronuclei counts. Other open di-esters and all monoesters exhibited weaker or much weaker geno- and cytotoxicity. The findings were in agreement with recently suggested interim Relative Potency (iREP) factors with the exceptions of europine and monocrotaline. A more detailed micronuclei analysis at low concentrations of lasiocarpine, retrorsine or senecionine indicated that pronounced hypolinearity of the concentration–response curves was evident for retrorsine and senecionine but not for lasiocarpine. Our findings show that the genotoxic and cytotoxic potencies of PAs in a human hepatic cell line vary in a structure-dependent manner. Both the low potency of monoesters and the shape of prototype concentration–response relationships warrant a substance- and structure-specific approach in the risk assessment of PAs.
In this paper we present the comparison of experiments and numerical simulations for bubble cutting by a wire. The air bubble is surrounded by water. In the experimental setup an air bubble is injected on the bottom of a water column. When the bubble rises and contacts the wire, it is separated into two daughter bubbles. The flow is modeled by the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. A meshfree method is used to simulate the bubble cutting. We have observed that the experimental and numerical results are in very good agreement. Moreover, we have further presented simulation results for liquid with higher viscosity. In this case the numerical results are close to previously published results.
In selective laser melting (SLM) the variation of process parameters significantly impacts the resulting workpiece characteristics. In this study, AISI 316L was manufactured by SLM with varying laser power, layer thickness, and hatch spacing. Contrary to most studies, the input energy density was kept constant for all variations by adjusting the scanning speed. The varied parameters were evaluated at two different input energy densities. The investigations reveal that a constant energy density with varying laser parameters results into considerable differences of the workpieces’ roughness, density, and microhardness. The density and the microhardness of the manufactured components can be improved by selecting appropriate parameters of the laser power, the layer thickness, and the hatch spacing. For this reason, the input energy density alone is no indicator for the resulting workpiece characteristics, but rather the ratio of scanning speed, layer thickness, or hatch spacing to laser power. Furthermore, it was found that the microhardness of an additively manufactured material correlates with its relative density. In the parameter study presented in this paper, relative densities of the additively manufactured workpieces of up to 99.9% were achieved.
The weight of evidence pro/contra classifying the process-related food contaminant (PRC) acrylamide (AA) as a genotoxic carcinogen is reviewed. Current dietary AA exposure estimates reflect margins of exposure (MOEs) < 500. Several arguments support the view that AA may not act as a genotoxic carcinogen, especially not at consumer-relevant exposure levels: Biotransformation of AA into genotoxic glycidamide (GA) in primary rat hepatocytes is markedly slower than detoxifying coupling to glutathione (GS). Repeated feeding of rats with AA containing foods, bringing about uptake of 100 µg/kg/day of AA, resulted in dose x time-related buildup of AA-hemoglobin (Hb) adducts, whereas GA-Hb adducts remained within the background. Since hepatic oxidative biotransformation of AA into GA was proven by simultaneous urinary mercapturic acid monitoring it can be concluded that at this nutritional intake level any GA formed in the liver from AA is quantitatively coupled to GS to be excreted as mercapturic acid in urine. In an oral single dose–response study in rats, AA induced DNA N7-GA-Gua adducts dose-dependently in the high dose range (> 100 µg/kg b w). At variance, in the dose range below 100 µg/kg b.w. down to levels of average consumers exposure, DNA N7 -Gua lesions were found only sporadically, without dose dependence, and at levels close to the lower bound of similar human background DNA N7-Gua lesions. No DNA damage was detected by the comet assay within this low dose range. GA is a very weak mutagen, known to predominantly induce DNA N7-GA-Gua adducts, especially in the lower dose range. There is consensus that DNA N7-GA-Gua adducts exhibit rather low mutagenic potency. The low mutagenic potential of GA has further been evidenced by comparison to preactivated forms of other process-related contaminants, such as N-Nitroso compounds or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, potent food borne mutagens/carcinogens. Toxicogenomic studies provide no evidence supporting a genotoxic mode of action (MOA), rather indicate effects on calcium signalling and cytoskeletal functions in rodent target organs. Rodent carcinogenicity studies show induction of strain- and species-specific neoplasms, with MOAs not considered likely predictive for human cancer risk. In summary, the overall evidence clearly argues for a nongenotoxic/nonmutagenic MOA underlying the neoplastic effects of AA in rodents. In consequence, a tolerable intake level (TDI) may be defined, guided by mechanistic elucidation of key adverse effects and supported by biomarker-based dosimetry in experimental systems and humans.
Die politikwissenschaftliche Literatur zum deutschen Föderalismus ist überaus vielfältig. Neben Analysen der institutionellen Arrangements, ihrer Veränderungen sowie der Dynamiken des deutschen Verbundföderalismus, finden sich auch zahlreiche Untersuchungen zu einzelnen Politikfeldern, die sowohl die Interaktionen zwischen Bund und Ländern als auch die Varianz zwischen den Policies der Länder samt ihrer Bestimmungsfaktoren untersuchen. Darüber hinaus haben sich in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten eigene Forschungszweige zu Parteien im Bundesstaat und zur Parlamentsforschung auf Länderebene etabliert. Trotz dieser großen Forschungsaktivität sind jedoch einige zentrale Fragen der Politikwissenschaft zum Zusammenspiel zwischen Wählern, Parteien, Parlamenten und Regierungen sowie deren Wirkung auf politischen Outputs und Outcomes weiterhin unbeantwortet. Dies ist, so das Argument dieses Beitrags, insbesondere der fehlenden Zusammenführung einzelner Literaturstränge und der noch unzureichenden empirischen Datenbasis geschuldet. Mittels einer Systematisierung des gegenwärtigen Literaturstands entwirft der Aufsatz ein Forschungsprogramm, das auf eine umfassende Analyse des politischen Willensbildungs- und Entscheidungsfindungsprozesses in den deutschen Bundesländern abstellt und Fragen der Responsivität und Rückkopplung systematisch in den Blick nimmt.
Since the h-index has been invented, it is the most frequently discussed bibliometric value and one of the most commonly used metrics to quantify a researcher’s scientific output. The more it is increasingly gaining popularity to use the metric as an indication of the quality of a job applicant or an employee the more important it is to assure its correctitude. Many platforms offer the h-index of a scientist as a service, sometimes without the explicit knowledge of the respective person. In this article we show that looking up the h-index for a researcher on the five most commonly used platforms, namely AMiner, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Scopus and Web of Science, results in a variance that is in many cases as large as the average value. This is due to the varying definitions of what a scientific article is, the underlying data basis, and different qualities of the entity recognition problem. To perform our study, we crawled the h-index of the worlds top researchers according to two different rankings, all the Nobel Prize laureates except Literature and Peace, and the teaching staff of the computer science department of the TU Kaiserslautern Germany with whom we additionally computed their h-index manually. Thus we showed that the individual h-indices differ to an alarming extent between the platforms. We observed that researchers with an extraordinary high h-index and researchers with an index appropriate to the scientific career path and the respective scientific field are affected alike by these problems.
During cryogenic turning of metastable austenitic stainless steels, a deformation-induced phase transformation from γ-austenite to α’-martensite can be realized in the workpiece subsurface, which results in a higher microhardness as well as in improved fatigue strength and wear resistance. The α’-martensite content and resulting workpiece properties strongly depend on the process parameters and the resulting thermomechanical load during cryogenic turning. In order to achieve specific workpiece properties, extensive knowledge about this correlation is required. Parametric models, based on physical correlations, are only partly able to predict the resulting properties due to limited knowledge on the complex interactions between stress, strain, temperature, and the resulting kinematics of deformation-induced phase transformation. Machine learning algorithms can be used to detect this kind of knowledge in data sets. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to evaluate and compare the applicability of three machine learning methods (support vector regression, random forest regression, and artificial neural network) to derive models that support the prediction of workpiece properties based on thermomechanical loads. For this purpose, workpiece property data and respective process forces and temperatures are used as training and testing data. After training the models with 55 data samples, the support vector regression model showed the highest prediction accuracy.
Within this work, we utilize the framework of phase field modeling for fracture in order to handle a very crucial issue in terms of designing technical structures, namely the phenomenon of fatigue crack growth. So far, phase field fracture models were applied to a number of problems in the field of fracture mechanics and were proven to yield reliable results even for complex crack problems. For crack growth due to cyclic fatigue, our basic approach considers an additional energy contribution entering the regularized energy density function accounting for crack driving forces associated with fatigue damage. With other words, the crack surface energy is not solely in competition with the time-dependent elastic strain energy but also with a contribution consisting of accumulated energies, which enables crack extension even for small maximum loads. The load time function applied to a certain structure has an essential effect on its fatigue life. Besides the pure magnitude of a certain load cycle, it is highly decisive at which point of the fatigue life a certain load cycle is applied. Furthermore, the level of the mean load has a significant effect. We show that the model developed within this study is able to predict realistic fatigue crack growth behavior in terms of accurate growth rates and also to account for mean stress effects and different stress ratios. These are important properties that must be treated accurately in order to yield an accurate model for arbitrary load sequences, where various amplitude loading occurs.
Papadimitriou and Yannakakis (Proceedings of the 41st annual IEEE symposium on the
Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), pp 86–92, 2000) show that the polynomial-time
solvability of a certain auxiliary problem determines the class of multiobjective optimization
problems that admit a polynomial-time computable (1+ε, . . . , 1+ε)-approximate Pareto set
(also called an ε-Pareto set). Similarly, in this article, we characterize the class ofmultiobjective
optimization problems having a polynomial-time computable approximate ε-Pareto set
that is exact in one objective by the efficient solvability of an appropriate auxiliary problem.
This class includes important problems such as multiobjective shortest path and spanning
tree, and the approximation guarantee we provide is, in general, best possible. Furthermore,
for biobjective optimization problems from this class, we provide an algorithm that computes
a one-exact ε-Pareto set of cardinality at most twice the cardinality of a smallest such set and
show that this factor of 2 is best possible. For three or more objective functions, however,
we prove that no constant-factor approximation on the cardinality of the set can be obtained
efficiently.
Modeling of solid-particle effects on bubble breakage and coalescence in slurry bubble columns
(2020)
Solid particles heavily affect the hydrodynamics in slurry bubble columns. The effects arise through varying breakup and coalescence behavior of the bubbles with the presence of solid particles where particles in the micrometer range lead to a promotion of coalescence in particular. To simulate the gas-liquid-solid flow in a slurry bubble column, the Eulerian multifluid approach can be employed to couple computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with the population balance equation (PBE) and thus to account for breakup and coalescence of bubbles.
In this work, three approaches are presented to modify the breakup and coalescence models to account for enhanced coalescence in the coupled CFD-PBE framework. The approaches are applied to a reference simulation case with available experimental data. In addition, the impacts of the modifications on the simulated bubble size distribution (BSD) and the applicability of the approaches are evaluated. The capabilities as well as the differences and limits of the approaches are demonstrated and explained.
In the field of metal additive manufacturing (AM), one of the most used methods is selective laser melting (SLM)—building components layer by layer in a powder bed via laser. The process of SLM is defined by several parameters like laser power, laser scanning speed, hatch spacing, or layer thickness. The manufacturing of small components via AM is very difficult as it sets high demands on the powder to be used and on the SLM process in general. Hence, SLM with subsequent micromilling is a suitable method for the production of microstructured, additively manufactured components. One application for this kind of components is microstructured implants which are typically unique and therefore well suited for additive manufacturing. In order to enable the micromachining of additively manufactured materials, the influence of the special properties of the additive manufactured material on micromilling processes needs to be investigated. In this research, a detailed characterization of additive manufactured workpieces made of AISI 316L is shown. Further, the impact of the process parameters and the build-up direction defined during SLM on the workpiece properties is investigated. The resulting impact of the workpiece properties on micromilling is analyzed and rated on the basis of process forces, burr formation, surface roughness, and tool wear. Significant differences in the results of micromilling were found depending on the geometry of the melt paths generated during SLM.
An important ingredient of any moving-mesh method for fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems is the mesh moving technique (MMT) used to adapt the computational mesh in the moving fluid domain. An ideal MMT is computationally inexpensive, can handle large mesh motions without inverting mesh elements and can sustain an FSI simulation for extensive periods of time without irreversibly distorting the mesh. Here we compare several commonly used MMTs which are based on the solution of elliptic partial differential equations, including harmonic extension, bi-harmonic extension and techniques based on the equations of linear elasticity. Moreover, we propose a novel MMT which utilizes ideas from continuation methods to efficiently solve the equations of nonlinear elasticity and proves to be robust even when the mesh undergoes extreme motions. In addition to that, we study how each MMT behaves when combined with the mesh-Jacobian-based stiffening. Finally, we evaluate the performance of different MMTs on a popular two-dimensional FSI benchmark reproduced by using an isogeometric partitioned solver with strong coupling.
This contribution presents the results of a replication study on the learning effect of tablet-supported video analysis compared to traditional teaching sequences using non-digital experimental materials in the subject areas of uniform and accelerated motion in high school physics lessons. In addition to the replication of the preliminary study results recently published in this journal (Becker et al 2018, 2019), the investigation of the effect on the cognitive load as well as the emotional state of the students is another focal point. Compared to the preliminary study, the sample size was significantly increased from N = 109 to N = 294. The individual effects of the preliminary study could be replicated in this way. For both topics, a significant reduction of extraneous cognitive load and a positive effect on intervention-induced emotions could be demonstrated. Moreover, the theoretically founded causal relationship between emotion, cognitive load, and learning achievement could be empirically verified by means of structural equation modeling.
When machining metastable austenitic stainless steel with cryogenic cooling, a deformation-induced phase transformation from γ-austenite to α′-martensite can be realized in the workpiece subsurface. This leads to a higher microhardness and thus improved fatigue and wear resistance. A parametric and a non-parametric model were developed in order to investigate the correlation between the thermomechanical load in the workpiece subsurface and the resulting α′-martensite content. It was demonstrated that increasing passive forces and cutting forces promoted the deformation-induced phase transformation, while increasing temperatures had an inhibiting effect. The feed force had no significant influence on the α′-martensite content. With the proposed models it is now possible to estimate the α′-martensite content during cryogenic turning by means of in-situ measurement of process forces and temperatures.
Habitat fragmentation and forest management have been considered to drastically alter the nature of forest ecosystems globally. However, much uncertainty remains regarding the causative mechanisms mediating temperate forest responses, such as forest physical environment and the structure of woody plant assemblages, regardless of the role these forests play for global sustainability. In this paper, we examine how both habitat fragmentation and timber exploitation via silvicultural operations affect these two factors at local and habitat spatial scales in a hyper-fragmented landscape of mixed beech forests spanning more than 1500 km2 in SW Germany. Variables were recorded across 57 1000 m2 plots covering four habitats: small forest fragments, forest edges within large control forests, as well as managed and unmanaged forest interior sites. As expected, forest habitats differed in disturbance level, physical conditions and community structure at plot and habitat scale. Briefly, diversity of plant assemblages differed across all forest habitats (highest in edge forests) and correlated with integrative indices of edge, fragmentation and management effects. Surprisingly, managed and unmanaged forests did not differ in terms of species richness at local spatial scale, but managed forests exhibited a clear signal of physical/floristic homogenization as species promoted by silviculture proliferated; i.e. impoverished communities at landscape scale. Moreover, functional composition of plant communities responded to the microclimatic regime within forest fragments, resulting in a higher prevalence of species adapted to these microclimatic conditions. Our results underscore the notion that forest fragmentation and silvicultural management (1) promote changes in microclimatic regimes, (2) alter the balance between light-demanding and shade-adapted species, (3) support diverse floras across forest edges, and (4) alter patterns of beta diversity. Hence, in human-modified landscapes edge-affected habitats can be recognized as biodiversity reservoirs in contrast to impoverished managed interior forests. Furthermore, our results ratify the role of unmanaged forests as a source of environmental variability, species turnover, and distinct woody plant communities.
Recurrent Neural Networks, in particular One-dimensional and Multidimensional Long Short-Term Memory (1D-LSTM and MD-LSTM) have achieved state-of-the-art classification accuracy in many applications such as machine translation, image caption generation, handwritten text recognition, medical imaging and many more. However, high classification accuracy comes at high compute, storage, and memory bandwidth requirements, which make their deployment challenging, especially for energy-constrained platforms such as portable devices. In comparison to CNNs, not so many investigations exist on efficient hardware implementations for 1D-LSTM especially under energy constraints, and there is no research publication on hardware architecture for MD-LSTM. In this article, we present two novel architectures for LSTM inference: a hardware architecture for MD-LSTM, and a DRAM-based Processing-in-Memory (DRAM-PIM) hardware architecture for 1D-LSTM. We present for the first time a hardware architecture for MD-LSTM, and show a trade-off analysis for accuracy and hardware cost for various precisions. We implement the new architecture as an FPGA-based accelerator that outperforms NVIDIA K80 GPU implementation in terms of runtime by up to 84× and energy efficiency by up to 1238× for a challenging dataset for historical document image binarization from DIBCO 2017 contest, and a well known MNIST dataset for handwritten digits recognition. Our accelerator demonstrates highest accuracy and comparable throughput in comparison to state-of-the-art FPGA-based implementations of multilayer perceptron for MNIST dataset. Furthermore, we present a new DRAM-PIM architecture for 1D-LSTM targeting energy efficient compute platforms such as portable devices. The DRAM-PIM architecture integrates the computation units in a close proximity to the DRAM cells in order to maximize the data parallelism and energy efficiency. The proposed DRAM-PIM design is 16.19 × more energy efficient as compared to FPGA implementation. The total chip area overhead of this design is 18 % compared to a commodity 8 Gb DRAM chip. Our experiments show that the DRAM-PIM implementation delivers a throughput of 1309.16 GOp/s for an optical character recognition application.
The application of plant suspension culture to produce valuable compounds, such as the triterpenoids oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, is a well-established alternative to the cultivation of whole plants. Cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) are a growing field of research, often showing superior cultivation properties compared to their dedifferentiated cell (DDC) counterparts. In this work, the first-time establishment of O. basilicum CMCs is demonstrated. DDCs and CMCs were cultivated in shake flasks and wave-mixed disposable bioreactors (wDBRs) and evaluated regarding triterpenoid productivity and biomass accumulation. CMCs showed characteristic small vacuoles and were found to be significantly smaller than DDCs. Productivities of oleanolic and ursolic acid of CMCs were determined at 3.02 ± 0.76 mg/(l*d) and 4.79 ± 0.48 mg/(l*d) after 19 days wDBR cultivation, respectively. These values were consistently higher than any productivities determined for DDCs over the observed cultivation period of 37 days. Elicitation with methyl jasmonate of DDCs and CMCs in shake flasks resulted in increased product contents up to 48 h after elicitor addition, with the highest increase found in CMCs at 232.30 ± 19.33% (oleanolic acid) and 192.44 ± 18.23% (ursolic acid) after 48 h.
Dort, wo in Prozessen und Anwendungen Flüssigkeiten unter hohem Druck in rotierende Systeme eingespeist werden, kommen Radialwellendichtringe an die Grenzen ihrer Leistungsfähigkeit. Treten in den Dichtkontakten zusätzlich noch hohe Relativgeschwindigkeiten auf, eignen sich auch Gleitringdichtungen nicht mehr als dynamische Dichtung. Aufgrund ihrer sehr hohen thermischen Beständigkeit etablierten sich Rechteckdichtringe aus Hochleistungskunststoffen wie Polyimiden für diese Anwendungen. In ihrem Aufbau ähneln sie Kolbenringen, wie sie in Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Kolbenmaschinen zum Einsatz kommen, weshalb im englischen Sprachgebrauch die Bezeichnung „piston ring“ verbreitet ist.
Als zentrale Größe für die Belastung des Rechteckdichtrings wird das Lastäquivalent aus dem Produkt von anliegendem Fluiddruck und der Relativgeschwindigkeit im Kontakt herangezogen (auch p · v-Wert). Der p · v-Wert wird als Systemkenngröße herangezogen, um die Eignung des Werkstoffs hinsichtlich ertragbarer Reibleistungen im Kontakt für die jeweilige Anwendung zu prüfen. Vorangegangene Arbeiten befassten sich vorwiegend mit der Leckagebildung, Reibungsreduzierung sowie der Bestimmung geeigneter Materialpaarungen für das Dichtsystem. Dabei wurden Einflüsse von Lageabweichungen auf die Funktionalität der Dichtringe nicht betrachtet. Mit Hilfe eines adaptierten Prüfstands am Lehrstuhl für Maschinenelemente und Getriebetechnik der Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, der zur Untersuchung von Radialwellendichtringen unter statischen und dynamischen Auslenkungen dient, soll das Verständnis über Rechteckdichtringe unter statischen und dynamischen Auslenkung erweitert werden.
Das Verhalten von Rechteckdichtringen unter statischen und dynamischen Lageabweichungen wird von sich überlagernden Einflüssen bestimmt. Hierbei hängt die auftretende Leckage des Dichtsystems vorrangig von den Betriebsgrößen wie Fluiddruck und den statischen Lageabweichungen ab. Dynamische Verlagerungen innerhalb des Dichtsystem beeinflussen das Leckageverhalten negativ, wobei kein Zusammenhang zwischen Leckage und Betrag oder Frequenz der Auslenkung herrscht. Die Querschnittsfläche des Dichtrings sowie die Geometrie der Nut führen so divergierenden Betriebsverhalten, wobei die druckabhängige Leckagebildung von anderen Verhaltensmustern überlagert werden kann.
As a consequence of globalization and migration, the number of children receiving literacy instruction in their second language (L2) is high and still increasing. Therefore, teachers need instruction methods that are effective in both L1 and L2 learners. Here, we investigate the effectiveness of a computerized training program combining phoneme perception, phonological awareness, and systematic phonics, in a sample of second-graders (N = 26) instructed in German as L2. Based on prior evidence concerning (1) literacy acquisition in L2 and (2) effects of literacy development on oral language abilities, we expected significant training effects on children’s literacy skills and vocabulary knowledge. The children of the training group worked through the program during school lessons, 20 min per day, for a period of 8 weeks. The controls continued to receive standard classroom instruction. German tests of phonological awareness, reading, spelling, and vocabulary were performed at three time points (pretest, immediate posttest, and follow-up after 9 weeks). Analyses confirmed that improvements in phonological awareness, spelling, and vocabulary between pretest and posttest were stronger in the training group when compared to the controls. For spelling and vocabulary, these effects were still significant at follow-up. Effect sizes were medium to high. For the reading measures, no group differences were found. In sum, the results yield further evidence for the effectiveness of phonics-based literacy instruction in L2 learners, and for the beneficial effects of basic literacy skills on novel word learning.
Using the molecular dynamics simulation, we study the cutting of Al/Si bilayer systems. While the plasticity of metals is dominated by dislocation activity, the deformation behavior of Si crystals is governed by phase transformations—here to the amorphous phase. We find that twinning adds as a major deformation mechanism in the cutting of Al crystals. Cutting of Si crystals requires thrust forces that are larger than the cutting forces in order to induce amorphization; in metals, the thrust forces are relatively smaller than the cutting forces. When putting an Al top layer on a Si substrate, the thrust force is reduced; the opposite effect is observed if a Si top layer is put on an Al substrate. Covering an Al substrate with a thin Si top layer has the detrimental effect that the hard Si requires high pressures for cutting; as a consequence, twinning planes with intersecting directions are generated that ultimately lead to cracks in the ductile Al substrate. The crystallinity of the Si chip is strongly changed if an Al substrate is put under the Si top layer: With decreasing thickness of the Si top layer, the Si chip retains a higher degree of crystallinity.
Equations of state based on intermolecular potentials are often developed about the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential. Many of such EOS have been proposed in the past. In this work, 20 LJ EOS were examined regarding their performance on Brown’s characteristic curves and characteristic state points. Brown’s characteristic curves are directly related to the virial coefficients at specific state points, which can be computed exactly from the intermolecular potential. Therefore, also the second and third virial coefficient of the LJ fluid were investigated. This approach allows a comparison of available LJ EOS at extreme conditions. Physically based, empirical, and semi-theoretical LJ EOS were examined. Most investigated LJ EOS exhibit some unphysical artifacts.
Nuclear inelastic scattering of synchrotron radiation is used to study the changes induced by external tensile strain on the
phonon density of states (pDOS) of polycrystalline Fe samples. The data are interpreted with the help of dedicated atomistic
simulations. The longitudinal phonon peak at around 37 meV and also the second transverse peak at 27 meV are decreased
under strain. This is caused by the production of defects under strain. Also the thermodynamic properties of the pDOS demonstrate
a weakening of the force constants and of the mean phonon energy under strain. Remaining differences between
experiment and simulation are discussed.
Reactive bubble columns are omnipresent in the chemical industry. The layout of these columns is still limited by correlations and therefore improved simulation techniques are required to describe the complex hydrodynamics/reaction interaction. In this work, we focus on the numerical and experimental study of the viscosity influence on bubble motion and reaction using an Euler-Lagrange framework with an added oscillation and reaction model to bring the column layout base closer to a predictive level. For comparison and validation, experimental data in various water-glycerol solutions was obtained in a cylindrical bubble column at low gas hold-up, where the main parameters such as bubble size, motion, and velocities were detected. Glycerol leads thereby to a change in viscosity and surface tension. Further, the surface tension was modified by addition of a surfactant. The bubble oscillating motion in low to higher viscosity could be described using an Euler-Lagrange framework and enables a description of industrial bubble flows. In addition, the simulations were in good agreement concerning reactive mass transfer investigations at higher viscosity of the liquid which led to an overall lower mass transfer compared to the cases with lower viscosity.
Using molecular dynamics simulations, the adsorption and diffusion of doxorubicin drug molecules in boron nitride nanotubes are investigated. The interaction between doxorubicin and the nanotube is governed by van der Waals attraction. We find strong adsorption of doxorubicin to the wall for narrow nanotubes (radius of 9 Å). For larger radii (12 and 15 Å), the adsorption energy decreases, while the diffusion coefficient of doxorubicin increases. It does, however, not reach the values of pure water, as adsorption events still hinder the doxorubicin mobility. It is concluded that nanotubes wider than around 4 nm diameter can serve as efficient drug containers for targeted drug delivery of doxorubicin in cancer chemotherapy.
Personalized dynamic pricing (PDP) involves dynamically setting individual-consumer prices for the same product or service according to consumer-identifying information. Despite its profitability, this pricing provokes strong negative fairness perceptions, explaining why managers are reluctant to implement it. This research provides important insights into the effect of two PDP dimensions (price individualization level and segmentation base) on fairness perceptions and the moderating role of privacy concerns. The results of two experimental studies indicate that consumers perceive individual prices as less fair than segment prices. They also evaluate location-based pricing as less fair than purchase history-based pricing. Consumer privacy concerns moderate these effects.
Purpose
We investigated the cytosolic and membrane-associated contents of polyphenols after 4 hours of incubation (50 μM of each polyphenol) in the colon carcinoma cell line T84 using a novel, rapid, and convenient method based on permeabilization of the cell membrane using digitonin. The colon carcinoma cell line was used to investigate the intestinal uptake of polyphenols present in apple products.
Recent Findings
The results showed that hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic and 5-caffeoylquinic acid) were only detected in the cytosolic fractions. In contrast, 0.3 to 8.2% of the initial concentrations (50 μM) of the flavonoids phloretin, quercetin, phloretin 2′-O-glucoside, and quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside were found in the membrane-associated fractions. In the cytosolic fractions, 0.2–2.9% of these compounds were detected, corresponding to 25 to 40% of the total cell-associated (cytosolic plus membrane-associated fractions) polyphenol content.
Summary
Our results showed that after uptake, polyphenols were present in the cytosolic fraction of the cells as well as associated with the cell membrane. The presented method provides a useful in vitro tool for determining biologically active compounds in cellular fractions.
The cultivation of cyanobacteria with the addition of an organic carbon source (meaning as heterotrophic or mixotrophic cultivation) is a promising technique to increase their slow growth rate. However, most cyanobacteria cultures are infected by non-separable heterotrophic bacteria. While their contribution to the biomass is rather insignificant in a phototrophic cultivation, problems may arise in heterotrophic and mixotrophic mode. Heterotrophic bacteria can potentially utilize carbohydrates quickly, thus preventing any benefit for the cyanobacteria. In order to estimate the advantage of the supplementation of a carbon source, it is essential to quantify the proportion of cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria in the resulting biomass. In this work, the use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is proposed. To prepare the samples, a DNA extraction method for cyanobacteria was improved to provide reproducible and robust results for the group of terrestrial cyanobacteria. Two pairs of primers were used, which bind either to the 16S rRNA gene of all cyanobacteria or all bacteria including cyanobacteria. This allows a determination of the proportion of cyanobacteria in the biomass. The method was established with the two terrestrial cyanobacteria Trichocoleus sociatus SAG 26.92 and Nostoc muscorum SAG B-1453-12a. As proof of concept, a heterotrophic cultivation with T. sociatus with glucose was performed. After 2 days of cultivation, a reduction of the biomass partition of the cyanobacterium to 90% was detected. Afterwards, the proportion increased again.
Phase field modeling of fracture has been in the focus of research for over a decade now. The field has gained attention properly due to its benefiting features for the numerical simulations even for complex crack problems. The framework was so far applied to quasi static and dynamic fracture for brittle as well as for ductile materials with isotropic and also with anisotropic fracture resistance. However, fracture due to cyclic mechanical fatigue, which is a very important phenomenon regarding a safe, durable and also economical design of structures, is considered only recently in terms of phase field modeling. While in first phase field models the material’s fracture toughness becomes degraded to simulate fatigue crack growth, we present an alternative method within this work, where the driving force for the fatigue mechanism increases due to cyclic loading. This new contribution is governed by the evolution of fatigue damage, which can be approximated by a linear law, namely the Miner’s rule, for damage accumulation. The proposed model is able to predict nucleation as well as growth of a fatigue crack. Furthermore, by an assessment of crack growth rates obtained from several numerical simulations by a conventional approach for the description of fatigue crack growth, it is shown that the presented model is able to predict realistic behavior.
This article is dedicated to the weight set decomposition of a multiobjective (mixed-)integer linear problem with three objectives. We propose an algorithm that returns a decomposition of the parameter set of the weighted sum scalarization by solving biobjective subproblems via Dichotomic Search which corresponds to a line exploration in the weight set. Additionally, we present theoretical results regarding the boundary of the weight set components that direct the line exploration. The resulting algorithm runs in output polynomial time, i.e. its running time is polynomial in the encoding length of both the input and output. Also, the proposed approach can be used for each weight set component individually and is able to give intermediate results, which can be seen as an “approximation” of the weight set component. We compare the running time of our method with the one of an existing algorithm and conduct a computational study that shows the competitiveness of our algorithm. Further, we give a state-of-the-art survey of algorithms in the literature.
In a (linear) parametric optimization problem, the objective value of each feasible solution is an affine function of a real-valued parameter and one is interested in computing a solution for each possible value of the parameter. For many important parametric optimization problems including the parametric versions of the shortest path problem, the assignment problem, and the minimum cost flow problem, however, the piecewise linear function mapping the parameter to the optimal objective value of the corresponding non-parametric instance (the optimal value function) can have super-polynomially many breakpoints (points of slope change). This implies that any optimal algorithm for such a problem must output a super-polynomial number of solutions. We provide a method for lifting approximation algorithms for non-parametric optimization problems to their parametric counterparts that is applicable to a general class of parametric optimization problems. The approximation guarantee achieved by this method for a parametric problem is arbitrarily close to the approximation guarantee of the algorithm for the corresponding non-parametric problem. It outputs polynomially many solutions and has polynomial running time if the non-parametric algorithm has polynomial running time. In the case that the non-parametric problem can be solved exactly in polynomial time or that an FPTAS is available, the method yields an FPTAS. In particular, under mild assumptions, we obtain the first parametric FPTAS for each of the specific problems mentioned above and a (3/2 + ε) -approximation algorithm for the parametric metric traveling salesman problem. Moreover, we describe a post-processing procedure that, if the non-parametric problem can be solved exactly in polynomial time, further decreases the number of returned solutions such that the method outputs at most twice as many solutions as needed at minimum for achieving the desired approximation guarantee.
Laser-based powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is a promising technology for the production of near net–shaped metallic components. The high surface roughness and the comparatively low-dimensional accuracy of such components, however, usually require a finishing by a subtractive process such as milling or grinding in order to meet the requirements of the application. Materials manufactured via L-PBF are characterized by a unique microstructure and anisotropic material properties. These specific properties could also affect the subtractive processes themselves. In this paper, the effect of L-PBF on the machinability of the aluminum alloy AlSi10Mg is explored when milling. The chips, the process forces, the surface morphology, the microhardness, and the burr formation are analyzed in dependence on the manufacturing parameter settings used for L-PBF and the direction of feed motion of the end mill relative to the build-up direction of the parts. The results are compared with a conventionally cast AlSi10Mg. The analysis shows that L-PBF influences the machinability. Differences between the reference and the L-PBF AlSi10Mg were observed in the chip form, the process forces, the surface morphology, and the burr formation. The initial manufacturing method of the part thus needs to be considered during the design of the finishing process to achieve suitable results.
Various regulatory initiatives (such as the pan-European PRIIP-regulation or the German chance-risk classification for state subsidized pension products) have been introduced that require product providers to assess and disclose the risk-return profile of their issued products by means of a key information document. We will in this context outline a concept for a (forward-looking) simulation-based approach and highlight its application and advantages. For reasons of comparison, we further illustrate the performance of approximation methods based on a projection of observed returns into the future such as the Cornish–Fisher expansion or bootstrap methods.
A detailed study of a cylinder activation concept by efficiency loss analysis and 1D simulation
(2020)
Cylinder deactivation is a well-known measure for reducing fuel consumption, especially when applied to gasoline engines. Mostly, such systems are designed to deactivate half of the number of cylinders of the engine. In this study, a new concept is investigated for deactivating only one out of four cylinders of a commercial vehicle diesel engine (“3/4-cylinder concept”). For this purpose, cylinders 2–4 of the engine are operated in “real” 3-cylinder mode, thus with the firing order and ignition distance of a regular 3-cylinder engine, while the first cylinder is only activated near full load, running in parallel to the fourth cylinder. This concept was integrated into a test engine and evaluated on an engine test bench. As the investigations revealed significant improvements for the low-to-medium load region as well as disadvantages for high load, an extensive numerical analysis was carried out based on the experimental results. This included both 1D simulation runs and a detailed cylinder-specific efficiency loss analysis. Based on the results of this analysis, further steps for optimizing the concept were derived and studied by numerical calculations. As a result, it can be concluded that the 3/4-cylinder concept may provide significant improvements of real-world fuel economy when integrated as a drive unit into a tractor.
Gemeinnützige Organisationen sind aus unserem Alltag nicht mehr wegzudenken, da diese soziale sowie kulturelle Aufgaben übernehmen und eine nicht unwesentliche Rolle bei der demokratischen Entwicklung der Gesellschaft spielen.
In Deutschland gibt es mehr als 615.000 Non-Profit-Organisationen (NPO), darunter bildet die Rechtsform der eingetragenen Vereine mit 580 000 (94%) den größten Teil des Dritten Sektors, dicht gefolgt von gemeinnützigen GmbHs mit rund 10.000 Organisationen. Somit ist jeder zweite Einwohner Deutschlands Mitglied in mindestens einem der mehr als 580.000 Vereine.
Auch wenn dies zunächst eine positive Tendenz von einer vitalen Zivilgesellschaft aufweist, befinden sich Vereine in einem strukturellen Wandel, denn die Konkurrenz wächst in Bezug auf die Ressourcensicherung, sowohl im Bereich der Finanzierung aufgrund von stagnierenden öffentlichen Mitteln und einem fehlenden Finanzierungsmix als auch in Hinblick auf die Gewinnung freiwillig Engagierter. Zudem sind die Überalterung und das nachlassende Gemeinschaftsgefühl der Gesellschaft ein weiteres Problem im dritten Sektor. Soziale Milieus haben sich im Laufe der Zeit verändert, im Gegensatz zu früher sind sie nicht mehr eindeutig definierbar, damit wird es beschwerlicher explizite Zielgruppen anzusprechen. Dies ist einer der Gründe, warum klassischen Mitgliederorganisationen, die Stammkunden verloren gehen.
Eine sich derart verändernde Zivilgesellschaft hat zunehmende Anforderungen an das Leistungsspektrum der Vereinslandschaft. Vor allem für kleine, ehrenamtlich getragene Vereine wird es schwierig, sich mit derartigen Problemlagen auseinanderzusetzen. Aus diesem Grund legt die vorliegende Masterthesis den Fokus auf diese kleinen Vereinssparten, um zu untersuchen, ob ein Vereinssterben in Westdeutschland ein Mythos ist oder zur Realität wird.
Um zu einem Ergebnis zu gelangen, wird in den nächsten Kapiteln zunächst das Vereinsmodell in Deutschland näher betrachtet. Danach werden die hauptsächlichen Herausforderungen untersucht, mit denen die heutige Vereinslandschaft zu kämpfen hat, um dann der Frage nach zugehen, ob die Rechtsform des Vereins ein Auslaufmodell ist. Zum Schluss wird anhand eines praktischen Beispiels ein Changemanagementprozess durchlaufen. Dieser soll beweisen, dass die Professionalisierung des Vereinswesen, zumindest in Teilbereichen, wie beispielsweise bei der Kommunikation, ein Lösungsansatz sein kann, damit auch kleine, ehrenamtlich getragene Vereine weiterhin bestehen können.
Compared to canonical model organisms, the genetic toolbox of Kinetoplastid parasites have a considerable gap in the transgenic techniques available. The implementation of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology is poised to transform the way we perform genetic manipulations and offers a new and exciting horizon for molecular parasitology. In this study, we use the Kinetoplastid parasite Leishmania tarentolae as a model organism. This unicellular eukaryote is an attractive model for both basic and applied research. Understanding Leishmania’s basic biology is valuable to underpin differences to the host that might help to treat infectious diseases. Furthermore, it also provides new examples of non-conserved mechanisms that will help to understand the fundamental principles of the biology of eukaryotes and their evolution. In this work, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to study mitochondrial protein import.
Here I show the efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9 to generate knockout and knockin mutants. Proof- of- concept gene PF16 was used to generate knockout immotile parasites and knockin fluorescent mutants fused with mCherry. The APRT gene was also knocked out showing resistance to APP.
In addition, I generated endogenous mutants of a constituent of the mitochondrial import machineries, the sulfhydryl oxidoreductase Erv. I showed that the KISS domain and cysteine 17 are dispensable for survival dismissing that their functions correlate with the essential operation/s of Erv. I report that the ERV gene and the intervening sequences of its shuttle pair cysteines are refractory to ablation and modification, respectively, indicating that they are essential for survival. I also generated Erv interactomes using full-length and mutant (ErvΔKISS) baits showing candidates with hitherto unknown functions that might be related to Erv function.
I also tested the glmS riboswitch and generate endogenous mutants with CRISPR/Cas9. We asked if it was possible in Leishmania to obtain knockdown mutants with this technique. The evidence of this study indicates that the system is inefficient in provoking a knockdown phenotype for the genes characterized.
An alternative negative marker was also developed in this work. I propose the APRT gene as a novel and efficient counter-selectable marker as compared to the current yFCU and TK genes. The implementation of this system could lead to first shuffling experiments that are not feasible in Leishmania further highlighting the value of this model organism.
Verbundkonstruktionen aus Stahl und Beton haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten
zu einer wirtschaftlichen und konkurrenzfähigen Bauweise im Hoch- und Brückenbau
entwickelt. Eine wesentliche Rolle im Verbundbau nehmen dabei die Verbundmittel
ein, an die hohe Anforderungen hinsichtlich der Tragfähigkeit und der Verformbarkeit
gestellt werden. Am Fachgebiet Stahlbau der TU Kaiserslautern wurden Versuche
zur Trag- und Verformungsfähigkeit randnaher Betondübel in Abscher- und
Ausziehversuchen durchgeführt.
Der Einsatz der Betondübel in innovativen Verbundkonstruktionen ist trotz noch
fehlender normativer Regelwerke von weiter steigendem Interesse. Betondübel
können in neuartigen Verbundkonzepten auch in einer randnahen Lage eingesetzt
werden. Dadurch lassen sich Querschnitte materialgerecht und kostengünstig in
optimierter Verbundbauweise herstellen und verbauen. Eine geringere seitliche
Betondeckung der Betondübel kommt neben den Plattenbalkenquerschnitten in
Konstruktionen vor, in welchen die Verbundleiste liegend eingebaut wird. Solche
parallel zur Betongurtebene positionierte Betondübelleisten sind z. B. in Slim-Floor-
oder modernen Klimadecken in Sandwichverbundbauweise denkbar. Das Trag- und
Verformungsverhalten einer Betondübelleiste, welche in Verbundkonstruktionen in
Kombination mit einer schlanken Betonplatte liegend integriert wird, wurde aufgrund
ihrer randnahen Lage genauer betrachtet. Die ersten Untersuchungen hierzu zeigen,
dass die Verbunddübelleisten, nach dem die Spalt- und Rückhängerisse entstehen,
mit Kantenbruch versagen. Wenn ausreichend Bewehrung vorhanden ist, führen die
primären Spalt- und Rückhängerisse nicht zum Versagen. Der Einsatz einer
Wendelbewehrung in den Verbundübelleisten steigert das Trag- und
Verformungsvermögen deutlich.
Es existiert zwar noch keine einheitliche normative Regelung zur Anwendung und
Bemessung der Verbunddübel, häufig als Puzzleleiste bezeichnet, jedoch wurde
aktuell eine Zulassung Z-26.4-56 2013 erarbeitet, welche die Anwendung der
Verbunddübelleisten, kurz VDL, möglich macht. Die Anwendungsgrenzen sind dabei
zu beachten. Darüber hinaus wird derzeit in mehreren Forschungsarbeiten daran
gearbeitet, die Verwendung der puzzleartigen Verbundmittel zu erleichtern, indem
einheitliche Anwendungs- und Bemessungsregeln dieser in die Eurocodes
eingepflegt werden sollen. Diese Arbeit soll ebenfalls dazu beitragen, die
Versagensmechanismen der am Rand eingebauten Puzzleleisten zu erforschen und
ein für die Anwender handhabbares Bemessungskonzept zu erarbeiten. Die ersten
Erkenntnisse sollen eine Grundlage für ein in der Zukunft gültiges Bemessungs-
konzept bilden.
Anhand der Abscherversuche wurde der Einfluss der Randnähe untersucht. Darüber
hinaus wurden numerische Untersuchungen vorgenommen. Die FE-Modelle wurden
insbesondere zur Analyse des Lastabtrags der randnahen Betondübel verwendet.
Darüber hinaus wurde eine Parameterstudie durchgeführt, welche die Variation der
Materialien und geometrischen Größen der FE-Modelle beinhaltete.
Aufbauend auf den experimentellen und numerischen Beobachtungen und
theoretischen Überlegungen wurde ein Ingenieurmodell für Verbunddübelleisten mit
und ohne Wendelbewehrung entwickelt. Das Modell wird abschließend auf das
Bemessungsniveau überführt.
Infobrief FBK 60/20
(2020)
Infobrief FBK 61/20
(2020)
A significant step to engineering design is to take into account uncertainties and to
develop optimal designs that are robust with respect to perturbations. Furthermore, it
is often of interest to optimize for different conflicting objective functions describing the
quality of a design, leading to a multi-objective optimization problem. In this context,
generating methods for solving multi-objective optimization problems seek to find a
representative set of solutions fulfilling the concept of Pareto optimality. When multiple
uncertain objective functions are involved, it is essential to define suitable measures for
robustness that account for a combined effect of uncertainties in objective space. Many
tasks in engineering design include the solution of an underlying partial differential
equation that can be computationally expensive. Thus, it is of interest to use efficient
strategies for finding optimal designs. This research aims to present suitable measures
for robustness in a multi-objective context, as well as optimization strategies for multi-
objective robust design.
This work introduces new ideas for robustness measures in the context of multi-
objective robust design. Losses and expected losses based on distances in objective space
are used to describe robustness. A direct formulation and a two-phase formulation based
on expected losses are proposed for finding a set of robust optimal solutions.
Furthermore, suitable optimization strategies for solving the resulting multi-objective
robust design problem are formulated and analyzed. The multi-objective optimization
problem is solved with a constraint-based approach that is based on solving several
constrained single-objective optimization problems with a hybrid optimization strategy.
The hybrid method combines a global search method on a surrogate model with adjoint-
based optimization methods. In the context of optimization with an underlying partial
differential equation, a one-shot approach is extended to handle additional constraints.
The developed concepts for multi-objective robust design and the proposed optimiza-
tion strategies are applied to an aerodynamic shape optimization problem. The drag
coefficient and the lift coefficient are optimized under the consideration of uncertain-
ties in the operational conditions and geometrical uncertainties. The uncertainties are
propagated with the help of a non-intrusive polynomial chaos approach. For increasing
the efficiency when considering a higher-dimensional random space, it is made use of a
Karhunen-Loève expansion and a dimension-adaptive sparse grid quadrature.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most frequent cancer entities worldwide. Multiple factors are causally associated with CRC development, such as genetic and epigenetic alterations,
inflammatory bowel disease, lifestyle and dietary factors. During malignant transformation,the cellular energy metabolism is reprogrammed in order to promote cancer cell growth and
proliferation. In this review, we first describe the main alterations of the energy metabolism found in CRC, revealing the critical impact of oncogenic signaling and driver mutations in key metabolic
enzymes. Then, the central role of mitochondria and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in this process is highlighted, also considering the metabolic crosstalk between tumor and stromal cells in the
tumor microenvironment. The identified cancer-specific metabolic transformations provided new therapeutic targets for the development of small molecule inhibitors. Promising agents are in clinical
trials and are directed against enzymes of the TCA cycle, including isocitrate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
(KGDH). Finally, we focus on the α-lipoic acid derivative CPI-613, an inhibitor of both PDC and KGDH, and delineate its anti-tumor effects for targeted therapy.
The consumption of red meat is probably carcinogenic to humans and is associated with an increased risk to develop colorectal cancer (CRC). Red meat contains high amounts of heme iron, which is thought to play a causal role in tumor formation. In this study, we investigated the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of heme iron (i.e., hemin) versus inorganic iron in human colonic epithelial cells (HCEC), human CRC cell lines and murine intestinal organoids. Hemin catalyzed the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced oxidative DNA damage as well as DNA strand breaks in both HCEC and CRC cells. In contrast, inorganic iron hardly affected ROS levels and only slightly increased DNA damage. Hemin, but not inorganic iron, caused cell death and reduced cell viability. This occurred preferentially in
non-malignant HCEC, which was corroborated in intestinal organoids. Both hemin and inorganic iron were taken up into HCEC and CRC cells, however with differential kinetics and efficiency. Hemin caused stabilization and nuclear translocation of Nrf2, which induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and ferritin heavy chain (FtH). This was not observed after inorganic iron treatment. Chemical inhibition or genetic knockdown of HO-1 potentiated hemin-triggered ROS
generation and oxidative DNA damage preferentially in HCEC. Furthermore, HO-1 abrogation strongly augmented the cytotoxic effects of hemin in HCEC, revealing its pivotal function in colonocytes and highlighting the toxicity of free intracellular heme iron. Taken together, this study demonstrated that hemin, but not inorganic iron, induces ROS and DNA damage, resulting in a preferential cytotoxicity in non-malignant intestinal epithelial cells. Importantly, HO-1
conferred protection against the detrimental effects of hemin.
The emerging field of magnonics uses spin waves and their quanta, magnons, to implement wave-based computing on the micro- and nanoscale. Multifrequency magnon networks would allow for parallel data processing within single logic elements, whereas this is not the case with conventional transistor-based electronic logic. However, a lack of experimentally proven solutions to efficiently combine and separate magnons of different frequencies has impeded the intensive use of this concept. Herein, the experimental realization of a spin-wave demultiplexer enabling frequency-dependent separation of magnonic signals in the gigahertz range is demonstrated. The device is based on 2D magnon trans- port in the form of spin-wave beams in unpatterned magnetic films. The intrinsic frequency dependence of the beam direction is exploited to realize a passive functioning obviating an external control and additional power consumption. This approach paves the way to magnonic multiplexing circuits enabling simultaneous information transport and processing.
A novel core–shell species for the adsorption-based separation of carbon dioxide (
CO2) from methane (
CH4) is introduced
by hydrothermal synthesis of Ni-MOF-74 on mesoporous spherical Al2O3
carrier substrate. The material was characterized
and the shell thickness determined by means of optical and scanning electron microscopy as well as volumetric
adsorption and fluid displacement experiments. Kinetic experiments with Ni-MOF-74@Al2O3 core–shell composites carried
out at 303.15 K and at pressures up to 10 bar expose remarkably dominating uptake rates for CO2
over CH4.
In the
contrary Ni-MOF-74@Al2O3 appears to be unselective according to equilibrium data at the same conditions. Dynamic
breakthrough experiments of binary CH4/
CO2-mixtures (at 303.15 K and 5 bar) prove the prevailing effect of adsorption
kinetics and the storage function of the mesoporous core. This statement is supported by a considerable boost in
CO2-
selectivity and capacity compared to adsorption equilibria measured on pure Ni-MOF-74 by the factor of 55.02 and
up to 2.42, respectively.
Industry 4.0 defines the organization of production and manufacturing processes based on technological advanced solutions and devices autonomously communicating with each other.
Within the context of this industrial revolution, the smart reconfigurable manufacturing systems are introduced. These systems shall be able to provide a dynamic level of reconfigurability based on the production demand and system availability. The introduction of the manufacturing reconfigurability constitutes a particularly important and expensive decision for the organizations and therefore scoping methods are becoming constantly essential.
The present work covers a first approach to defining reconfigurability methods and drivers for the manufacturing systems within the context of Industry 4.0. The thesis introduces five main reconfigurability use case scenarios for manufacturing systems and the description of a two – dimensional model of scoping parameters.
The first dimension is based on the potential business targets and reconfigurability drivers, while the second dimension focuses on the system functions and technologies, which are
required for the successful realization of the reconfigurability use case scenarios. Finally, the thesis concludes with a brief comparison between the traditional software product line scoping approach and purposed scoping method for the reconfigurability of manufacturing systems.
Dickdarmkrebs (kolorektales Karzinom, KRK) ist die dritthäufigste Krebserkrankung weltweit. Der Lebenswandel, insbesondere die Ernährungsgewohnheiten, zählen zu den bedeutendsten Risikofaktoren für KRK. Dabei steht Häm-Eisen, welches hauptsächlich durch den Verzehr von rotem Fleisch aufgenommen wird, im Verdacht, das KRK-Risiko zu erhöhen. Es wird vermutet, dass Häm-Eisen durch die Bildung endogener N-Nitrosoverbindungen (NOCs) und reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies sowie durch eine gesteigerte Proliferation des Kolonepithels die Entstehung des KRK fördert. NOC-induzierte Alkylierungsschäden der DNA, insbesondere mutagene O6-Methylguanin-Läsionen (O6-MeG), die durch die O6-MeG-DNA-Methyltransferase (MGMT) repariert werden, könnten in der Ätiologie von KRK von Bedeutung sein. Die zugrundeliegenden molekularen Mechanismen der Häm-Eisen-vermittelten kolorektalen Kanzerogenese sind jedoch wenig verstanden und wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit näher untersucht.
Der Fokus dieser Arbeit lag einerseits auf der Untersuchung der Wirkung von Häm-Eisen auf das intestinale Mikrobiom und auf intestinale Entzündungsprozesse. Andererseits wurde die Bildung kanzerogener NOCs, sowie die durch sie verursachten DNA-Schäden und die DNA-Schadensantwort bzw. -reparatur näher analysiert. Zu diesem Zweck wurden wildtypische (WT), DNA-reparaturkompetente Mäuse mit einer Häm-Eisen-haltigen Diät gefüttert, wohingegen die Kontrollgruppe eine eisenbalancierte Diät mit Zusatz von Eisencitrat erhielt. Die Rolle der DNA-Reparatur wurde durch Verwendung transgener Mäuse, die einen Knockout des MGMT Gens (MGMT-/-) besitzen, untersucht. Zunächst konnte beobachtet werden, dass Häm-Eisen die endogene Bildung fäkaler NOCs steigerte, was mit einer erhöhten Fäkalwasser-Zytotoxizität in vitro in humanen Darmepithelzellen verbunden war. Weiterhin reduzierte Häm-Eisen die Zellviabilität intestinaler Kryptorganoide ex vivo. In vivo induzierte diätisches Häm-Eisen DNA-Doppelstrangbrüche (γH2AX) in intestinalen Epithelzellen, welche mit der Stabilisierung von p53 einhergingen. Zudem wurde in peripheren Blutzellen aus MGMT-/- Mäusen ein Anstieg von γH2AX in T-Zellen nach Häm-Eisen beobachtet. Eine Hyperproliferation des Kolonepithels durch Häm-Eisen zeigte sich als Zunahme PCNA-positiver Zellen sowie mitotischer Figuren, die zusammen mit der beobachteten reduzierten Apoptoserate einen kompensatorischen Mechanismus gegenüber den Häm-Eisen-vermittelten Schäden im Kolonepithel darstellen könnte. Die Analyse des intestinalen Mikrobioms mittels 16S rRNA-Sequenzierung ergab eine Häm-Eisen-abhängige Reduktion der α-Diversität sowie eine frühe intestinale Dysbiose, die über 162 Tage persistierte. Diese korrelierte mit einem Anstieg gramnegativer Bakterien, während die Abundanz der grampositiven Arten abnahm. Weiterhin wurde das intestinale Entzündungsmuster mittels nicht-invasiver Mini-Endoskopie mit anschließender Bestimmung des Inflammationsgrades (murine endoscopic index of colits severity, MEICS) analysiert. Diese Untersuchungen ergaben eine chronische Kolitis nach der Häm-Eisendiät, die zudem mit einer Aktivierung des intestinalen Immunsystems, einer Infiltration von B- und T-Zellen und einem Anstieg inflammatorischer Marker (pSTAT-3, COX-2) im Dickdarmgewebe einherging. Zur Analyse der tumorpromovierenden Eigenschaften von Häm-Eisen wurde WT Mäusen der kolonotrope Tumorinitiator Azoxymethan (AOM) verabreicht und diese in einer Langzeitstudie mit Häm-Eisen- oder Eisencitrat-haltiger Diät gefüttert. Durch die Anwendung einer Mini-Endoskopie wurde gezeigt, dass Häm-Eisen tumorpromovierend wirkt und die Anzahl sowie die Größe der AOM-induzierten Tumore erhöht. Interessanterweise wurden sogar tumorinitiierende Eigenschaften von diätischem Häm-Eisen in MGMT-/- Tieren festgestellt, wohingegen keine Initiation in WT Tieren beobachtet wurde.
Zusammengefasst wurde in dieser Arbeit demonstriert, dass diätisches Häm-Eisen eine chronische Kolitis auslöst, die mit einer Aktivierung des intestinalen Immunsystems und einer persistierenden Dysbiose des Darmmikrobioms verbunden ist. Zusätzlich förderte Häm-Eisen kolorektale Tumore durch die beobachteten tumorpromovierenden Eigenschaften. In MGMT-/- Mäusen, nicht aber in WT Mäusen, führte diätisches Häm-Eisen sogar ohne initiale AOM-Injektion zur signifikant vermehrten Entstehung kolorektaler Tumore. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Häm-Eisen bei einer Inaktivierung von MGMT, was in 40 % der sporadischen kolorektalen Karzinome beim Menschen der Fall ist, KRK sowohl initiieren als auch promovieren kann.
Innovative Hochschulen in Deutschland widmen sich neben qualifizierter Lehre und Forschung zunehmend der Wirkung ihres Handelns in die(Stadt-)Gesellschaft und der Persönlichkeitsbildung ihrer Studierenden. Service Learning bietet dabei Studierenden neue Zugänge zu fachlich qualifiziertem Lernen. In diesem Buchkapitel vom Manuskript wird Service Learning an der Technischen Universität Kaiserslautern und dessen Beitrag zur Agenda 2030 thematisiert.
In order to exploit the full lightweight potential of fibre-reinforced plastics (FRP), a detailed knowledge of their progressive failure behaviour under load is required. In this context, acoustic emission analysis offers a method to characterize the underlying mechanisms in more detail. By detecting and analszing acoustic waves emitted during
crack initiation and growth, the location and type of damage can be described over the course of the test. A major challenge thereby is the differentiation between FRP specific damaging events, such as fibre and matrix fractures, on the basis of their acoustic emissions.
The present work deals with the influence of two parameters which can have a significant impact on the acoustic characteristics of damaging events. These include the depth in which the damaging event occurs (source depth) and the lateral distance the acoustic wave has to travel from the source to the sensor (source-to-sensor distance).
In order to gain an understanding of the effects of both parameters, the work highlights the properties of guided waves in fibre- reinforced plastics as crucial. By analysing artificial acoustic emission sources as well as acoustic emissions from real damaging
events, the work demonstrates that changes in source depth and source-to-sensor distance can be accompanied by strong changes in the modal and frequency content of the acoustic emissions. These changes can even lead to a fibre break being mistakenly classified as a matrix break and vice versa. Consequently, for more reliable results in
source identification, the influence of source depth and source-to-sensor distance must be considered. In this context, the use of modal acoustic emission analysis can be of great benefit in understanding the underlying phenomena and developing more robust evaluation methods.
Glasfaserverstärktes Sheet Molding Compound (G-SMC) wird seit mehreren Jahrzehnten vorrangig in der Automobilindustrie zur Herstellung von Außenhaut- und Verkleidungsbauteilen verwendet.
Es handelt sich dabei hauptsächlich um ebene und großflächige Bauteile mit niedrigen oder semistrukturellen Anforderungen. Aufgrund der hohen Designfreiheit von Bauteilen dieser Werkstoff-klasse wird seit einigen Jahren versucht diese durch die Steigerung der mechanischen Kennwerte
als strukturelle Komponenten zu befähigen und in Fahrzeugstrukturen zu integrieren. Die beiden wichtigsten Stellgrößenen sind hierbei die Verwendung von Kohlenstofffasern (C-Fasern) zusammen
mit einem hohen Faservolumengehalt (über 40 Vol-%). Mit dem Einsatz teurer C-Fasern und dem Wunsch nach effzientem Materialeinsatz steigt der Bedarf nach Simulationswerkzeugen, um die Formfüllung bzw. Bauteilherstellung zu beschreiben. Für G-SMC wurden bisher DProzesssimulationen entwickelt und validiert. Trotz allem ist der Einsatz in der industriellen Praxis bisher kaum verbreitet. Insbesondere lassen sie sich auf den Einsatz von Kohlenstofffaserverstärkten Sheet Molding Compounds (C-SMC) nicht anwenden, da hierbei komplexe, teilweise verripte 3D-Bauteile vorliegen. Um die Material- und Produktkosten bei C-SMC zu senken, werden mittlerweile auch rezyklierte Halbzeuge angeboten und industriell eingesetzt. Diese Halbzeuge weisen in ihrem Umform- und Fließverhalten deutliche Unterschiede zu Neufasermaterialien auf.
Hier setzt die vorliegende Arbeit an. Sie leistet einen Beitrag zur Charakterisierung und phänomenologischen Beschreibung von C-SMC mit neuen und rezyklierten C-Fasern. Dabei stehen Methoden zur Erzeugung von Eingangs- und Validierungsdaten für die 3D-Prozesssimulation im
Vordergrund. Zur Bestimmung der Faserorientierungen als wichtigste Kenngröße wird das Wirbelstromverfahren in Transmission verwendet. Dabei wird erstmalig eine Methode zur Messung von komplexeren 3D-Bauteilen gezeigt und eine Übertragung auf Finite-Elemente-Netze (FE-Netze) entwickelt. Auf Basis der Materialcharakterisierung wird eine durchgängige, virtuelle 3D-Prozesskette (VPK) für den Pressvorgang bereitgestellt. Für die 3D-Simulation des Pressvorgangs wird der gekoppelte Euler-Lagrange-Ansatz (CEL) verwendet. Ein wichtiges Unterscheidungsmerkmal gegenüber der bisherigen Modellierung von G-SMC ist der festkörpermechanische Betrachtungsansatz des C-SMC beim Pressen. Insbesondere für rezykliertes C-SMC mit einer Wirrfaserstruktur und starken Kompaktierung kommen die bisher verwendeten uidmechanischen Anäatze an die Grenzen ihrer Gültigkeit. Für die Simulation der Bauteilabkühlung nach dem Pressvorgang wird eine linearelastische, orthotrope 3D-Verzugssimulation entwickelt.
Für die Verknüpfung der Presssimulation mit der anschließenden Verzugssimulation wird eine modulare Schnittstellenlösung bereitgestellt. Ein Fokus der Entwicklung ist die industrielle Einsetzbarkeit der VPK, weshalb Werkzeuge und Methoden bereitgestellt werden, um komplexere Modelle zu erstellen und diese zu verknüpfen. Die Anwendbarkeit und Prognosegüte der entwickelten VPK wird abschließend an einem Vorserienbauteil einer PKW-Stütze C-Säule ausführlich untersucht.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Chancen der Netzwerkbildung von Grundschulen im ländlichen Raum erörtert. Die Ausarbeitung gliedert sich in zwei Bereiche: einen theoretischen Überbau und die anschließende praktische Anwendung der erworbenen Kenntnisse. Das Thema wird also als Theorie-Praxis-Transfer bearbeitet.
Das Ultraschallschweißen ist eine innovative und vielversprechende Fügetechnologie für hybride
Werkstoffsysteme. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird erstmalig das kontinuierliche Metall-
Ultraschallschweißen zur Verbindung von Leichtmetalllegierungen mit faserverstärkten Kunststoffen
für den Einsatz im Hydrauliksystem eines Flugzeuges betrachtet. Dafür wurden Ultraschallschweißanlagen
und Prozessparameter für translatorisches Schweißen ebener und für das
neuartige orbitale Schweißen rohrförmiger Fügepartner entwickelt. Das Ultraschallschweißen
von Titan erfordert besonders robuste Sonotroden. Die Härte, die Festigkeit und die vergleichsweise
geringe Wärmeleitfähigkeit bedeuten eine hohe mechanische und thermische Beanspruchung
der Sonotrode während des Schweißprozesses. Gleichzeitig muss die Sonotrode mit hoher
Amplitude von bis zu 50 μm schwingen, um eine feste Verbindung erzeugen zu können.
Der Werkstoff, die Geometrie und die Sonotrodenkoppelfläche müssen speziell für das Ultraschallschweißen
von Titan ausgelegt werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Schweißanlagen,
Prozessparameter und Sonotroden erfolgreich für den orbitalen Ultraschallschweißprozess
entwickelt, sodass eine Ti6Al4V-Fitting/CF-PEEK-Rohr-Verbindung hergestellt werden
konnte, die einem Innendruck von 960 bar standhielt, der einer Axialkraft von 81,7 kN und
einer relativen Zugscherkraft in Bezug zur Schweißnahtlänge von 390 N/mm entspricht.
Indoor positioning system (IPS) is becoming more and more popular in recent years in industrial, scientific and medical areas. The rapidly growing demand of accurate position information attracts much attention and effort in developing various kinds of positioning systems that are characterized by parameters like accuracy,robustness,
latency, cost, etc. These systems have been successfully used in many applications such as automation in manufacturing, patient tracking in hospital, action detection for human-machine interacting and so on.
The different performance requirements in various applications lead to existence of greatly diverse technologies, which can be categorized into two groups: inertial positioning(involving momentum sensors embedded on the object device to be located) and external sensing (geometry estimation based on signal measurement). In positioning
systems based on external sensing, the input signal used for locating refers to many sources, such as visual or infrared signal in optical methods, sound or ultra-sound in acoustic methods and radio frequency based methods. This dissertation gives a recapitulative survey of a number of existence popular solutions for indoor positioning systems. Basic principles of individual technologies are demonstrated and discussed. By comparing the performances like accuracy, robustness, cost, etc., a comprehensive review of the properties of each technologies is presented, which concludes a guidance for designing a location sensing systems for indoor applications. This thesis will lately focus on presenting the development of a high precision IPS
prototype system based on RF signal from the concept aspect to the implementation up to evaluation. Developing phases related to this work include positioning scenario, involved technologies, hardware development, algorithms development, firmware generation, prototype evaluation, etc.. The developed prototype is a narrow band RF system, and it is suitable for a flexible frequency selection in UHF (300MHz3GHz) and SHF (3GHz30GHz) bands, enabling this technology to meet broad service preferences. The fundamental of the proposed system classified itself as a hyperbolic position fix system, which estimates a location by solving non-linear equations derived from time difference of arrival (TDoA) measurements. As the positioning accuracy largely depends on the temporal resolution of the signal acquisition, a dedicated RF front-end system is developed to achieve a time resolution in range of multiple picoseconds down to less than 1 pico second. On the algorithms aspect, two processing units: TDoA estimator and the Hyperbolic equations solver construct the digital signal processing system. In order to implement a real-time positioning system, the processing system is implemented on a FPGA platform. Corresponding firmware is generated from the algorithms modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, using the high level synthesis (HLS) tool HDL Coder. The prototype system is evaluated and an accuracy of better than 1 cm is achieved. A better performance is potential feasible by manipulating some of the controlling conditions such as ADC sampling rate, ADC resolution, interpolation process, higher frequency, more stable antenna, etc. Although the proposed system is initially dedicated to indoor applications, it could also be a competitive candidate for an outdoor positioning service.
Durch die Zielsetzung des Projekts, in einem ganzheitlichen Ansatz Bleibefaktoren für Zuwanderer in ländlichen
Räumen zu untersuchen und geeignete Lösungsansätze für deren Integration zu entwickeln, wird eine bisher in
dieser Form kaum betrachtete Forschungslücke adressiert. Diese Nische zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass im
Vorhaben miteinander verbundene, jedoch bisher meist disziplinär bearbeitete Fragestellungen der
Integrationsforschung, der Stadtplanung und der zukunftsfähigen Kommunalentwicklung bzw. kommunalen
Nachhaltigkeit unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von demografischen Herausforderungen vereint werden.
Diese inhaltliche Verschränkung spiegelt sich zudem auch in der interdisziplinären Vorgehensweise im Projekt
wider. So werden die Fragestellungen des Vorhabens aus der Perspektive von und mit
methodischen Zugängen aus den Sozial-, Wirtschafts- und Planungswissenschaften bearbeitet.
Der von Beginn an starke und unmittelbare Einbezug der Kommunalpartner und weiterer praxisnaher Akteure
stellt sicher, dass von Anfang an unterschiedliche wissenschaftliche und nicht-wissenschaftliche Perspektiven
sowie Praxiswissen in den Forschungsprozess integriert werden, um ein gemeinsames Problemverständnis und
eine hohe Relevanz der Ergebnisse für die kommunale Praxis sicherzustellen.
Zuwanderung an sich ist kein neues Phänomen in der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik, was sich in einer Vielfalt
von Studien und Publikationen zu den Einflussfaktoren auf die Integration von verschiedenen Migrantengruppen
(z.B. von „Gastarbeitern“ und ihren Familien, Aussiedlern und Spätaussiedlern aus Osteuropa, humanitären
Migranten bzw. Flüchtlingen, Migranten in erster und zweiter Generation) widerspiegelt. Darüber hinaus
existieren Studien zu einzelnen Aspekten der Integration wie der Teilhabe am Arbeitsmarkt, dem Schulsystem,
der Integration in den Wohnungsmarkt oder auch standortbezogene Fallstudien. Diese Untersuchungen
betrachten jedoch die allgemeine Integration von Zuwanderern, ohne auf die Besonderheiten von kleinstädtisch
und ländlich geprägten Kommunen einzugehen. Diese Thematik wird in einer Studie der Schader Stiftung
aufgegriffen, in der neben den Herausforderungen und Rahmenbedingungen in den Kommunen einige Aspekte
bzw. Handlungsoptionen der Integration aufgezeigt werden.
Die besonderen Herausforderungen des demografischen Wandels für Kommunen sind ebenfalls Gegenstand
zahlreicher Publikationen. Kleinstädtische und ländlich geprägte Kommunen sind besonders stark von diesem
Megatrend betroffen, so dass in vielen Fällen auch deren Zukunftsfähigkeit bedroht sein kann. Durch die
Integration von Zuwanderern im ländlichen Raum können sich für die Kommunen Potenziale ergeben, die
negativen Auswirkungen des Trends zum Teil aufzufangen.
Aus einer stadtplanerischen Perspektive sind in Kommunen mit demografischen Herausforderungen im Sinne
einer (stark) schrumpfenden Bevölkerung signifikante Anlässe zur baulichen Wiedernutzung von Brachflächen,
zum Schließen von Baulücken oder zur Nachverdichtung im Bestand gegeben: Potentielle volkswirtschaftlichen
Folgen sind zu erwarten, wenn sozialräumlich homogene Wohnungsbestände durch den Attraktivitäts- und
Imageverlust von benachbarten Teilräumen mit hohen Wohnungsleerständen betroffen sind. Zudem gilt es, den
betriebswirtschaftlichen (Kostenfaktoren) und städtebaulichen Auswirkungen entgegenzusteuern, um den
potentiellen baulichen Verfall sowie stadtstrukturelle, funktionale und soziale Missstände zu verhindern.
Eine effiziente Nutzung innerörtlicher Flächenressourcen, sowohl durch die Wiedernutzung von Brachflächen
als auch durch die Reaktivierung von Wohnungsleerständen, ermöglicht es den Kommunen, die
Neuinanspruchnahme von Siedlungs- und Verkehrsflächen zu reduzieren. Hierdurch kann den im Rahmen der
Nationalen Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie formulierten Zielvorgaben der Reduzierung zusätzlicher
Flächeninanspruchnahme Rechnung getragen werden. Ein sparsamer Umgang mit Grund und Boden und die
Begrenzung der Bodenversiegelung ist als städtebauliche Aufgabe durch die Bodenschutzklausel gemäß §1a
Abs. 2 BauGB bestimmt. In Anpassung an die örtlichen und städtebaulichen Gegebenheiten sind anstelle der
Neuausweisung von Bauflächen Möglichkeiten der innerörtlichen Entwicklung zu nutzen. Bei der
Inanspruchnahme unbebauter Flächen ist darüber hinaus eine flächensparende Bauweise zu bevorzugen. Durch
entsprechende Darstellungen und Festsetzungen in den Bauleitplänen kann dies erreicht werden, indem
beispielsweise auf Darstellungen von (Neu-) Bauflächen in Flächennutzungsplänen verzichtet oder indem
Höchstmaße der baulichen Nutzung für Wohnbaugrundstücke in Bebauungsplänen festgesetzt werden (§ 9
Abs. 1 Nr. 3 BauGB).
Anstelle der Neuausweisung von Wohngebieten in siedlungsstrukturellen Randlagen stellt die Innenentwicklung
für den Erhalt lebendiger Zentren und zur Begrenzung der Flächenneuinanspruchnahme einen wichtigen Beitrag
zur nachhaltigen städtebaulichen Entwicklung im Sinne des §1 Abs. 5 BauGB dar. Als Voraussetzungen für die
erfolgreiche Wiedernutzung innerörtlicher Flächen und baulicher Potentiale sind Kenntnisse der vorhandenen
Innenentwicklungspotenziale und ihre Verfügbarkeit erforderlich.
In einem geografischen Informationssystem (GIS) lassen sich nach dem gegenwärtigen Stand von Wissenschaft
und Technik Brachflächen, Baulücken und Leerstände zentral erfassen. Zur Erhebung und Verwaltung von
Wohnungsleerständen in einem kommunalen Leerstandskataster lassen sich im Wesentlichen folgende
Methoden und Datenquellen nutzen: Die Analyse von Ver- und Entsorgerdaten (Strom/Wasser) stellen neben
der Erhebung durch Ortsbegehungen (Inaugenscheinnahme von außen durch geschultes Personal), den
Befragungen von Eigentümern, den statistischen Schätzverfahren (Wohnungsfortschreibung und Melderegister)
bzw. den Befragungen kommunaler Funktionsträger (Ortsvorsteher, Bürgermeister) methodische Zugänge dar.
Zur Verifizierung der Daten erfolgt eine Kombination der genannten Methoden. Dabei werden die ermittelten
Leerstände mittels der Stromzählermethode durch zusätzliche Befragung von
Wohnungsunternehmen/Eigentümern oder Ortsvorstehern ergänzt und plausibilisiert, quantitative Daten
(zählerbasierte Methoden) werden durch qualitative Erhebungen (Befragungen) ergänzt. Da der Zugang
zu diesen kommunalen Datenbeständen erschwert war, bediente sich die Forschungsgruppe der SeniorForschungsprofessur Stadtplanung an zugänglichen öffentlichen Daten (Zensus-Erhebungen zu den
Wohnungsleerständen aus dem Jahr 2011) sowie kommerziell erwerbbaren Daten aus der Marktforschung
(microm Geo-Milieus®), da diese empirisch abgesichert sind und im Kontext der Kommunalentwicklung vielfältig
eingesetzt werden (z.B. Beteiligungsverfahren, Wohnbaulandentwicklung).
Die Monomere Ethen und Propen gehören zu den wichtigsten Grundbausteinen der chemischen Industrie. Die zahlreichen Einsatzmöglichkeiten dieser kurzkettigen Alkene sorgen dafür, dass der Bedarf stetig steigt. Um diesen decken zu können, werden Olefine durch diverse Syntheserouten großtechnisch hergestellt. Das Steamcracken und katalytische Cracken (FCC) von Naphtha oder Ethan gehören zu den am meisten verbreiteten Verfahren, um leichte Olefine zu synthetisieren. Diese Technologien sind allerdings mit einigen Nachteilen, wie zum Beispiel einem relativ hohen Energieverbrauch und einer geringen Selektivität für bestimmte Olefine verbunden. Endliche Erdölreserven und steigende Erdölpreise führen schlussendlich zur Entwicklung neuartiger Synthesemethoden für leichte Olefine über nachhaltige Rohstoffe speziell für Produktionsanlagen, die nicht völlig rückintegriert zu Raffinerien oder Steamcracker sind.
Ethen, Propen und Butene können auch selektiv aus den korrespondierenden Alkanen durch Dehydrierung erhalten werden. Der Vorteil der selektiven Dehydrierung besteht darin, dass kein kompliziertes Produktgemisch vorliegt und die Reaktion somit nicht mit einer aufwendigen Produkttrennung verbunden ist. Die Dehydrierung von Propan zu Propen ist mit einer erheblichen Wertsteigerung am Markt verbunden und wird bereits vielfältig eingesetzt. Ethan kommt als große Nebenkomponente im preiswerten Erdgas vor. Es ist daher interessant, Ethan zu dehydrieren und anschließend in situ zu Propen und Butenen zu dimerisieren. Neben der Dehydrierung von Ethan kann Ethen aber auch aus Ethanol hergestellt werden.
Durch die Dehydratisierung von Ethanol kann Ethen aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen, wie zum Beispiel aus zucker- oder stärkehaltigen Materialien oder auch aus Lignocellulose hergestellt werden. Über Fermentation und anschließende Aufreinigung ist Bioethanol leicht aus Korn, Zuckerrohr und Cellulose zugänglich.
Zeolithe werden als azide, feste Katalysatoren in der chemischen Industrie eingesetzt. Diverse Porenarchitekturen und unterschiedliche Dimensionalitäten ermöglichen eine sehr gute Steuerung der Selektivität in Bezug auf ein erwünschtes Produkt. Über das Silizium zu Aluminium-Verhältnis kann die Anzahl der sauren Zentren angepasst und können säurekatalysierte Reaktionen beeinflusst werden. Die einfache Herstellung sowie Abtrennung des Katalysators aus dem Produktgemisch sorgen dafür, dass feste Katalysatoren, insbesondere Zeolithe, einen hohen Stellenwert in der Industrie haben. Deshalb werden sie in dieser Arbeit als Katalysatoren verwendet.
Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt in der Untersuchung von Verfahren zur Produktion leichter Olefine aus Ethan und Ethanol. Je nachdem welche Reaktionsbedingungen bei der oder bei der Dehydrierung gewählt werden, ist Ethen das Hauptprodukt. Die anschließende Oligomerisierung von Ethen zu Propen, Butenen oder sogar zu BTX-Aromaten ist hingegen eine Herausforderung. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wird Dehydratisierung die Dehydratisierung von Ethanol zu leichten Olefinen untersucht. Hierbei wird die Abhängigkeit des Produktspektrums von Zeolithen mit unterschiedlicher Dimensionalität und Porengröße ermittelt. Anschließend wird die Abhängigkeit der Olefinausbeute von der Partikelgröße untersucht und das Produktspektrum der Dehydrierung von Ethan über den Einsatz ausgewählter Metalle optimiert.
Die eingesetzten Zeolithe werden je nach gewünschter Porenarchitektur und Dimensionalität synthetisiert und entsprechend physikochemisch charakterisiert.
Die Verwendung von Sheet-Molding-Compounds (SMCs) unter dauerhaft wirkenden
statischen Lasten und erhöhten Temperaturen lässt die Frage nach der Materialkriechneigung
aufkommen. Während der Kriecheffekt bisher viel Aufmerksamkeit im thermoplastischen
Polymerbereich erhielt, zeigt diese Arbeit auf, dass auch duroplastische,
wirrfaserverstärkte Matrixsysteme von dem Phänomen in kritischen Größenordnungen
betroffen sein können. Es wurden Kriechuntersuchungen an einem glas- und einem
carbonfaserverstärkten SMC durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungen wurden bei einer
Temperatur von 120 °C durchgeführt, welche von einer möglichen Anwendung in einem
E-Motor herrührt. Die Charakterisierung des Kriechens in der Faserebene zeigte
die Schwierigkeit einer zuverlässigen Kriechversagensvorhersage bei der Beanspruchung
in der Faserebene auf. Kriechdehnungsverläufe zeigen deutliche Unterschiede
bei Beanspruchung auf Zug und Druck bei den vorgestellten Wirrfasermaterialien.
Gängige FE- (Finite Elemente) Anwendungen sind, wie Untersuchungen in dieser Arbeit
feststellen, über Standardverfahren nicht in der Lage, zuverlässige Kriechvorhersagen
von Faserkunststoffverbundbauteilen bei einer Mischbeanspruchung vorherzusagen.
Es wurden mögliche Implementierungsansätze für FE-Programme vorgeschlagen,
um eine beschriebene Kriechvorhersage zu bewerkstelligen.
Es wurde jedoch herausgefunden, dass die isotrope Kriechmodellierung, welche in
gängigen FE-Programmen bereits implementiert ist, bei uniaxialem Spannungszustand
im eigentlich anisotropen SMC-Material verwendbar ist. Ein solcher uniaxialer
Spannungszustand mit relevantem Anwendungsszenario ist beispielsweise bei Verschraubungen
vorhanden. Die Druckbeanspruchung im Faserkunststoffverbundmaterial
durch die Schraubenvorspannkraft führt zu einem Kriechen in Dickenrichtung. Die
Charakterisierung des Kriechens in Dickenrichtung ermöglichte die zuverlässige Vorhersage,
der über die Zeit schwindenden Vorspannkraft von verschraubten SMC-Testplatten.
Vorteilhaft ist hier, für die künftige Auslegung von verschraubten SMC-Verbindungselementen,
dass die Kriechuntersuchungen für die verwendete Materialkarte in
der Simulation vergleichbar geringen Versuchsaufwand benötigen. Die Messung kann
in einer Universalprüfmaschine durchgeführt werden. Die Basis für die Kriechmessdaten
bildeten zwei Druckversuche an gestackten Coupons über einen Zeitraum von je
84 h.Die Extrapolation dieser Messdaten ermöglicht eine zuverlässige Schraubenkraftvorhersage für Zeiten von (mindestens) 1000 h. Die Kriechmessdaten
wurden mit dem Norton-Bailey-Kriechgesetz approximiert. Das Norton-Bailey-Kriechgesetz
ist standardmäßig in allen gängigen FE-Programmen verwendbar, was dem
Anwender eine einfache Berechnung ermöglicht.
The 22 wt.% Cr, fully ferritic stainless steel Crofer®22 H has higher thermomechanical
fatigue (TMF)- lifetime compared to advanced ferritic-martensitic P91, which is assumed to be caused
by different damage tolerance, leading to differences in crack propagation and failure mechanisms.
To analyze this, instrumented cyclic indentation tests (CITs) were used because the material’s
cyclic hardening potential—which strongly correlates with damage tolerance, can be determined
by analyzing the deformation behavior in CITs. In the presented work, CITs were performed for
both materials at specimens loaded for different numbers of TMF-cycles. These investigations show
higher damage tolerance for Crofer®22 H and demonstrate changes in damage tolerance during
TMF-loading for both materials, which correlates with the cyclic deformation behavior observed in
TMF-tests. Furthermore, the results obtained at Crofer®22 H indicate an increase of damage tolerance
in the second half of TMF-lifetime, which cannot be observed for P91. Moreover, CITs were performed
at Crofer®22 H in the vicinity of a fatigue crack, enabling to locally analyze the damage tolerance.
These CITs show differences between crack edges and the crack tip. Conclusively, the presented
results demonstrate that CITs can be utilized to analyze TMF-induced changes in damage tolerance.
A novel shadowgraphic inline probe to measure crystal size distributions (CSD),
based on acquired greyscale images, is evaluated in terms of elevated temperatures and fragile
crystals, and compared to well-established, alternative online and offline measurement techniques,
i.e., sieving analysis and online microscopy. Additionally, the operation limits, with respect to
temperature, supersaturation, suspension, and optical density, are investigated. Two different
substance systems, potassium dihydrogen phosphate (prisms) and thiamine hydrochloride (needles),
are crystallized for this purpose at 25 L scale. Crystal phases of the well-known KH2PO4/H2O system
are measured continuously by the inline probe and in a bypass by the online microscope during
cooling crystallizations. Both measurement techniques show similar results with respect to the crystal
size distribution, except for higher temperatures, where the bypass variant tends to fail due to
blockage. Thiamine hydrochloride, a substance forming long and fragile needles in aqueous solutions,
is solidified with an anti-solvent crystallization with ethanol. The novel inline probe could identify
a new field of application for image-based crystal size distribution measurements, with respect
to difficult particle shapes (needles) and elevated temperatures, which cannot be evaluated with
common techniques.
One of the ongoing tasks in space structure testing is the vibration test, in which a given structure is mounted onto a shaker and excited by a certain input load on a given frequency range, in order to reproduce the rigor of launch. These vibration tests need to be conducted in order to ensure that the devised structure meets the expected loads of its future application. However, the structure must not be overtested to avoid any risk of damage. For this, the system’s response to the testing loads, i.e., stresses and forces in the structure, must be monitored and predicted live during the test. In order to solve the issues associated with existing methods of live monitoring of the structure’s response, this paper investigated the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict the system’s responses during the test. Hence, a framework was developed with different use cases to compare various kinds of artificial neural networks and eventually identify the most promising one. Thus, the conducted research accounts for a novel method for live prediction of stresses, allowing failure to be evaluated for different types of material via yield criteria
In this paper, the effect of shot peening and cryogenic turning on the surface morphologyof the metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 347 was investigated. In the shot peeningprocess, the coverage and the Almen intensity, which is related to the kinetic energy of thebeads, were varied. During cryogenic turning, the feed rate and the cutting edge radiuswere varied. The manufactured workpieces were characterized by X-ray diffractionregarding the phase fractions, the residual stresses and the full width at half maximum.The microhardness in the hardened surface layer was measured to compare the hardeningeffect of the processes. Furthermore, the surface topography was also characterized. Thenovelty of the research is the direct comparison of the two methods with identical work-pieces (same batch) and identical analytics. It was found that shot peening generally leadsto a more pronounced surface layer hardening, while cryogenic turning allows the hard-ening to be realized in a shorter process chain and also leads to a better surface topog-raphy. For both hardening processes it was demonstrated how the surface morphology canbe modified by adjusting the process parameter.
We have investigated urine samples after coffee consumption using targeted and untargeted
approaches to identify furan and 2-methylfuran metabolites in urine samples by UPLC-qToF.
The aim was to establish a fast, robust, and time-saving method involving ultra-performance
liquid chromatography-quantitative time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-qToF-MS/MS).
The developed method detected previously reported metabolites, such as Lys-BDA, and others that
had not been previously identified, or only detected in animal or in vitro studies. The developed
UPLC-qToF method detected previously reported metabolites, such as lysine-cis-2-butene-1,4-dial
(Lys-BDA) adducts, and others that had not been previously identified, or only detected in animal
and in vitro studies. In sum, the UPLC-qToF approach provides additional information that may be
valuable in future human or animal intervention studies.
Financing measures and incentive schemes for (existing and new) building owners can promote the sustainable settlement development of rural regions or municipalities and, in a wider sense, entire countries or cross-border regions. In order to be used on a broad scale, the concept of revolving funds must continue to be further developed. In this research, the concept of an advanced revolving housing fund (ARF) for building owners to support the sustainable development of rural regions and potential mechanisms are introduced. The ARF is designed to reflect impacts and challenges with regard to rural regions in Germany, Europe and beyond. Based on New Institutional Economics, the Theory of Spatial Organisms, an expert workshop, interviews and discussions and further literature research, the fundamentals for incentive schemes and the essential mechanisms and design aspects of the ARF are derived. This includes the principal structure and governance of a holding fund and several regional funds. Based on this, input parameters for the financial modelling of an ARF are presented as well as guiding elements for empirical testing to promote more research in this area. It is found that the ARF should have a regional focus and must be a comprehensive instrument of settlement development with additional informal and formal measures. The developed concept promises new impulses, in particular, for rural regions. It is proposed to test the concept by means of case studies in pioneer regions of different countries
Kinetic models of human motion rely on boundary conditions which are defined by the interaction of the body with its environment. In the simplest case, this interaction is limited to the foot contact with the ground and is given by the so called ground reaction force (GRF). A major challenge in the reconstruction of GRF from kinematic data is the double support phase, referring to the state with multiple ground contacts. In this case, the GRF prediction is not well defined. In this work we present an approach to reconstruct and distribute vertical GRF (vGRF) to each foot separately, using only kinematic data. We propose the biomechanically inspired force shadow method (FSM) to obtain a unique solution for any contact phase, including double support, of an arbitrary motion. We create a kinematic based function, model an anatomical foot shape and mimic the effect of hip muscle activations. We compare our estimations with the measurements of a Zebris pressure plate and obtain correlations of 0.39≤r≤0.94 for double support motions and 0.83≤r≤0.87 for a walking motion. The presented data is based on inertial human motion capture, showing the applicability for scenarios outside the laboratory. The proposed approach has low computational complexity and allows for online vGRF estimation.
Solar radiation data is essential for the development of many solar energy applications ranging from thermal collectors to building simulation tools, but its availability is limited, especially the diffuse radiation component. There are several studies aimed at predicting this value, but very few studies cover the generalizability of such models on varying climates. Our study investigates how well these models generalize and also show how to enhance their generalizability on different climates. Since machine learning approaches are known to generalize well, we apply them to truly understand how well they perform on different climates than they are originally trained. Therefore, we trained them on datasets from the U.S. and tested on several European climates. The machine learning model that is developed for U.S. climates not only showed low mean absolute error (MAE) of 23 W/m2, but also generalized very well on European climates with MAE in the range of 20 to 27 W/m2. Further investigation into the factors influencing the generalizability revealed that careful selection of the training data can improve the results significantly
Potassium (K) is essential for the processes critical for plant performance, including photosynthesis, carbon assimilation, and response to stress. K also influences translocation of sugars in the phloem and regulates sucrose metabolism. Several plant species synthesize polyols and transport these sugar alcohols from source to sink tissues. Limited knowledge exists about the involvement of K in the above processes in polyol-translocating plants. We, therefore, studied K effects in Plantago major, a species that accumulates the polyol sorbitol to high concentrations. We grew P. major plants on soil substrate adjusted to low-, medium-, or high-potassium conditions. We found that biomass, seed yield, and leaf tissue K contents increased in a soil K-dependent manner. K gradually increased the photosynthetic efficiency and decreased the non-photochemical quenching. Concomitantly, sorbitol levels and sorbitol to sucrose ratio in leaves and phloem sap increased in a K-dependent manner. K supply also fostered plant cold acclimation. High soil K levels mitigated loss of water from leaves in the cold and supported cold-dependent sugar and sorbitol accumulation. We hypothesize that with increased K nutrition, P. major preferentially channels photosynthesis-derived electrons into sorbitol biosynthesis and that this increased sorbitol is supportive for sink development and as a protective solute, during abiotic stress