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A geoscientifically relevant wavelet approach is established for the classical (inner) displacement problem corresponding to a regular surface (such as sphere, ellipsoid, actual earth's surface). Basic tools are the limit and jump relations of (linear) elastostatics. Scaling functions and wavelets are formulated within the framework of the vectorial Cauchy-Navier equation. Based on appropriate numerical integration rules a pyramid scheme is developed providing fast wavelet transform (FWT). Finally multiscale deformation analysis is investigated numerically for the case of a spherical boundary.
In this work the investigation of a (Ti, Al, Si) N system was done. The main point of investigation was to study the possibility of getting the nanocomposite coatings structures by deposition of multilayer films from TiN, AlSiN, . This tries to understand the relation between the mechanical properties (hardness, Young s modulus), and the microstructure (nanocrystalline with individual phases). Particularly special attention was given to the temperature effects on microstructural changes in annealing at 600 °C for the coatings. The surface hardness, elastic modulus, and the multilayers diffusion and compositions were the test tools for the comparison between the different coated samples with and without annealing at 600 °C. To achieve this object a rectangular aluminum vacuum chamber with three unbalanced sputtering magnetrons for the deposition of thin film coatings from different materials was constructed The chamber consists mainly of two chambers, the pre-vacuum chamber to load the workpiece, and the main vacuum chamber where the sputtering deposition of the thin film coatings take place. The workpiece is moving on a car travel on a railway between the two chambers to the position of the magnetrons by step motors. The chambers are divided by a self constructed rectangular gate controlled manually from outside the chamber. The chamber was sealed for vacuum use using glue and screws. Therefore, different types of glue were tested not only for its ability to develop an uniform thin layer in the gap between the aluminum plates to seal the chamber for vacuum use, but also low outgassing rates which made it suitable for vacuum use. A epoxy was able to fulfill this tasks. The evacuation characteristics of the constructed chamber was improved by minimizing the inner surface outgassing rate. Therefore, the throughput outgassing rate test method was used in the comparisons between the selected two aluminum materials (A2017 and A5353) samples short time period (one hour) outgassing rates. Different machining methods and treatments for the inner surface of the vacuum chamber were tested. The machining of the surface of material A (A2017) with ethanol as coolant fluid was able to reduce its outgassing rate a factor of 6 compared with a non-machined sample surface of the same material. The reduction of the surface porous oxide layer on the top of the aluminum surface by the pickling process with HNO3 acid, and the protection of it by producing another passive non-porous oxides layer using anodizing process will protect the surface for longer time and will minimize the outgassing rates even under humid atmosphere The residual gas analyzer (RGA) 6. Summary test shows that more than 85% of the gases inside the test chamber were water vapour (H2O) and the rests are (N2, H2, CO), so liquid nitrogen water vapor trap can enhance the chamber pumping down process. As a result it was possible to construct a chamber that can be pumped down using a turbo molecular pump (450 L/s) to the range of 1x10-6 mbar within one hour of evacuations where the chamber volume is 160 Litters and the inner surface area is 1.6 m2. This is a good base pressure for the process of sputtering deposition of hard thin film coatings. Multilayer thin film coating was deposited to demonstrate that nanostructured thin film within the (Ti, Al, Si) N system could be prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering of multi thin film layers of TiN, AlSiN. The (SNMS) spectrometry of the test samples show that a complete diffusion between the different deposited thin film coating layers in each sample takes place, even at low substrate deposition temperature. The high magnetic flux of the unbalanced magnetrons and the high sputtering power were able to produce a high ion-toatom flux, which give high mobility to the coated atoms. The interactions between the high mobility of the coated atoms and the ion-to-atom flux were sufficient to enhance the diffusion between the different deposited thin layers. It was shown from the XRD patterns for this system that the structure of the formed mixture consists of two phases. One phase is noted as TiN bulk and another detected unknown amorphous phase, which can be SiNx or AlN or a combination of Ti-Al-Si-N. As a result we where able to deposit a nanocomposite coatings by the deposition of multilayers from TiN, AlSiN thin film coatings using the constructed vacuum chamber
Solid particle erosion is usually undesirable, as it leads to development of cracks and
holes, material removal and other degradation mechanisms that as final
consequence reduce the durability of the structure imposed to erosion. The main aim
of this study was to characterise the erosion behaviour of polymers and polymer
composites, to understand the nature and the mechanisms of the material removal
and to suggest modifications and protective strategies for the effective reduction of
the material removal due to erosion.
In polymers, the effects of morphology, mechanical-, thermomechanical, and fracture
mechanical- properties were discussed. It was established that there is no general
rule for high resistance to erosive wear. Because of the different erosive wear
mechanisms that can take place, wear resistance can be achieved by more than one
type of materials. Difficulties with materials optimisation for wear reduction arise from
the fact that a material can show different behaviour depending on the impact angle
and the experimental conditions. Effects of polymer modification through mixing or
blending with elastomers and inclusion of nanoparticles were also discussed.
Toughness modification of epoxy resin with hygrothermally decomposed polyesterurethane
can be favourable for the erosion resistance. This type of modification
changes also the crosslinking characteristics of the modified EP and it was
established the crosslink density along with fracture energy are decisive parameters
for the erosion response. Melt blending of thermoplastic polymers with functionalised
rubbers on the other hand, can also have a positive influence whereas inclusion of
nanoparticles deteriorate the erosion resistance at low oblique impact angles (30°).
The effects of fibre length, orientation, fibre/matrix adhesion, stacking sequence,
number, position and existence of interleaves were studied in polymer composites.
Linear and inverse rules of mixture were applied in order to predict the erosion rate of
a composite system as a function of the erosion rate of its constituents and their
relative content. Best results were generally delivered with the inverse rule of mixture
approach.
A semi-empirical model, proposed to describe the property degradation and damage
growth characteristics and to predict residual properties after single impact, was
applied for the case of solid particle erosion. Theoretical predictions and experimental
results were in very good agreement.
Strahlerosionsverschleiß (Erosion) entsteht beim Auftreffen von festen Partikel
auf Oberflächen und zeichnet sich üblicherweise durch einen Materialabtrag aus, der
neben der Partikelgeschwindigkeit und dem Auftreffwinkel stark vom jeweiligen
Werkstoff abhängt. In den letzten Jahren ist die Anwendung von Polymeren und
Verbundwerkstoffen anstelle der traditionellen Materialien stark angestiegen.
Polymere und Polymer-Verbundwerkstoffe weisen eine relativ hohe Erosionsrate
(ER) auf, was die potenzielle Anwendung dieser Werkstoffe unter erosiven
Umgebungsbedingungen erheblich einschränkt.
Untersuchungen des Erosionsverhaltens anhand ausgewählter Polymere und
Polymer-Verbundwerkstoffe haben gezeigt, dass diese Systeme unterschiedlichen
Verschleißmechnismen folgen, die sehr komplex sind und nicht nur von einer
Werkstoffeigenschaft beeinflusst werden. Anhand der ER kann das
Erosionsverhalten grob in zwei Kategorien eingeteilt werden: sprödes und duktiles
Erosionsverhalten. Das spröde Erosionsverhalten zeigt eine maximale ER bei 90°,
während das Maximum bei dem duktilen Verhalten bei 30° liegt. Ob ein Material das
eine oder das andere Erosionsverhalten aufweist, ist nicht nur von seinen
Eigenschaften, sondern auch von den jeweiligen Prüfparametern abhängig.
Das Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit war, das grundsätzliche Verhalten von
Polymeren und Verbundwerkstoffen unter dem Einfluss von Erosion zu
charakterisieren, die verschiedenen Verschleißmechanismen zu erkennen und die
maßgeblichen Materialeigenschaften und Kennwerte zu erfassen, um Anwendungen
dieser Werkstoffe unter Erosionsbedingungen zu ermöglichen bzw. zu verbessern.
An einer exemplarischen Auswahl von Polymeren, Elastomeren, modifizierten Polymeren und Faserverbundwerkstoffen wurden die wesentlichen Einflussfaktoren
für die Erosion experimentell bestimmt.
Thermoplastische Polymere und thermoplastische- und vernetzte- Elastomere
Die Versuche, den Erosionswiderstand ausgewählter Polymere (Polyethylene
und Polyurethane) mit verschiedenen Materialeigenschaften zu korrelieren, haben
gezeigt, dass es weder eine klare Abhängigkeit von einzelnen Kenngrößen noch von
Eigenschaftskombinationen gibt. Möglicherweise führt die Bestimmung der
Materialeigenschaften unter den gleichen experimentellen Bedingungen wie bei den Erosionsversuchen zu einer besseren Korrelation zwischen ER und
Materialkenngröße.
Modifiziertes Epoxidharz
Am Beispiel eines modifizierten Epoxidharzes (EP) mit verschiedener
Vernetzungsdichte wurde eine Korrelation zwischen Erosionswiderstand und
Bruchenergie bzw. Erosionswiderstand und Vernetzungsdichte gefunden. Die
Modifizierung erfolgte mit verschiedenen Anteilen von einem hygrothermisch
abgebauten Polyurethan (HD-PUR). Der Zusammenhang zwischen ER und
Vernetzungsparametern steht im Einklang mit der Theorie der Kautschukelastizität.
Modifizierungseffizienz in Duromeren, Thermoplasten und Elastomeren
Des weiteren wurde der Einfluss von Modifizierungen von Polymeren und
Elastomeren untersucht. Mit dem obenerwähnten System (d.h. EP/HD-PUR) läßt sich
auch der Einfluss der Zähigkeitsmodifizierung des Epoxidharzes (EP) auf das
Erosionsverhalten untersuchen. Es wurde gezeigt, dass für HD-PUR Anteile von
mehr als 20 Gew.% diese Modifizierung einen positiven Einfluss auf die
Erosionsbeständigkeit hat. Durch Variation der HD-PUR-Anteile können für dieses
EP Materialeigenschaften, die zwischen den Eigenschaften eines üblichen
Duroplasten und eines weniger elastischen Gummis liegen, erzeugt werden.
Deswegen stellt der modifizierte EP-Harz ein sehr gutes Modellmaterial dar, um den
Einfluss der experimentellen Bedingungen zu studieren, und zu untersuchen, ob
verschiedene Erodenten zu gleichen Erosionsmechanismen führen. Der Übergang
vom duroplastischen zum zähen Verhalten wurde anhand von vier Erodenten
untersucht. Aus den Versuchen ergab sich, dass ein solcher Übergang auftritt, wenn
sehr feine, kantige Partikel (Korund) als Erodenten dienen. Die Partikelgröße und -form ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für die jeweiligen Verschleißmechanismen.
Die Effizienz neuartiger thermoplastischer Elastomere mit einer cokontinuierlichen
Phasenstruktur, bestehend aus thermoplastischem Polyester und
Gummi (funktionalisierter NBR und EPDM Kautschuk), wurde in Bezug auf die
Erosionsbeständigkeit untersucht. Große Anteile von funktionalisiertem Gummi (mehr
als 20 Gew.%) sind vorteilhaft für den Erosionswiderstand. Weiterhin wurde
untersucht, ob sich die herausragende Erosionsbeständigkeit von Polyurethan (PUR)
durch Zugabe von Nanosilikaten eventuell noch steigern läßt. Das Ergebnis war,
dass die Nanopartikel sich vor allem bei einem kleinen Verschleißwinkel (30°) negativ
auswirken. Die schwache Adhäsion zwischen Matrix und Partikeln erleichtert den
Beginn und das Wachsen von Rissen. Dies führt zu einem schnelleren
Materialabtrag von der Materialoberfläche.
Faserverbundwerkstoffe
Ferner wurden Faserverbundwerkstoffe (FVW) mit thermoplastischer und
duromerer Matrix auf ihr Verhalten bei Erosivverschleiß untersucht. Es war von
großem Interesse, den Einfluss von Faserlänge und -orientierung zu untersuchen.
Kurzfaserverstärkte Systeme haben einen besseren Erosionswiderstand als die
unidirektionalen (UD) Systeme. Die Rolle der Faserorientierung kann man nur in
Verbindung mit anderen Parametern, wie Matrixzähigkeit, Faseranteil oder Faser-
Matrix Haftung, berücksichtigen. Am Beispiel von GF/PP Verbunden weisen die
parallel zur Verstreckungsrichtung gestrahlten Systeme den geringsten Widerstand
auf. Andererseits findet bei einem GF/EP System die maximale ER in senkrechter
Richtung statt. Eine Verbesserung der Grenzflächenscherfestigkeit beeinflusst die
Erosionsverschleißrate nachhaltig. Wenn die Haftung der Grenzfläche ausreichend
ist, spielt die Erosionsrichtung eine unbedeutende Rolle für die ER. Weiterhin wurde
gezeigt, dass die Präsenz von zähen Zwischenschichten zu einer deutlichen
Verbesserung des Erosionswiderstands von CF/EP- Verbunden führt.
Eine weitere Aufgabenstellung war es, die Rolle des Faservolumenanteils zu
bestimmen. „Lineare, inverse und modifizierte Mischungsregeln“ wurden
angewendet, und es wurde festgestellt, dass die inversen Mischungsregeln besser
die ER in Abhängigkeit des Faservolumenanteils beschreiben können.
Im Anwendungsbereich von Faserverbundwerkstoffen ist nicht nur die Kenntnis
der ER, sondern auch die Kenntnis der Resteigenschaften erforderlich. Ein
halbempirisches Modell für die Vorhersage des Schlagenergieschwellwertes (Uo) für den Beginn der Festigkeitsabnahme und der Restzugfestigkeit nach einer
Schlagbelastung wurde bei der Untersuchung des Erosionsverschleißes
angewendet. Experimentelle Ergebnisse und theoretische Vorhersagen stimmten
nicht nur für duromere CF/EP-Verbundwerkstoffe, sondern auch für
Verbundwerkstoffe mit einer thermoplastischen Matrix (GF/PP) sehr gut überein.
Cyclo-(PhAs)6 als Edukt für Übergangsmetallcyclopentadienyl-Komplexe mit Asn- und (PhAs)n-Liganden
(2002)
In der Chemie der (RAs)n-Heterocyclen, R = Alkyl, Aryl, hat sich cyclo-(PhAs)6 als besonders wertvolles Ausgangsmaterial für Komplexe mit Asn- bzw. (PhAs)n-Liganden bewährt. Die Cothermolyse von Hexaphenylcyclohexaarsan mit verschiedenen Übergangsmetallcyclopentadienyl-Komplexen liefert eine Reihe von neuartigen Verbindungen mit substituentenfreien As-Liganden und substituentenhaltigen As-Liganden, welche zum Teil in guten Ausbeuten hergestellt und in einigen Fällen durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert wurden. Bei den Komplexen mit As1- und As2-Liganden verdienen besondere Beachtung das dreiecksdodekaedrische [{Cp=Fe}4As4] sowie das aus der trigonalen Bipyramide bestehende [{CpRCo}3(µ3-As)2], dessen Spitzen von jeweils einem dreibindigen Arsenatom besetzt sind. Bei [{Cp-Co}3(µ3-As)2] ist das freie Elektronenpaar am Arsen noch zusätzlich durch ein {M(CO)5}-Fragment (M = Mo, W) komplexierbar ([{Cp-Co}3{(µ4-As)M(CO)5}2]). Verbindungen mit substituentenhaltigen As-Liganden sind in der Literatur nur vereinzelt beschrieben. Bei [{Cp=Rh}3(µ-CO)(AsPh2)As] wurde offensichtlich eine PhAs-Gruppe unter Ph-Wanderung in einen Ph2As-Liganden umgewandelt. Bemerkenswert ist der PhAs-Ligand in [{Cp=Rh(CO)}2(AsPh)W(CO)5], dessen freies Elektronenpaar noch zusätzlich an ein {W(CO)5}-Fragment koordiniert ist. In [{Cp=Rh}3(Rh(CO)2)(AsPh)(AsO)] sind ein PhAs- und AsO-Ligand realisiert.
The tape placement technique is of particular importance for the production of large
and weight optimized structural components especially in the aeronautic industry.
The components are produced independently of size and load directions by placing
single unidirectional fiber reinforced tapes automatically. Moreover, very large component
dimensions enable a reduction of joining processes.
In comparison to the thermoset tape placement, additional potentials can be set up
through the usage of thermoplastic semi-finished materials, as beside the high degree
of integration und the defined laminate construction less material specific problems
and a non-autoclave production can be realized. This thesis follows an allembracing
analyses and development of the thermoplastic tape placement process
to provide knowledge to overcome the deficits concerning semi-finished materials,
systems engineering and available models for the process description.
First, the process is described and differentiated. Within the scope of a strategic
process analyses, the potentials and strength of this process are worked out.
Through a succeeding operational process analyses, the process is pictured in detail
and further developments of the process and the control are made possible.
All aspects of the process in terms of quality of the semi-finished material, systems
engineering, process control, and quality assurance are considered for the process
development. Innovative concepts to solve the first layer problem and a new tape
placement head are worked out.
A new model is developed to support strategic decisions on basis of component specific
cycle times. A measure for the component shape complexity is derived and integrated
into a continuous approach. The model is based on the process physics and
can be applied to any component without a need for empiric data.
Finally, new process potentials are presented through a combination of thermoforming
and thermoplastic tape placement.
Endless fibre reinforced thermoplastic sheets (organic sheets) are significantly gaining
in importance due to their outstanding characteristics. In comparison to common
thermoplastic press moulding composites with random reinforcement like GMT and
LFRT they offer remarkably better specific mechanical properties (stiffness, strength).
And different from endless fibre reinforced thermosets, they also possess high
toughness and show good impact behaviour. Furthermore, they enable welding and
have an appreciable recycling potential.
The manufacturing steps, beginning from impregnation and consolidation of the
semi-finished sheets up to thermoforming and welding to obtain the final part, represent
a closed processing chain. This results in short cycle times and the potential for
mass production.
However, this material class is rarely used because of its cost and surface quality
problems. Therefore, only a few applications exist as demanding functional or structural
parts.
High costs emerge in consequence of either expensive raw materials (carbon fibres,
technical thermoplastics) or the sophisticated processing technique concerning the
impregnation and consolidation step (double belt press). The surface quality problem
is mainly caused by the print-through of reinforcing fibres, which therefore precludes
applications in visible regions, especially in the field of automotive exterior panels.
The aim of the thesis was to enhance the chances of application by improving the
surface quality of endless fibre reinforced thermoplastics. Thus the surface characteristics
and possibilities for reproducible quantitative measuring were identified. Surface
roughness, gloss rate, profile amplitude and wavelength as well as short (sw)
and long term (lw) waviness were chosen as appropriate values. By varying the type of fibre, matrix, fabric and coating the influence of material parameters on the surface
appearance could then be investigated.
It became obvious that the fibre print-through is a result of the significantly higher
volume shrinkage of the thermoplastic resin (higher coefficient of linear thermal expansion)
in comparison to that of the reinforcement during the cooling process, combined
with an uneven distribution of resin and fibres. Thus, amorphous matrices that
have no shrinkage due to crystallisation and a preferably small thermal induced density
growth lead to significantly better surface qualities (from lw = 60 to lw = 20). Qualitatively the texture is dominated by the reinforcing architecture. The kind of textile
weaving and fineness of the fibre bundles determine the wavelength of the profile
deflection.
It was found that the coating has the largest influence on the surface appearance. A
common varnish layer with a thickness of only 40 μm enhances the gloss of the substrate
which makes the surface waviness even more clearly visible. However, optimising
the varnish system with additional base coat or filling layers drastically reduced
the waviness but did not raze it completely (lw = 10). Only the application of a
thermoplastic varnish layer could diminish the waviness to the desired range below
10 (lw = 4).
Besides the experimental work a theoretical analysis of the consolidation and solidification
step was carried out. A finite element model has been created representing a
semi-finished sheet with four layers of a 2/2 twill textile reinforcement. Based on this
geometry various matrix characteristics as well as alterations of the global reinforcement
structure (more or less horizontal ply off-set) have been analysed.
The simulations supported the experimental results. They indicated the strong influence
of the matrix and showed that the off-set of the reinforcing layers plays an important
role concerning the resulting surface profile. Because the off-set of the plies
can not be controlled in the real material and therefore is at random, the profile
depths show a remarkable standard deviation (30 %). In the example considering a
2/2-twill reinforcement the optimum off-set could reduce the profile depth up to 40 %.
Furthermore, the influence of the process parameters (pressure and cooling rate)during the consolidation process was experimentally and theoretically investigated. In
addition to the non-isotropic characteristics of the textile, the time and temperature
dependent mechanical behaviour of the thermoplastic matrix had to be ascertained
and transferred into the model.
A rapid cooling rate was identified to reduce the surface profile of the substrate. The
profile depth of the simulated GF-PC could be decreased from 5 - 3 μm. However,
experimental tests concerning temperature changes and weathering showed that this
advantageous effect decreases with time due to the viscoelastic behaviour of the
polymer and resetting forces of the reinforcement.
The pressure can influence the texture phenomenon only by affecting the fibre volume
content of the sample. In case of static isobaric press processing a certain matrix
flow across the margins of the tool can not be totally averted. With a rising pressure the outflow becomes stronger and leads to a growing fibre volume content and
stronger surface waviness.
By carrying out several simulations with systematically varying material data a nomogram
could be created that represents a tool to predict the surface profile of comparable
composites (2/2 twill reinforcement, FVC around 50 %) just in dependence of
the matrix. It takes into account the specific matrix volume shrinkage and the pitch
from its solidification to usage temperature. Thus, the possibilities but also limitations
of a certain material combination concerning surface waviness can easily be estimated.
In order to reduce the heterogeneity of the fibre matrix distribution common textile
fabrics were substituted by unidirectional (UD) non-crimped structures and UD fabrics.
A newly established processing method was used to manufacture a noncrimped
and non-sewed endless fibre reinforced thermoplastic sheet by direct combination
of a multiaxial weft insertion machine and a continuous rotocure press. The
resulting product proved the potential for an improved surface quality. Despite the
use of relatively heavy rovings and not yet optimised fibre placement the surface profile
of this new kind of organic sheets is comparable with the one of those samples
having the fine 8-H-satin fabric reinforcement (lw = 20).
Finally it could be shown that the method of thermoplastic varnish layer lamination
which has successfully been used for semi-finished parts can also be integrated in a
thermoforming step to create three-dimensional components. The best results of this trial (lw = 10, sw = 14) do not reach the level of the flat sheets but almost meet the
requirements of the automotive “Class A” standard. With regard to economical and
weight saving aspects this material option can be considered a competitive alternative
to common car body panels.
In conclusion the investigations showed a notable feasibility to improve the surface
quality of endless fibre reinforced thermoplastic sheets. Therefore, this thesis represents
a contribution to amplify the application potential of this material class, particularly
in the fields of leisure and sports goods, and in the range of commercial vehicles.
eta3- und eta3:2-koordinierte Manganverbindungen wurden mit Alkinen umgesetzt - Übergangsmetallkomplexe unterschiedlicher Struktur und Koordination mit Vinylcyclopropan. Ziel der Arbeit war die Isolierung und Charakterisierung der neu gebildeten Verbindungen. Die Reaktionen lieferten ein unerwartet breites Produktbild.
Lung cancer, mainly caused by tobacco smoke, is the leading cause of cancer mortality. Large efforts in prevention and cessation have reduced smoking rates in the U.S. and other countries. Nevertheless, since 1990, rates have remained constant and it is believed that most of those currently smoking (~25%) are addicted to nicotine, and therefore are unable to stop smoking. An alternative strategy to reduce lung cancer mortality is the development of chemopreventive mixtures used to reduce cancer risk. Before entering clinical trails, it is crucial to know the efficacy, toxicity and the molecular mechanism by which the active compounds prevent carcinogenesis. 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) are among the most carcinogenic compounds in tobacco smoke. All have been widely used as model carcinogens and their tumorigenic activities are well established. It is believed that formation of DNA adducts is a crucial step in carcinogenesis. NNK and NNN form 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone releasing and methylating adducts, while B[a]P forms B[a]P-tetraol-releasing adducts. Different isothiocyanates (ITCs) are able to prevent NNK-, NNN- or B[a]P-induced tumor formation, but relative little is know about the mechanism of these preventive effects. In this thesis, the influence of different ITCs on adduct formation from NNK plus B[a]P and NNN were evaluated. Using an A/J mouse lung tumor model, it was first shown that the formation of HPB-releasing, O6-mG and B[a]P-tetraol-releasing adducts were not affected when NNK and B[a]P were given individually or in combination, of by gavage. Using the same model, the effects of different mixtures of PEITC and BITC, given by gavage or in the diet, on DNA adduct formation were evaluated. Dietary treatment with phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) or PEITC plus benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) reduced levels of HPB-releasing adducts by 40*50%. This is consistent with a previously shown 40% inhibition of tumor multiplicity for the same treatment. In the gavage treatments with ITCs it seemed that PEITC reduced HPB-releasing DNA adducts, while levels of BITC counteracted these effects. Levels of O6-mG were minimally affected by any of the treatments. Levels of B[a]P-tetraol releasing adducts were reduced by gavaged PEITC Summary Page XII and BITC, 120 h after the last carcinogen treatment, while dietary treatment had no effects. We then extended our investigation to F-344 rats by using a similar ITC treatment protocol as in the mouse model. NNK was given in the drinking water and B[a]P in diet. Dietary PEITC reduced the formation of HPB-releasing globin and DNA adducts in lung but not in liver, while levels of B[a]P-tetraol-releasing adducts were unaffected. Additionally, the effects of PEITC, 3-phenlypropyl isothiocyanate, and their N-acetylcystein conjugates in diet on adducts from NNN in drinking water were evaluated in rat esophageal DNA and globin. Using a protocol known to inhibit NNNinduced esophageal tumorigenesis, the levels of HPB-releasing adduct levels were unaffected by the ITCs treatment. The observations that dietary PEITC inhibited the formation of HPB-releasing DNA adducts only in mice where the control levels were above 1 fmol/µg DNA and adduct levels in rat lung were reduced to levels seen in liver, lead to the conclusion that in mice and rats, there are at least two activation pathway of NNK. One is PEITC-sensitive and responsible for the high adduct levels in lung and presumably also for higher carcinogenicity of NNK in lung. The other is PEITC-insensitive and responsible for the remaining adduct levels and tumorigenicity. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the preventive mechanism by which ITCs inhibit carcinogenesis is only in part due to inhibition of DNA adduct formation and that other mechanisms are involved. There is a large body of evidence indicating that induction of apoptosis may be a mechanism by which ITCs prevent tumor formation, but further studies are required.
Im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit standen Untersuchungen, die zu einem besseren Verständnis der Desoxyribonukleotid-Synthese, des Eisenstoffwechsels und der Differenzierung von Trypanosomen beitragen sollten. Aus diesem Grund umfasste die Arbeit drei Untersuchungsschwerpunkte. Die Ribonukleotid-Reduktase katalysiert die Umsetzung von Ribonukleotiden zu Desoxyribonukleotiden und spielt somit eine wichtige Rolle bei der DNA- Synthese. Mit immunologischen Methoden konnte gezeigt werden, dass die R1- Untereinheit des Enzyms in der schlanken und gedrungenen Blutform, sowie in der prozyklischen Insektenform vorhanden ist. Im Gegensatz dazu kommt die R2-Untereinheit nur in der proliferierenden schlanken Blutform und der prozyklischen Insektenform vor, nicht jedoch bei den im Zellarrest befindlichen gedrungenen Bluttrypanosomen. Mit molekularbiologischen Methoden konnte die mRNA der R1- und R2-Proteine in allen drei Entwicklungsstadien des Parasiten in etwa gleicher Menge nachgewiesen werden. Somit lässt sich folgern, dass die Ribonukleotid-Reduktase in T. brucei durch eine posttranskriptionale Regulation der R2-Untereinheit kontrolliert wird. Eine Regulation der Ribonukleotid-Reduktase im Zellzyklus von T. brucei konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Eisen stellt für Bluttrypanosomen einen essentiellen Wachstumsfaktor dar. Mit dem Eisenchelator Deferoxamin wurde der Einfluss einer Störung des Eisenhaushaltes auf Bluttrypanosomen untersucht. Deferoxamin-behandelte Trypanosomen zeigten gegen uber unbehandelten Parasiten eine deutlich geringere DNA- Syntheserate und Atmung. Die Wirkung des Chelators scheint jedoch nicht auf eine Komplexierung Enzym-gebundenen Eisens zurückzuführen zu sein. Die Behandlung der Holoenzyme (Ribonukleotid-Reduktase, Alternative Oxidase, Superoxid-Dismutase) mit Deferoxamin zeigte keinen Einfluss auf deren Aktivität. Die Wirkung des Chelators beruht vermutlich auf einer Depletierung intrazelären Eisens, das somit nicht mehr für den Einbau in neu-synthetisiertes Apoenzym zur Verfügung steht. Monomorphe Trypanosomenstämme haben im Gegensatz zu pleomorphen Stämmen die Fähigkeit verloren, sich zu differenzieren. Der Grund dafür ist vermutlich ein Defekt des cAMP-Signaltransduktionsweges. Im Rahmen der Arbeit konnte durch die Inkubation kulturadaptierter monomorpher Bluttrypanosomen mit dem membranpermeablen cAMP-Derivat 8-(4-Chlorphenylthio)-cAMP(pCPTcAMP) die Differenzierung der Parasiten zur gedrungenen Blutform erreicht werden. Die auf diese Weise erzeugte gedrungene Blutform besaß die Fähigkeit, sich zur prozyklischen Insektenform weiterzuentwickeln. Dieses Ergebnis deutet darauf hin, dass die Unfähigkeit monomorpher Trypanosomen, sich zu differenzieren, in einem Defekt in der Perzeption oder Transduktion des Differenzierungssignals liegt, nicht aber in der anschließenden Signalweiterleitung.